5106 5110.output

* GB785513 (A)
Description: GB785513 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in electric cables for fire protection systems
Description of GB785513 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,513 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March
1, 1956.
Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957
Index at accentance:-Classes 36, A 6 S; and 118 ( 1), D 7.
International Classification:-GO Sd H 01 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Electric Cables for Fire Protection Systems We, MATHER
& PLATT LIMITED, a British Company, of Park Works, Manchester, 10, do
hereby declare the invention communicated by Grinnell Corporation,
Providence, 1, Rhode Island, United States of America, a Corporation
organised under the Laws of the State of Delaware, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to improvements in cables suitable for use in
an electrical rateof-rise fire protective system employing a
Wheatstone bridge circuit, which responds to heat from a fire and
actuates an alarm or sets in operation fire extinguishing agencies.
One of the desirable features of a rate-ofrise fire protective system
is that it is unaffected by slow variations of the ambient temperature
of the air in the enclosure in which it is installed and responds only
to rates of increase in that ambient temperature which exceed a
predetermined rate This feature is desirable because it has been found
that while space heating equipment and industrial equipment and even
sunlight can achieve very high temperatures within the enclosure, they
usually cannot effect a rate of temperature increase which approaches
that produced by a fine.
The rapid increase in air temperature typically produced by a fire can
be utilised in rate-of-rise systems by exposing to it two electrical,

current-carrying conductors which are distributed in the enclosure and
are so designed that their temperatures, and hence their resistances,
are increased at different rates by the increase in air temperature A
circuit which includes these conductors, together with other elements,
and which is in electrical balance when the air temperature is not
changing, can be arranged so that this difference in the rates of
resistance change in the two conductors results in the flow of an
unbalance current in certain of these other elements to actuate an
alarm device Rates of temperature increase which are produced by the
normal operation of such equipment or by sunlight will also cause the
flow of 50 unbalance currents, but when the circuit is properly
adjusted these are not large enough to give an alarm.
Heretofore the conductors have been installed in the enclosure to be
protected in 55 spaced relationship or simply twisted together so that
both were equally exposed to a rising temperature and attained
unbalanc E by having diverse thermal properties by reason of
dissimilar materials, sizes 60 or degrees of insulation A cable
according to the invention comprises a conducting core adapted to form
one arm to the Wheatstone bridge circuit, and a wire or wires adapted
to form another arm of the bridge circuit, 65 wrapped round and
insulated from the core, so as to shield at least part of the core
from exposure to the air in the region in which fires are to be
detected, while being itself shielded from exposure to the air to a
less 70 extent than the core.
The conductors forming the cable may conveniently be identical in
size, material and insulation The invention, however, is not limited
to this feature but has others as 75 will be pointed out later.
When the circuit of a rate-of-rise system is adjusted so that the
rates of air temperature increase which will give alarms are
relatively low and approach those rates pro 80 duced by the operation
of space heating equipment or sunlight, the system is said to be very
sensitive In other words if a fire should start a signal would be
given while the fire was still very small Sensitivity, as 85 thus
defined, is very desirable, but there is a limit to the degree of
sensitivity which can be successfully employed Thus, while it is
important that the circuit be sufficiently unbalanced to produce an
alarm when the 90 No 6507/56.
i A',,, i 1 785,513 rate of air temperature increase indicates the
occurrence of a small fire, it is equally important that the circuit
balance be restored quickly after the termination of air temperas ture
increases which are not caused by a fire and accordingly do not
produce signals individually If such restoration is not made quickly
it might be found that a series of air temperature increases will
build up a circuit signal condition even though any one of these

increases is insufficient for that purpose A rate-of-rise system is
said to lack stability when circuit balance is not quickly restored.
We have discovered that when the different rates of temperature and
resistance change in the two distributed conductors are at least
partially achieved by so forming these conductors into a cable that
they are close together and one shields the other from changes in air
temperature, system stability for any given degree of sensitivity is
unusually good.
We have further discovered that stability for any given degree of
sensitivity is improved by compactly associating the distributed
conductors so that heat can be readily exchanged between them.
We have also discovered that system stability for any given degree of
sensitivity is still further improved when, in addition to having one
conductor shield the other in a cable comprising both, the shielded
conductor is arranged so that it partially shields itself from air
temperature changes and thereby contributes to the achievement of the
different rates of temperature and resistance change in the
conductors.
We have also discovered that system stability for any given degree of
sensitivity is even further improved when the distributed conductors
comprising a cable have the same thermal capacity, and the entire
difference in rates of temperature and resistance change therein is
achieved in each instance by the shielding of one conductor by the
other or by the other and by itself.
In addition to having good stability, it is desirable that
rate-of-rise systems employ distributed conductors which are as free
as possible from variations throughout their lengths Such variations
can be troublesome because they may either exaggerate the difference
in the rates of conductor temperature and resistance change and cause
a signal to be given when the air temperature increase is not caused
by a fire, or they may detract from such difference and delay the
giving of a signal when the air temperature increase is caused by a
fire.
We have discovered that when the entire difference in rates of
conductor temperature and resistance change is achieved in each
instance by the shielding of one conductor by the other or by the
other and by itself, the conductors may be formed of identical wires
with the result that variations throughout the conductor lengths are
kept at a minimum.
We have further discovered that the undesirable effects of those
conductor varia 70 tions which do exist are minimised when the
conductors are so arranged in a cable that they are doubled back
therein one or more times, and if each such conductor is doubled back
an odd number of times this arrange 75 ment has the additional

advantage that currents induced in the conductor by external magnetic
fields cancel out and cannot unbalance the system.
In rate-of-rise systems of the kind under 80 consideration it is
desirable to employ for the distributed conductors wires which have
low thermal capacities, because the temperatures and resistances of
such wires are quickly changed by air temperature increases, 85 and a
signal which should be given is given at the earliest moment In
general wires of small size have low thermal capacities and therefore
we prefer to employ them for the distributed conductors Such wires,
however, 90 will not individually withstand rough treatment by
installers.
We have discovered that when the small size conductor wires are formed
into a cable these wires are not easily broken or other 95 wise
damaged with rough treatment.
We have further discovered that when a cable is provided in which the
conductors are doubled back one or more times the various strands of
each conductor may be connected 100 together at the ends of the cable
to cause some or all of these strands to be in parallel with each
other This is advantageous because the resistance of the cable as a
whole may be varied by such selective connections 105 to suit
particular cable length requirements without having to alter the cable
construction but merely by changing the cable and connections.
Referring to the accompanying drawings: i 10 Figure 1 is a side
elevation view of a portion of a form of the improved cable; Figure 2
is a diagrammatic view showing the cable of Figure 1 connected to
other elements of a satisfactory circuit; 115 Figure 3 is a side
elevation view of a portion of the preferred form of the improved
cable; Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the cable taken as on
line 4 4 of Figure 3; 120 Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view showing how
the various strands which form the two conductors of the preferred
form of the cable may be connected at the ends of the cable:
Figure 6 shows the preferred form of the 125 cable connected to the
other elements of a circuit like that shown in Figure 2; Figures 7 and
8 show other ways of connecting the preferred form of the cable into
satisfactory circuits; 130 785,513 Figure 9 is a diagrammatic view of
another form of the improved cable shown with a portion of a circuit
similar to that of Figure 2 to which it is connected; S Figure 10 is a
diagrammatic view, similar to that of Figure 9 showing still another
form' of the improved cable; and Figure 11 is a diagrammatic view
similar to that of Figure 9, showing yet another form il O of the
improved cable.
Referring now more particularly to the drawings, the preferred form of
the cable shown in Figures 3 to 8 comprises what may be termed a core
and a helical wrapping The l 5 core consists of four wire strands 12

a, 12 b, 12 c and 12 d As a practical matter each of these strands of
the core may come from a different wire spool when the cable is being
made (though we prefer to use wire from the -20 same spool), but when
a particular length of cable is installed in a rate-of-rise circuit
some of the ends of the strands are so connected together that the
core as a whole constitutes a single conductor which, in effect, has
been J Sloubled back along itself three times The outer wrapping 14
consists of two strands 14 a and 14 b whose ends are connected
together at one end of the cable so that the wrapping also constitutes
one conductor :3 O which, in effect, has been wrapped along the core
and then wrapped back in the spaces of the first wrap.
Preferably all the wires are of the same size and material and are
covered uniformly with the same insulation 16 The core strands 12 a,
12 b, 12 c and 12 d (hereinafter when reference numerals of the
several wire strands are used they are to be taken as referring to the
wire plus its insulating covering) are laid parallel, although it is
within the scope of the invention to twist them somewhat along the
axis of the cable about one another if desired The strands 14 a and 14
b of the wrapping wire 14 are wound helically around the core with
sufficient tightness thereagainst to give appreciable firmness to the
cable Nevertheless, the latter can be bent readily around and laid
along such uneven supports as may be encountered where it is
installed.
The cable can be made up in one section or, if additional length is
required, in several sections by connecting the corresponding strands
of one such section to those of another However, when a cable of
proper -55 length has been selected or made up from several shorter
sections, it is necessary in the preferred arrangement, as has been
previously indicated, to so connect the ends of certain strands that
the cable as a whole constitutes two conductors 12 and 14 This manner
of connection is shown in Figure 5.
The left end of strand 12 aof the core 12 is shown free and its right
end connected by a suitable connector 18 to the' right end of 657
strand 12 b The left end of the latter strand is joined with the left
end of strand 12 c by another connector 20 The right end of strand 12
c is connected by a connector 22 to the right end of strand 12 d, and
the left end of the latter is shown free Thus the strands 70 of the
core, though perhaps made up in the cable from different spools, when
connected as just described provide a single conductor from the left
end of strand 12 a to the left end of strand 12 d 75 Similarly the
left end of helical strand 14 b is shown free and its other, or right,
end is connected by a connector 24 to the right end of strand 14 a
Thus these two strands also provide a single conductor from the left
end 80 of strand 14 a to the left end of strand 14 b.

There are undoubtedly a considerable number of circuits with which the
improved cable may be associated to form a rate-ofrise system We have
found none, however, 85 which are more satisfactory than those which
operate on the principle of the Wheatstone bridge, and accordingly we
have shown the preferred form of the cable in three such bridge
circuits in Figures 6, 7 and 8 90Referring now particularly to Figure
6, the bridge circuit shown there has for two of its arms fixed
resistors 26 and 28 connected together at a junction point 30 The
remaining end of fixed resistor 26 is connected to 95 core strand 12 a
of the cable at a junction point 32, and similarly the remaining end
of fixed resistor 28 is connected to wrapped strand 14 a of the cable
at a junction point 34 The cable's core strand 12 d and wrapped
100strand 14 b have their free ends, connected together at a junction
point 36 A battery 38 or other source of electromotive force is
connected between junction points 30 and 36 and a galvanometer relay
40 which can be 105 adjusted to respond to a current therethrough of
any particular magnitude is connected between junction points 32 and
34.
It will be seen from the diagrammatic showing of the cable in Figure 6
that the 110 core 12 constitutes a bridge arm connected between
junction points 32 and 36, and the wrapping 14 also constitutes a
bridge arm connected between junction points 34 and 36 As has been
noted, the cable is distri 115 buted throughout the enclosure to be
protected from fire The remaining circuit elements are customarily
housed, as, for example, in a wall box.
When the rate-of-rise system in Figure 6 is 12 a installed it is set
for normal, or what may be called stand-by, conditions under which the
bridge circuit is in balance This balance condition is attained by
adjusting the resistance of one or more arms until no current 125 is
flowing in the galvanometer 40 Thereafter if the air temperature
increases in the neighbourhood of the cable the bridge will become
electrically unbalanced and current will flow through the galvanometer
The 130 785,513 higher the rate of air temperature increase the larger
the galvanometer current, and the galvanometer is adjusted to respond
and give a signal when the magnitude of current S through it indicates
that the air temperature increase is caused by a fire.
An increase in air temperature results in a galvanometer current
because there is exposed to fluid currents a greater proportion of the
etxernal surface area of the wrapping conductor 14 than of the core
conductor i 2 thus causing the temperature of the former to increase
at a faster rate than the rate of temperature increase of the latter
Stated is another way the temperature, and hence the resistance, in
the core conductor follows but lags behind the increasing temperature
in the wrapping conductor As a result the ratio of resistances of

these two bridge arms whi h existed in the balance condition is
changed by the air temperature increase, and if this ratio is changed
enough, as it would be with a rapid air temperature increase caused by
a fire, the galvanometer current is large enough to give a signal.
The disposition of the core strands so that the conductor, in effect,
partially shields itself contributes to the difference in rates of
temperature increase in the two conductors for a given rate of air
temperature increase.
Since the shielding of the core conductor by the wrapping conductor
and the shielding of the core conductor by itself are sufficient to
achieve the different rates of temperature increase in the two
conductors, we are not required to use wire in one conductor which has
a different thermal capacity than the wire in the other conductor in
order to achieve these different rates In fact, we prefer to use for
the two conductors wires which have substantially the same thermal
capacity, and, accordingly, we find that wires of the same material
and size and having the same insulation are very satisfactory in the
cable.
In addition to having substantially the same thermal capacity, we
prefer that the two conductors in the cable have substantially the
same resistance for any given length of the cable itself One reason
for So this preference is that the auxiliary circuits (not shown)
usually associated with the main Wheatstone bridge circuit are simple
and inexpensive when the distributed conductors have the same
resistances As a practical matter these auxiliary circuits are
necessary to give trouble signals in the event of broken wires, power
failures and other mishaps.
Furthermore, when the two distributed conductors have the same
resistance it is possible to obtain properly paired commercial
resistors for the two fixed bridge arms 26 and 28.
In the preferred form of the cable we make the resistances of the two
distributed conductors equal by using therefor wires identical in
every respect and by so choosing the number of wrapping strands and
the number of turns made thereby for a given number of core strands
that in any selected section or in all of the cable the total length 7
Q of the wrapping strands will be approximately the same as the total
length of the core strands.
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate additional Wheatstone bridge arrangements
employing 75 the improved cable Figure 7 is identical to Figure 6
except that the battery and galvanometer have been interchanged Figure
8 is identical to Figure 6 except that another length of the improved
cable has been substi 80 tuted for the fixed resistances 26 and 28.
Although it has been pointed out in the foregoing description of the
preferred form c: the cable that the use of identical wires is

desirable, that the provision of a cable in 85 which the two
conductors have the same length is also desirable and that doubling
back of the conductors within the cable has advantages, it will be
appreciated that the shielding of one conductor by the other may 90 be
achieved in other arrangements, the most simple of which is shown in
Figures 1 and 2.
In these latter Figures the cable comprises a single strand core
conductor 12 around which there is disposed by helical wrapping 95
another single strand conductor 14.
Operation.
Consider now the operation of the preferred form of the cable Good
practice in the installation of electrical rate-of-rise 10 l systems
dictates the proper lengths of the conductors which are to be
distributed in a protected enclosure of any particular size.
Assume, as an example, that such practice is observed when 400 feet of
the preferred 10 $ form of the cable is uniformly distributed in a
given enclosure.
Assume, further, that this cable is located in the enclosure where
electrical rate-of-rise conductors are usually located, that is, near
_ 110 the ceiling If the cable is then connected into a bridge circuit
such as that shown in Figure 4 and the bridge is balanced the system
is ready to detect fires.
When a fire starts somewhere in the en 115closure the air in the
immediate vicinity of this fire is heated well above the normal room
temperature, and convection currents promptly carry this heated air to
other parts of the room including the parts where the 120 cable is
located As would be expected with the cable uniformly distributed, the
heated air does not arrive at all sections of the cable at the same
instant, but instead first reaches only a small portion of the total
length of 125 400 feet At this portion heat from the heated air
initially flows into the wrapping conductor and into the core
conductor through the spaces between the turns of the wrapping
conductor strands Since the two conductors 130 ( L 785,513 have
substantially the same thermal capacity c in this preferred form of
the cable, the fact e that the wrapping conductor is more exposed c to
the heated air than the core conductor a obviously causes its
temperature and resist t I ance to increase faster than the
temperature and resistance, respectively, of the core con e ductor E
Though the conductor temperatures and c resistances are thus increased
at different rates only over the portion of the cable en c countered
by the heated air, an alarm will f be given if the difference in these
rates at l this portion results in a sufficient difference t in the
total conductor resistances for the en-1 tire cable.
One advantage of the structure of the preferred form of the cable is

that the various strands of the two distributed conductors therein may
be connected at the ends of the cable to achieve parallel arrangements
of these strands rather than the series arrangement of the preferred
form Several such parallel arrangements are possible including those
illustrated in Figures 9, 10 and 11 and generally have the advantage
that they enable us to provide longer cable lengths for a given
circuit This is because the parallel connection of the strands makes
the total resistances of conductors for a unit length of cable less
than the corresponding resistances in the series connection of the
preferred form These parallel arrangements may result in a decrease in
sensitivity of the system, but in many installations the sensitivity
afforded by use of the parallel arrangements, is entirely
satisfactory.
Referring particularly to the parallel arrangement of Figure 9 the
left ends of strands 12 a and 12 b are shown connected together and to
the junction point 32 Similarly the left ends of strands 12 c and 12 d
are connected together and to the junction point 36.
At the right end of the cable of Figure 9 strands 12 a and 12 d are
connected together as are the remaining core strands 12 b and 12 c As
to the wrapping conductor, the strands 14 a and 14 b thereof are
connected in series at the right end of the cable as in the preferred
form.
In Figure 10 the strands of the core conductor 12 are connected as in
Figure 9, but the wrapping conductor strands 14 a and 14 b are
connected in parallel In this latter manner of connection it is
convenient to so dispose the cable in the protected area that both
ends of the cable terminate at the wall box or other mounting for the
remaining elements of the circuit Thus in Figure 10 the cable itself
is shown with its "remote" end returned to these elements so that the
parallel strands 14 a and 14 b are connected directly to the
junctionpoint-34 In Figure 11 the arrangement is the same as in Figure
10 as far as conductor 14 is oncerned, the strands thereof being in
paralle, and in addition all of the strands of core onductor 12 are
likewise in parallel In this arrangement it is again convenient to
locate he cable in the protected area so that the 70 remote" end is
returned to the other circuit lements, because with this disposition
the parallel strands 12 a, 12 b, 12 c and 12 d may be lirectly
connected to junction point 36.
In any of the arrangements herein dis 75 closed of a cable embodying
the inventive features extended lead-in wires may of course be used to
connect the cable conductors to he other circuit elements When such
extension lead-ins are employed their resist 80 Q ances should be
small relative to the resistance of the cable conductors.
One advantage of the invention is that system stability for any given

degree of sensitivity is very good when the distributed con 85 ductors
are so arranged that they are close together and one shields the other
from air temperature changes Formation of the conductors into a cable
wherein one conductor is exteriorly disposed and the other is in 9 G
teriorly disposed results in such shielding.
By such close relationship of the distributed conductors with respect
to each other heat exchange therebetween is facilitated to the extent
that greater stability results for any 95 given degree of sensitivity
The conductors need not have the same thermal capacity or comprise
wires identical in all respects to realise that advantage if the
conductor wires actually chosen operate properly with respect 100 to
each other and the other parts of the rateof-rise system circuit when
formed into a cable as above.
Another advantage is that system stability for any given degree of
sensitivity is still fur 105 ther improved when, the shielded
conductor is arranged so that it partially shields itself from air
temperature changes Doubling back of the shielded conductor along
itself within the cable results in such an arrangement 110 Another
advantage is that system stability for any given sensitivity is even
further improved when the wires selected for the conductors have
substantially the same thermal capacity, such wire selection being
made pos 115 sible by the fact that the entire difference in rates of
conductor temperature and resistance change in the presence of an air
temperature increase may be achieved by the shielding of one conductor
by the other or 120 by the other and by itself.
Another advantage is that by forming the conductors into a cable
installation is simplified and there is little likelihood that the
individual conductor strands will be broken by 125 rough treatment.
-Because the -wires -employed for the two conductors in our -improved
cable can have the same, thermal capacity they can be identical in
every respect It is an advantageto em 130 785,513 ploy such wires
because they can be taken from the same spool and as a practical
matter the chances of there being serious variations in the
temperature coefficient of resistance at points therealong
attributable to manufacturing errors are smaller when the wire
employed for both conductors has been drawn through the same
wire-making die.
The variations above-mentioned which usually take the form of
non-uniformity in wire diameter, are undesirable because they may
result in the giving of a signal where no signal should be given or in
the delay of a signal which ought to be given Thus is it may happen
that a portion of one of the conductors has a wire diameter slightly
greater than the wire diameter of the remainder of that conductor At
the same time it may happen that the corresponding portion of the

other conductor has a wire diameter slightly smaller than the wire
diameter of the remainder of that conductor It would follow that along
these portions the ratio of resistances of the two conductors in the
balance condition would differ from the ratio of the total resistance
of the conductors Depending on whether this difference were in a
direction to exaggerate or detract from the effects of heated air
reachingthese portions simultaneously, a signal might be given where
no signal was warranted or a proper signal might be delayed.
Another advantage of the invention is that when the conductors are
doubled back along themselves a number of times the undesirable
effects of any variations along the wires thereof are further
minimised Both conductors may be doubled back along themselves in the
cable The larger the number of times each is so doubled back the more
likely the variations will cancel each other out If each conductor is
doubled back an odd number of times (so that there are an even number
of strands of each conductor in any portion of the cable), there is
the additional advantage that any current induced in one strand of a
conductor by external magnetic fieldsis cancelled out by an equal
opposite current induced in another strand of that conductor
Consequently, the danger of false alarms caused by current's being
induced in the distributed conductors is reduced.
A further advantage of that form of the invention wherein a plurality
of strands of each conductor are employed is that these strands may be
variously connected at the ends of the cable in series of parallel
arrangements or in a combination of these to achieve different
characteristics without effecting the structure of the cable itself.
It will be understood, of course, that while the cable arrangements
particularly described hereinbefore have had certain definite numbers
of strands for each conductor, larger or smaller numbers of such
strands obviously may be provided without departing from the spirit of
the invention.
The following are values of an exemplary system that has been found
very satisfactory using the preferred cable arrangement in the 7 G
circuit of Figure 6 in a system in which the fluid surrounding the
cable is air, it being understood, of course, that such values are
merely illustrative and in no way are meant to limit the scope of the
invention: 75 1 Cable length-400 feet 2 Conductor wire size, material
and insulatioin-No 22 pure electrolytic copper with 1164 inch vinyl
plastic insulation 8 s 3 Voltage on system of Figures 6-25 volts 4
Current through cable-1 O amperes Resistors 26 and 28 of Figure 6-25
ohms each 85 With this arrangement resistance of each distributed
conductor is approximately 25 ohms.
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* GB785514 (A)
Description: GB785514 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to bucket-carrying wheels for excavating earth
and the like
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 26, 1956.
785,514 No 9350/56.
A C E D Application made in Germany on July 18, 1955 Complete
Specification Published: October 30 1957
Index at acceptance:-Class 68 ( 1), F 3 A 2.
International Classification:-E 21 c.
Improvements in or relating to Bucket-carrying Wheels for Excavating
Earth and the like We, ORENSTEIN-KOPPEL UND LUBECKER MASCHINENBAU
AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Karlstrasse 60-92, Lubeck, Germany, a German
Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
Wheels for excavating earth and the like are known wherein a plurality
of buckets are fixed one after the other on the body of the wheel, the
interior whereof forms a chuteway down which the material dis1 S
charged by the buckets slides laterally when the buckets are lifted to
a considerable height, the material being deposited on to a conveyor
belt arranged adjacent to the bucket wheel.
Bucket wheels have also been proposed wherein the inwardly open
buckets are secured to a pair of annular bodies Located within the

lower portion of the annular bodies is a cylindrical guide plate
which, as the buckets ascend, prevents the material excavated by the
buckets from being discharged therefrom When the buckets move beyond
the upper end of the guide plate, the material falls into the interior
of the bucket wheel and is delivered therefrom in different ways It
has been proposed to employ a rotating plate arranged within the
bucket wheel It has also been proposed to carry away the material
which falls into the interior of the bucket wheel by means of belts
disposed in the axial direction within the interior, or inclined with
respect to the plane of rotation of the bucket wheel.
The known bucket wheels have the disadvantage that, owing to the
cutting pressure exerted thereon, the excavated material is forced
against the walls of the buckets, so that the material adheres to such
walls As a result, the discharge of the material carried up by the
buckets is rendered difficult, especially where heavy loam or clay is
being excavated Therefore the known types of bucket wheels can only
operate at a relatively slow speed.
The object of the invention is to obviate 50 the disadvantages of the
known bucket wheels According to the present invention there is
provided a wheel for excavating earth or the like, said wheel carrying
a plurality of excavating buckets around the 55 rim thereof, wherein
one or more, preferably two, cutting teeth are interposed between each
of two successive buckets on each side of the wheel rim, the said
teeth being so arranged that, during an excavat 60 ing operation, they
can free the excavated material in advance of its engagement by, and
entry into, the buckets Thus the material passes into the buckets
without any substantial pressure being exerted thereon, 65 and
accordingly the material does not adhere to the buckets The bucket
wheel empties rapidly and can therefore rotate at high speed.
In a simple constructional form of the 70 bucket wheel, the bases of
the teeth on each side of the wheel lie in the same plane In this
manner the bucket wheel can be of simple construction, since the teeth
on each side of the weel, being situated one behind 75 the other in
one plane, can be fixed to the wheel body A plurality of successively
arranged teeth can advantageously be made in one piece This affords
substantial rigidity and enables the teeth to be satisfactorily 8 s
fixed to the wheel body, so that the working pressure is effectively
taken up by the wheel body without difficulty.
The cutting edges of the teeth can be disposed in, or substantially
in, the plane of 85 rotation of the bucket wheel, or in a plane
parallel thereto The cutting edges of the teeth are advantageously
outwardly offset in the axial direction laterally beyond the bases of
the teeth or the ring to which the 90 785,514 teeth are secured This
renders it easier for the bucket wheel to swing laterally, since the

projecting teeth carry away the material, and pressure of the material
against the side surface of the bucket wheel is thus prevented.
The cutting edge portions of the teeth can advantageously be bent over
outwardly in the direction of rotation This enables the teeth
themselves to effect a satisfactory free cut In addition, the angled
setting of the cutting portion of the teeth results in a lateral
stressing of the material, so that the latter breaks off to the
desired granular form During severing and breaking-off, the movement
of the material is also accelerated towards the interior of the bucket
wheel so that it is projected towards the middle of the buckets.
If a plurality of teeth are employed, the cutting edge portion of each
tooth immediately in front of a bucket expediently forms an angle of
about 300 with respect to the plane of rotation of the bucket wheel.
On the other hand, the cutting edge portion of each tooth immediately
behind a bucket can form an angle of about 25 with respect to the
plane of rotation of the bucket wheel.
The different angular disposition of the cutting portions of
successive teeth facilitates smooth guiding of the material to the
buckets.
The cutting edges of the teeth preceding the buckets can also be
offset outwardly to a greater extent than the cutting edges of the
other teeth The result of this arrangement is that when the bucket
wheel pivots about its axis, the side surfaces of the buckets do not
have to perform any cutting operation It is also an advantage that the
teeth project in the radial direction to a further extent than the
buckets Thus the upper edges of the buckets are not employed for
cutting purposes.
In addition to being provided with the front, preferably angled
cutting portion, the teeth can also be carried by a support, this
latter may expediently be disposed in the same plane as the bases of
the teeth.
The cutting edges of the teeth can be radially disposed In one
advantageous constructional form, the cutting edges of the teeth are
rearwardly inclined relatively to the radius as viewed in the
direction of rotation.
The buckets may be constructed in a variety of ways and they may be
connected to a chute element It is advantageous to employ a bucket
wheel wherein the chutes are arranged to be open towards the interior
in order to deliver the material into the interior of the wheel.
The side walls of the buckets, which are arranged as collecting
plates, can be so formed at their front portions as to constitute
cutters This ensures that the material coming within the range of the
buckets can be severed The cutting edges of the side walls may project
radially beyond the upper horizontal edges of the buckets This results

in the upper edges of the buckets being 70 freed from carrying out any
cutting operation.
The collecting plates of the buckets which are provided with cutting
edges can be forwardly inclined in the direction of rotation, 75
thereby facilitating the collecting operation performed by the buckets
For the same purpose, the side walls of the buckets can be inwardly
inclined in the radial direction.
This inclination of the side walls of the 80 buckets also facilitates
the emptying operation, especially since the material in the buckets
is continually kept in motion The side walls of the buckets can be
disposed at an angle of about 60-70 to the horizontal 85 The buckets
can also be so constructed that the upper edge of the collecting
plates which are provided with cutting edges and which are arranged in
advance of the buckets, is bent outwards in the forward 90 direction
so that the side walls of the buckets form an obtuse angle with
respect to the collecting plates which lead the buckets and which are
provided with cutting edges In this manner the buckets can be given
the 95 desired form and at the same time they can be provided with
front collecting plates having cutting edges This arrangement also
prevents a bridge of material from forming in the part in front of the
buckets 100 The lower portion of the tooth fixed to the buckets is
arranged in substantially the same plane as that of the heel or base
of the preceding tooth, the cutting edge being inclined forwardly in
the radial direction 105 The cutting and collecting plates of the
buckets can be formed in various sizes and conveniently they are about
half the length of the buckets.
The upper or radially outer horizontal 110 edge of each bucket
expediently merges, not in an arc but at an obtuse angle, into the
upper edge of each of the associated collecting plates which are
arranged in advance of the bucket and which carry cutters Material 115
is thus prevented from adhering to these parts.
An intermediate wall can be interposed between the lower part of each
side wall of each bucket and the rear wall of the bucket, 120 each
intermediate wall being arranged at an angle of 450 with respect both
to the lower part of the adjacent side wall and to said rear wall This
provides a free space behind the bucket so that when the bucket wheel
125 is operating, the material can be cut by the tooth situated behind
the bucket and moved towards the centre of the bucket wheel.
As already indicated, the bucket wheel can be so constructed that the
buckets slide 130 785,514 over a cylindrical guide element whose upper
part is cut out so that the material conveyed can fall into the
interior of the bucket wheel A rotating plate can also be arranged
within the bucket wheel for the purpose of discharging the material.
In the region where material is discharged from the bucket wheel, a

guide plate fixed to the jib of the bucket wheel is expediently l 10
arranged directly above the upper edge of the buckets This guide plate
comes into contact with any material projecting above the upper edge
of the buckets and diverts it into the buckets In order to facilitate
a S guiding of the material, the front part and preferably also the
side parts of the guide plate can be bent over upwards and outwards.
The front end of the guide plate can :20 advantageously extend over
the path of the buckets to a point before the zone in which the
material is discharged, so that, as the bucket wheel moves, the motion
of the material is already accelerated in the direc2,5 tion towards
the discharge point.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same
may be carried into effect reference will now be made to the
accompanying drawings which illustrate diagrammatically one embodiment
of the invention and in which:Figure 1 is a side elevation, Figure 2 a
plan view, Figure 3 a sectional view of the bucket taken on the line
A-A of Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view of the bucket taken on
the line B-B of Figure 1.
Fixed to the shaft 1 of the bucket wheel, which shaft is mounted in a
bucket wheel jib (not shown), is the body 2 of the bucket wheel to the
rim whereof are fixed annular elements 3 and 5 to which the buckets 4
are fixed by fastening means, the annular elements 3 and 5 being
spaced apart axially and disposed in substantially parallel relation
to define, at opposite sides of the bucket wheel, side planes which
are parallel to each other and to the plane of rotation of the wheel
The buckets are formed with side :50 walls 6 which are inwardly
inclined in the radial direction and the edges whereof merge into a
back plate 7 The latter terminates at its front in the radially outer
or upper edge 8 of the bucket Connected to the rear part 9 of each
bucket is a lateral carrier 10 which connects the annular elements 3
and together and at the same time forms the rear end of each bucket 4
In the lower region this rear end of each bucket travels over a
cylindrical guide plate 11 which, when the bucket wheel is operating
in the direction indicated by the arrow 12, causes the material to be
carried along by the buckets as far as the upper edge 13 of the
cylindrical guide plate 11 and the material then falls at that point
into the interior of the bucket wheel It is possible to arrange a
rotating plate 14 within the bucket wheel which plate rotates about a
shaft 15 and delivers the material from the interior of the 70 bucket
wheel onto a conveyor belt (not shown) situated adjacent the bucket
wheel.
The side walls 6 of the buckets 4 are extended in the forward
direction and form collecting plates 16 which are provided with 75
cutting edges and which are outwardly inclined obliquely in the

transverse direction.
The front edges 17 of the cutting and collecting plates 16 are
forwardly inclined with respect to the direction of rotation of the 80
wheel This ensures satisfactory filling of the buckets The collecting
plates provided with the cutting edges project beyond the upper edges
8 of the buckets 4.
Arranged at each side of the wheel be 85 tween each pair of buckets
are teeth 18 and 18 a, the teeth 18 being disposed immediately behind
a bucket and the teeth 18 a being disposed immediately in front of a
bucket.
The teeth 18, 18 a have front cutting edges 90 19 and 19 a
respectively, which cutting edges are substantialy radially disposed
Alternatively, the cutting edges 19, 19 a may be rearwardly inclined
with respect to the direction of rotation The teeth 18, 18 a are 95 so
constructed that, as shown more particularly in Figure 2, the cutting
edges 19, 19 a are offset outwardly in the axial direction beyond the
bases of the teeth, the teeth expediently being so arranged that the
por 100 tions thereof formed with the cutting edges 19, 19 a are bent
over into axially outwardly inclined positions so that the angle 21
between the cutting edge portions of each tooth 18 a and the adjacent
side plane of the 105 bucket wheel, is greater than the corresponding
angle 22 between the cutting edge portion of each tooth 18 and the
adjacent side plane of the bucket wheel Preferably, the angle 21 is
about 30 and the angle 22 110 can be approximately 20 to 25 .
The cutting edges 19 a of the teeth 18 a immediately preceding the
buckets can also be offset outwardly to a further extent than the
cutting edges 19 of the other teeth 18 115 which immediately follow
the buckets This ensures that the side walls 6 and the collecting
plates 16 which are provided with cutting edges are not at all
subjected, or only slightly subjected, to the pressure of 120 the
material when the bucket wheel operates and moves pivotally.
The successive teeth may expediently be formed in one piece in the
interests of rigidity and satisfactory mounting 125 By the bending
over of the portions of the teeth formed with the cutting edges 19 and
19 a, the material upon being encountered by such portions, becomes
detached and is moved lateraly so that the material is 130 785,514
crushed and, in addition, is projected towards the centre of the
bucket wheel.
The teeth at each side of the bucket wheel are carried by heels or
supports 23 and such heels or supports on each side of the wheel are
disposed in co-planar relation The collecting plates 16 provided with
cutting edges and disposed at opposite sides of the bucket wheel, do
not project outwardly beyond the planes of the tooth heels 23.
The side walls 6 of the buckets, which are inwardly inclined in the

radial direction, may advantageously form an angle of 60 to 70 '
relatively to the horizontal As a result, the material which is kept
in constant movement in the buckets is held together and is fed in a
suitable form towards the discharge point.
The upper edges 24 of the collecting plates 16 which precede the
buckets a-d which are provided with cutting edges, may be bent
forwards and outwards so that the side walls of the buckets form an
obtuse angle with respect to the collecting plates which precede the
buckets and which are provided with cutting edges (as shown more
particularly in Figure 4).
The collecting plates 16 having cutting edges are approximately half
the length of the buckets 4 Arranged above the bucket wheel is a guide
plate 25 whose front end 26 is bent over outwards and upwards and
projects beyond the edge 13 of the inner chute 11 The side edges 27 of
the guide plate 25 are also bent over outwards and upwards and are
adapted to the inclination of the top edges 24 of the collecting
plates 16 which are provided with cutting edges.
The guide plate 25 is situated immediately above the upper edge 8 of
the buckets 4.
The guide plate is resiliently fixed to the bucket wheel jib The guide
plate 25 and its side surfaces 27 remove the material which may
project beyond the upper edge of the buckets and laterally projects
any such material towards the interior of the bucket wheel This
ensures that the material can be discharged from the buckets without
difficulty.
As shown in Figure 3, each side wall 6 merges, at the rear part of the
bucket, at an angle of about 450 with an intermediate wall 28 which in
turn again merges with the rear plate 7 at an angle of 45 ' The spaces
behind the ends of the buckets are kept free so that, as the buckets
rotate, the material cut by the following teeth can fall towards the
middle.
As will be seen from Figure 3 at the front part the side walls 6 of
the buckets merge CO with the rear plate 7 at an angle.
The construction provided by the invention affords the advantage that
the material will not adhere to the buckets and thus can fall
therefrom rapidly For this reason, the bucket wheel can be rotated at
a relatively high speed, substantially greater than the rotational
speed normally employed in known apparatus Likewise, by virtue of the
arrangement of the guide plate the discharge of material is
accelerated, and this further 70, contributes to the ability of the
speed of rotation of the bucket wheel being increased.
The guide plate 25 can be mounted in such manner as to be resiliently
movable in the circular plane of the bucket wheel 75

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* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785515 (A)
Description: GB785515 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in safety-pins
785,515 No 9917/56 Application made in Germany on April 2, 1955
Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957
43, RI.
-A 44 b.
Inprovements in Safety-pins I, REINHOLD HOLZE, of 23, Eylauerstrasse,
Berlin SW 61, Germany, a German National, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a safety-pin.
Safety-pins are pins which offer a safeguard against accidental
displacement of the pin shank from an associated catch, the latter
enclosing the end of the pin to prevent annoyance from pricks and
accidental loss of the pin.
Such known safety-pins consist substantially of a stationary leg
carrying a catch in the form of a closing cap, and a movable leg made
in one piece with the stationary leg and constituting a shank forming
the pin proper, the latter being adapted to be hooked into the closing
cap Conventional safety pins have hitherto been formed of a wire, one
end of which is provided with a shallow catch or cap into which the
point of the other leg, forming the pin, is inserted Such a

construction of safety-pin has the essential disadvantage that the
point of the pin is only protected insufficiently and can easily be
unhooked, and the projecting cap is troublesome and can often cause
scratches It has therefore been proposed to provide the end of one leg
with a fixed closing cap and to insert the point of the pin into this
cap from one side, through a slot provided in said cap, so that a
safety-pin was formed having flat surfaces on opposite sides It has
been found, however, that the movable pin leg may also easily escape
even from a cap of this form in consequence of tensile strains or of
movements of the article to which the pin is fastened, so that said
pin may be lost or may cause scratches.
To avoid such disadvantages it has already been suggested to secure
the point of the pin in the catch or cap by a locking member lPrice 3
s 6 d l displaceable on the stationary leg Thus, an elongated, coiled
spring has, in one construction been wound, e g around the stationary
leg, said spring serving for pressing a slide into the cap This
construction, SQ however, was not successful because the spring,
moving over the material into which the safety-pin was inserted, was
compressed in consequence of unavoidable friction and hence released
the locking slide, so that it 55 could not prevent the pin point from
being pulled out Other suggestions have had the disadvantage that the
locking members projected laterally from the plane of the pin, thereby
assisting the undesired unlocking 60 According to the present
invention, the leg of the safety-pin carrying the closing cap is
provided with a locking member adapted to clamp itself and the pin
within the locking cap by its own elasticity 65 According to a further
feature of the invention the locking member may consist of a resilient
ring wound e g of resilient wire, or of an exchangeable slide
manufactured of resilient sheet-metal, and adapted to hold 70 itself
within the closing cap by its own elasticity, thereby clamping and
locking the point of the pin within said cap.
The invention will be described further, by way of example, with
reference to the 75 accompanying drawings, in which:Fig 1 is a side
elevation of a safety-pin in the open condition, and having an elastic
ring in accordance with the invention, Fig 2 is a similar elevation,
but showing 80 the safety-pin in its closed condition, Fig 3 is a
detail showing a pin provided with another embodiment of locking
member comprising a slide consisting of elastic sheet-metal, 85 Fig 4
shows end views of two embodiments of said slide.
The safety-pin shown in the drawings consists in known manner of a
movable leg 1 made in one piece with the usual spring 90 Date of
Application and filing Complete Specification: March 29, 1956.
Index at acceptance:-Class International Classification:2 " 5,515
hinge 2 and stationary leg 5 The leg 1 is provided with the usual pin

point 3, while the leg 5 carries a closing cap or catch 4.
An elastic ring 6, provided with some turns wound around the
stationary leg 5, may slide along said leg 5 If the pin is closed.
i.e if its point 3 is inserted into the cap 4 the ring 6 may be turned
from the position shown in Fig 1 into that shown in Fig 2 and may be
moved into the cap, within which it remains automatically in
consequence of its elasticity, thereby locking the movable leg.
Fig 3 and 4 show modified embodiments of slidable locking members Here
the locking member consists of a slide 7 of elastic sheet-metal
mounted on the leg 5 The side walls of the slide 7 may be flat, as in
the upper part of Fig 4, or may be somewhat curved as in the lower
illustration in Fig 4.
These walls serve for elastically holding the slide in the closing cap
after being moved into the closing position, thereby locking the point
3 of the pin or the leg 1 respectively.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785516 (A)
Description: GB785516 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to template switching arrangements for copying
lathes and like machines
ATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: December 7,
1955.
Application made in Switzerland on December 7, 1954 Complete
Specification Published: October 30, 1957
7859516 No 35195/55, Index at acceptance:-Class 83 ( 3), D 4 A 3

(F:JI:J 2:J 5), D 4 B 13.
International Classilication:-B 23 b.
Improvements in or relating to Template Switching Arrangements for
Copying Lathes and like machines We, GEORG FISCHER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT,
a Company organised under the Swiss Laws, of Schafihausen,
Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which S we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to a template switching arrangement for use
with a copying machine, such as a copying lathe which employs a pair
of alternately usable templates for regulating the characteristics of
operations carried out on a workpiece.
Generally, such lathes or like machines are provided with a pivotally
arranged carrier on which the templates are arranged in spaced
relation with respect to one another, such carrier being pivoted in
one direction or another to position the templates alternately in
operative relation to a feeler member controlling the cutting, turning
or other action of the tool of the machine.
A number of different constructions are already known, which effect
swinging or pivoting of the template carrier in such a manner as to
enable a plurality of cutting, turning or like operations to be
performed one after the other on one and the same workpiece Such known
arrangements are either manually actuated or they constitute parts of
hydraulic or electric control means frequently used in combination
with automatically operating multi-cut machines In all of these
arrangements, however, the shifting of the templates occurs
independently of the shape or form of the workpiece being machined.
It is an object of the present invention to provide means facilitating
variation of the operation of a copying lathe or like machine by means
of a pair of templates of diverse contours in such a manner that the
shift from one template, corresponding to one operation of the lathe
tool or like t Price 3 s 6 d l element, to another template,
corresponding to another operation of said lathe tool or like element,
is effected substantially automatically upon retraction of the tool or
like element from the workpiece 503 Another object of the present
invention is to provide means ensuring complete safety.
during shifting from one template of a multi-operation lathe to
another, both for the tool of said lathe and for the workpiece 55
being machined thereby, thus reducing material wastage and production
costs while enhancing the useful life of said tool, and to prevent
accidental and undesired displacement of one template from its tool 60
regulating position and substitution of another template in such

tool-regulating position as long as the workpiece is being machined,
yet to permit substantially automatic switching from one template to
65 another during interruptions in the machining operations in direct
accordance with the shape or form of the workpiece and with the type
of operation to be performed thereon.
According to the present invention there 70 is provided a template
switching arrangement for use with a copying lathe or like machine
intended to perform successively two different turning or like
machining operations on one and the same workpiece 75 in accordance
with respective control contours of a pair of templates, the workpiece
being repositioned in the machine between the operations, wherein the
control contours of each template correspond to the contour 80 to be
produced at a desired portion of the workpiece, there being a feeler
arranged for operative connection to a movable tool holder of the
machine, and arranged to engage one, or other of the templates, so as
to 85 guide a tool, when the machine is operating, in such a way as to
perform a machining operation at the desired portion of the workpiece,
and wherein switching means is provided for moving, into an operation
90 lP controlling position, that one of the templates the contours of
which it is desired to reproduce at said portion of the workpiece in
the machine, there being sensing means, for sensing the position of a
part of the workpiece operatively connected with the switching means,
and arranged to actuate the switching means in dependence upon the
position of said part of the workpiece in the machine.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same
may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the
accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic front elevational view of a copying lathe,
a workpiece, arranged thereon, being in a position for a first
machining operation, Figure 2 shows the workpiece in a position for a
second machining operation, Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration,
partly in section, of a template switching arrangement, t 25 Figure 4
is a diagrammatic illustration of a modification of the arrangement
shown in Figure 3, and Figure 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a
further modification of the arrangement.
Referring now to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, there is shown in
Figure 1 a copying lathe having standards or legs 1 and 2, an upper
cross arm 3 and a bed 4, the latter supporting a carriage or saddle 6
arranged to be displaceable in a direction parallel to the axis of
rotation 5 of a workpiece 10 The workpiece 10 is supported at one end
of a headstock 7 by means of a chuck 9 and at the other end on a
tailstock 8 longitudinally displaceable along the upper cross arm 3.
A copying tool slide 11 is displacebaly mounted on the carriage 6 and
supports a tool 12, e g a cutting or turning tool, displacement of the

tool slide 11 being effected by means of a suitable hydraulic or
electric control system To this end, there is provided a feeler lever
13 connected at one end to a control valve (not shown) and provided at
its other end with a feeler 14 for sensing the contours of one of two
templates 15 and 25 (Figure 3), during longitudinal movements of the
carriage 6.
The templates 15 and 25 are held in a tiltable template holder or
carrier 17, pivotally mounted, by means of oppositely extending pins
or like pivots 16, in bearings (not shown) arranged in the standards 1
and 2.
The template carrier 17 is arranged for pivotal or tilting movement
between two operating positions for the templates 15 and 25, so that
the feeler 14 can co-operate with either of the templates.
As shown in Figure 3 a pump 18 is arranged to draw oil, or like
pressure fluid, from a reservoir 19 and to feed the oil through a
conduit 20 into a valve housing 21 A slide-valve member 22 is
longitudinally and reciprocally displaceable in the housing 21,
displacement of the slide-valve 22 being 70 effected, respectively, by
electromagnets 23 and 24 arranged adjacent to opposite ends of the
slide-valve.
A tiltable lever 26, pivoted at one end and acting under the biassing
force of a spring 75 27, extends into a groove or channel 26 ' formed
in the slide-valve 22, and retains the slide-valve in either one of
its two end positions to which it may be moved by the corresponding
electromagnet 23 or 24 A 80 stop or abutment 28 located centrally
within the valve housing 21 limits the extent of movement of the
slide-valve 22.
A conduit 29 leads from the valve housing 21 into one end of a
cylinder 30 in which a 85 piston 32 is reciprocally displaceable A
spring 31 bears on that face of the piston 32 which is remote from
that end of the cylinder 30 into which the conduit 29 leads, and
biasses the piston towards that end A 90 piston rod 33 is connected to
the piston 32, and extends out of the cylinder 30 in a direction away
from that end of the cylinder into which the conduit 29 leads, the end
of the piston rod 33 remote from the cylinder 95 being connected to a
bell-crank lever 34 oscillatably mounted on an axle 35 and connected
to the tiltable template carrier 17 by means of a stud link 36.
A switch housing 37 is arranged on the 100 upper cross arm 3 of the
lathe and may be adjusted vertically and horizontally along the arm 3
by any suitable means (not shown).
A guide rod 38 extends through the housing 37 and carries at its lower
end an operation 105 sensing element constituted by a contact roller
39, the rod 38 being located vertically above the axis 5 of the
workpiece 10 and being vertically displaceable relative thereto.

Also located in the housing 37 is a re 110 versible micro-switch 40
having an actuating element 40 ' which is displaceable by means of a
cam surface formed on an abutment ring 45 fixed to the rod 38 and
biassed toward the bottom of the housing 37 by a 115 spring 44 The
micro-switch 40 constitutes one portion of the control or adjustment
system for the templates, the system further including micro-switches
41 and 42, a relay 43 a and a relay-operated switch 43, all 120
capable of being operatively connected to the electromagnets 23 and
24, and to tche terminals of a power line.
As may be seen from Figures 1 and 2, the workpiece 10 has a collar 46
and is to be 125 subjected to two different machining operations,
diagrammatically represented by two boxes I and II outlined by heavy
lines and arrows In the operation of the template switching
arrangement described with refer 13 Q 785,516 785,516 ence to Figures
1 to 3, it will be assumed i that the operation I is to be carried out
and that the operation II has just been completed on a previous
workpiece The tool slide 11 :5 has been moved to its retracted
position shown in Figure 3, but the tiltable template carrier 17 is
still in a position (not shown) in which the template 25 is
operatively located above or otherwise adjacent and aligned with the
feeler 14.
At this time the left-hand contact of the micro-switch 42 is closed,
and the slide-valve 22 is in its right-hand position Concurrently, an
abutment 47 provided on the tool slide X 5 11 has moved the
micro-switch 41 to the left and closed it, thus energising the relay
43 a, as shown in Figure 3.
The work-piece 10 is now placed into the position shown in Figure 1 As
a result, the :20 contact roller 39, which senses the position of the
workpiece relative to the tool, does not engage the collar 46, and the
spring 44 biasses the abutment ring 45 and rod 38 downwardly in the
housing 37, thus closing 2 S the left-hand side of the micro-switch
40.
The roller 39 is located above the rotational axis 5 of the workpiece
10, but does not contact the latter (Figures 1 and 3).
Accordingly, an electric circuit is completed from the positive
terminal of the power line through the left-hand contact of the
micro-switch 40, the coil of the electromagnet 23, the left-hand
contact of the micro-switch 42 and the relay-operated -5 switch 43 to
the negative terminal of the power line.
The completion of this circuit energises the electromagnet 23 which
draws the slidevalve 22 to the left, overcoming the biassing force of
the retaining spring 27, so that oil is passed through the conduit 20,
the valve housing 21 and the conduit 29 into the righthand end of the
cylinder 30 to displace the piston 32 to the left against the force of

the spring 31 (the position shown in Figure 3).
This causes a clockwise pivoting of the bellcrank lever 34 about the
axle 35 and, accordingly, causes an anti-clockwise tilting of the
template carrier 17 about the pivot -50 16 so as to bring the template
carrier into the position shown in Figure 3, so that the template 15
is now located above (or otherwise adjacent to) the feeler 14.
The retaining lever 26, due to the biassing force of the spring 27,
now holds the slidevalve 22 in its newly attained position, while the
micro-switch 42 is moved by the carrier 17 to the position shown in
Figure 3.
The tool slide 11 is then advanced, from the position shown in Figure
3, towards the workpiece 10, and the actuating element of the
micro-switch 41 is released from the abutment 47 and moves to the
right, thereby opening the micro-switch 41, de-energising the relay 43
a and opening the switch 43.
Consequently, no current can now flow to the electronganet 24 and,
since movement of the slide-valve 22 is prevented, accidental tilting
of the template carrier 17 from its position is likewise prevented as
long as the 70 tool slide 11 is in its working position, i e.
during performance of the machining operation 1.
The system, thus, acts as a safety arrangement which remains
unimpaired even if 75 splinters, chips or other foreign bodies become
lodged between the workpiece 10 and the contact roller 39.
The machining operation I having been completed, and it being desired
to perform 80 the operation II, the tool slide 11 is retracted to
close the micro-switch 41, thus energising the relay 43 a and closing
the switch 43 The workpiece 10 is now moved to the position shown in
Figure 2, in which the collar 46 of 83 the workpiece contacts the
sensing roller 39 and displaces the latter upwardly, simultaneously
displacing the ring 45 upwardly against the force of the spring 44 in
the switch housing 37 90 The actuating member 40 ' of the microswitch
40 is thus moved to the right by the ring 45 and closes the right-hand
contact of the micro-switch 40 An electric circuit is now completed
from the positive terminal 95 of the power line through the right-hand
contact of the micro-switch 40, the coil of the electromagnet 24, the
right-hand contact of the micro-switch 42 and the switch 43 to the
negative terminal of the power line 100 The completion of this
electric circuit energises the electromagnet 24 so that the
slide-valve 22 is displaced to the right thus permitting the oil to be
forced, under the action of the spring 31 on the piston 32, 103 from
the cylinder 30, through the conduit 29, the valve housing 21 and the
return conduit 20 ' into the reservoir 19 As the piston 32 and piston
rod 33 move to the right under the action of the spring 31, the bell
110 crank lever 34 is pivoted in an anti-clockwise direction and tilts

the template carrier 17 in a clockwise direction to locate the
template above the feeler 14.
Simultaneously, the right-hand contact of 115 the micro-switch 42 is
opened to de-energise the electromagnet 24 The lever 26 is now tilted
to the right and, due to the biassing force of the spring 27, retains
the slide-valve 22 in its right-hand position 120 As soon as the tool
slide 11 is advanced towards the workpiece to initiate the operation
II, the switch 41 is opened, the relay 43 a is de-energised and the
switch 43 is opened.
Thus it will be seen, as in the preceding 125 machining operation I,
that as long as the tool slide 11 is in its advanced position and the
workpiece 10 is being machined, accidental tilting of the template
carrier 17 and consequent switching, or shifting, of term 130 785,516
plates in mid-operation are rendered impossible.
Referring now to Figure 4 of the drawings, there is shown a
modification of the switchS ing arrangement, in which the
operationsensing element actuates an electric switch arrangement with
the aid of which shifting or inter-changing of the templates may be
electromagnetically effected For the purposes of simplicity, those
elements of the system shown in Figure 4 which are identical with
parts shown in Figures 1 to 3 bear the same reference numerals as
those parts.
A switch housing 50, which is vertically and horizontally displaceable
along the upper cross arm 3 (not shown in Figure 4) of the lathe,
supports a tumbler switch 51 which is connected to, and is actuable by
a rocker 53 pivotal about an axis 52 At the start of the machining
operation II, which is illustrated in Figure 4, the rocker 53 assumes
the position shown due to the location, relative to the tool 12, of
the collar 46 of the workpiece 10.
The tool slide 11 is, at this moment, still in its retracted position
(corresponding to the position shown in Figure 3) to which it was
displaced when the workpiece was mounted between the chuck 9 of the
headstock 7 and a spindle 56 of the tailstock 8, whereby the
micro-switch 41 is closed by means of the abutment 47 The template 25
must now be brought to an operative position above the feeler 14.
With the tumbler switch 51 in the position shown, an electric circuit
is completed from the positive terminal of the power line through the
right-hand contact 54 of the switch 51, the coil of the electromagnet
23 and the switch 41 to the negative terminal of the power line The
connecting rod 33 ' (corresponding to the piston rod 33 in Figure 3)
is moved to the left in Figure 4 by the electromagnet 23, and the
template carrier 47 17 is thus tilted through the intermediary of the
bell-crank lever 34 in a counter-clockwise direction to position the
template 25 operatively adjacent to the feeler 14.

When the tool slide 11 is thereafter advanced towards the workpiece
10, the switch 41 is opened and the coil of the electromagnet 23 is
de-energised The spring 27 holds the carrier 17 in its adjusted
position Consequently, as long as the workpiece is being cut, turned
or otherwise machined, accidental tilting or shifting of the template
carrier 17 is prevented.
It will be appreciated, by reference to Figure 4, that for the
performance of machining operation 1, the workpiece 10 is re-arranged
between the chuck 9 and spindle 56 in the manner shown in Figure 1 The
rocker 53 will then be tilted in a direction opposite to that shown
and, when the tool slide 11 is retracted, an electric circuit is
completed from the positive terminal of the power line, through the
left-hand contact 55 of the switch 51, the electromagnet coil 24 and
the switch 41 to the negative terminal of the power line This will
cause 70 the rod 33 ' to be drawn to the right, tilting the carrier 17
in a clockwise direction and disposing the template 15 operatively
above, or adjacent to, the feeler 14 Here, too, as soon as the tool
slide 11 is advanced, acci 75 dental shifting of templates is
prevented.
Referring now to Figure 5 of the drawings, there is shown a further
modification of the arrangement which is substantially like that shown
in Figure 4 but which is actuated in 80 response to the position of
the tailstock spindle 56 The tumbler switch 51 employed in this
modification is identical with that illustrated in Figure 4.
In the modification shown in Figure 5, a 85 cam or abutment 58 is
arranged on the tailstock spindle 56 for engagement with a switch 57
When it is desired to position the template 15 above the feeler 14 to
carry out the illustrated machining operation I, the 90 tailstock
spindle 56 is moved to a righthand position (not shown in Figure 5),
whereby the switch 57 is closed by the abutment 58 provided on the
tailstock spindle 56 The rocker 53 is positioned, as shown in 95
Figure 5, for the machining operation I, and closes the left-hand
contact 55 of the switch 51.
An electric circuit is thus completed from the positive terminal of
the power line, 100 through the left-hand contact 55 of the switch 51,
the coil of the electromagnet 24 and the switch 57 to the negative
terminal of the power line The template carrier 17 is, therefore,
tilted in a clockwise direction 105 through the intermediary of the
connecting rod 33 ' and the bell-crank lever 34 so that the template
15 is moved into an operative position above the feeler 14 As before,
the spring 27 retains the template carrier 17 in 110 its adjusted
position.
Upon subsequent movement of the tailstock spindle to the left, into
the position shown in Figure 5, to support the workpiece 10 for

turning or cutting by the tool 115 12, the switch 57 is opened and the
circuit broken Again, it is not possible, by virtue of the action of
the safety arrangement, to shift the template carrier 17 as long as
the workpiece 10 is gripped between the head 120 stock and the
tailstock of the lathe.
Should it now be desired to carry out machining operation II, the
spindle 56 is again retracted to close the switch 57 Upon tilting of
the rocker 53, in response to the 125 location of the collar 46 of the
workpiece 10, to a position such as shown in Figure 4, the coil of the
electromagnet 23 will be energised, by closing of the right-hand
contact 54 of the switch 51, to shift the template 130 ' J 785,516 to
its operative position above the feeler 14 Thereafter, gripping of the
workpiece between the chuck 9 and spindle 56 will prevent accidental
displacement or shifting of the template carrier 17 due to the opening
of the switch 57.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785517 (A)
Description: GB785517 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to sash construction
Inventor: THEODORE HAUCK i Rt, Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: Dec 9, 1955.
tJ D No 35492/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 20 ( 3), D 2, J( 1 X: 2 D: 2 J).
International Classification:-E 04 f.

Improvements in or relating to Sash Construction We, GENERAL BRONZE
CORPORATION, a corporation, organised under ithe laws of the State of
New York, United States of America, of Stewart Avenue, Garden, City,
Long Island S New York, United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted,to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in andi by, the following statement: -
This invention relates to a sash and weather sealing construction for
metallic windows, particularly of the extruded aluminum type.
An object of the invention resides in, the 1 S combination of a sash
rail and weather sealing member that are so constructed and' related
that an effective weather seal will be provided throughout the length
of the rail and which will be protected against distortion and the
accumulation of foreign matter such as rain, snow or ice between the
weather sealing member and the rail.
The matter of weather sealing windows, especially those of the type
wherein there are relative sliding movements between the sash and the
frame, would seem to be relatively simple but actually it is an ever
existing problem as attested' to by the numerous patents that have
been granted on inventions directed' to the solving of the problem The
problem exists because of the need to provide a tight seal between the
sash and' the frame which will be effective under all conditions of
weather and all wind, pressures and quick changesl of pressures and
yet will permit the easy operation of the sash in the frame.
The present invention, taking these two factors into consideration,
provides an effective weather seal which is protected against
inoperativeness under all weather conditions and which will permit the
easy sliding of the sash from one position to another.
Further, the weather strip and rail are so inter-connected that the
strip need not be secured to the rail by screws or other equivalent
means, which results in a strip that while effectively connected to
the rail, has, nevertheless, spliccd a sliding, floating or adjusting
movement on the rail.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is
provided', in a sliding window construction including a frame having
header, sill and jambs each of which is provided with spaced flanges
forming sash receiving channels and having sashes comprising upper and
lower horizontal and vertical side rails extending into and mounted to
slide in said channels, the improvement which comprises a weather
sea'ing and 'sash centering device carried by at least one of said
rails and movable with the respective sash, said device including a
resilient member substantially Ushaped in cross section and extending
substantially the full length, of the sash rail by which it is

carried, said resilient member comprising a base portion secured to
said last mentioned rail member, leg portions extending across the
faces of said last mentioned rail in spaced relation thereto and
located between said last mentioned rail and said flanges on said
frame, the edge portions of said leg portions being bent back upon
themselves to form shoes, seats for said shoes in the adjacent faces
of said last mentioned rail member of said sash extending
substantially the full length of said last mentioned rail and of
greater width than the length of said shoe portions to permit movement
of the latter transversely of said last mentioned rail.
Among the advantages attained' by the weather sealing and sash
centering device herein described over the prior art are that the legs
of the U-shaped resilient member center the sash between, the flanges
on the frame and seal against the weather between the legs, themselves
and said flanges Furthermore, the mounting of the edges of the legs in
the seating grooves of the sash in such a manner that they are freely
movable transversely of said grooves ensures a constant contact
between the weather strip and the sash regardless of the movement of
the sash inwardly or outwardly under air pressure or otherwise.
In the accompanying drawing:
7 X 55517 b C 2 Figure 1 is an elevation of a window, partly broken
away, illustrating the position of the weather sealing members on
horizontally slidable sashes, Figure 2 is a section, enlarged, on line
2-2 of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of a
weather sealing member.
In the drawing the window frame is indicated by the reference
character F and the sashes by the characters S and S-1, the sashes
being horizontally slidable in the frame.
The frame F, illustrated, is provided with flanges 10 and, 12 which,
with the parting bead 14, provide channels 16 and 18 for the reception
of the sashes.
The upper and lower horizontal rails of the sashes slide in the
channels 16 and 18 of the header and of the sill of the frame as they
are moved horizontally The side rails of the sashes S and S-1 i enter
and are withdrawn from the corresponding channels of the vertical side
members of the window frame Thus the weather sealing members are
subjected to the action of different types of forces in normal windowv
operations, one of the forces being developed, by, the sliding of the
sashes in the horizontal channels 16 and 18 and another by the entry
into and withdrawal of the side rails of the sashes into and from the
correspcnding vertical channels of the frame.
The horizontal and vertical sash rails, one of which is indicated by
the reference character R, are preferably of extruded aluminum, and
are adapted to enter into and slide within the channels 16, and 18,

between ribs 20 that extend the lengths of the frame members.
Each sash rail R is preferably substantially U-shaped in
cross-section, comprising a base member 22 and side flanges 24 which
are substantially coextensive.
Each, of the flanges 24 is provided with depressed seats or grooves 26
that are substantially coextensive, longitudinally, with the sash
rail.
The sash rails carry weather sealing members designated, generally, by
reference characters WS Each of these members is trough-like in form
and is generally U-shaped in crosssection, an ld is substantially
coextensivelongitudinally with the sash rail These weather sealing
members are, preferably, of stainless steel and are resilient.
The sealing members WS embrace the base 22 and the flanges 24 of the
sash rail The base 28 of the sealing member WS is secured if desired,,
to the face of the sash rail R by suitable means, such as screws 30,
adjacent the ends of the rail which screws may also be used to secure
the rail ends together When so secured, the intermediate portion of
the weather sealing member may be free so that upon movements of the
sash it will adjust itself to the unevenness in the frame The screws,
may, at times, be dispensed with The side walls 32 of the members WS
are joined to the base 28 by connector portions 34 that join the base
25 on lines spaced beyond and away from the rail R, as at 36 Because
these connector portions 34 diverge or flare from the base 28 70 the
side walls, 32 are spaced from the sash rail member as shown at 38 in
Figure 3.
The outer portions of the side walls 32 converge, as at 40, and
terminate in shoe members 42 that are forced into contact with the 75
bases of the grooves 26 in the sash by the inherent resiliency of the
sealing members These shoe members' 42 have their ends spaced from the
end walls of the grooves at all times thus providing spaces 44 and 46
which will insure 80 freedom of unhampered flexing of the sealing
members WS and at the same time will insure that the shoe members,
will remain in surfaceto-surface contact with the bases of the grooves
in the sash rails 85 When the weather sealing members WS are in the
position illustrated in the drawings the side walls 32 will be in
forced contact with the ribs 20 on the frame F, the contact being the
result of the resiliency of the weather sealing 90 member and the fact
that, normally the distance between the ribs 20 is less than the
distance between the outer faces of the walls 32.
The compression of these walls toward each other will force the shoes
42 into surface-to 95 surface contact with the bases of the grooves
26.
When wind pressure is applied to the sash one of the walls 32 will
have relative movement toward the face of the adjacent sash rail 100

while the other wall 32 will move away from the face of the adjacent
sash rail The movement of the former will be possible because the shoe
42 is free to move in the groove 26 and the connector portion 34 tends
to remain 105 substantially parallel to the wall 32 Because of this
action the wvall 32 will maintain a surface-to-surface contact with
the adjacent face of the rib 20 and the shoes 42 will tend to maintain
surface-to-surface contact 110 with the walls of the grooves at 26.
The inclination of the connector members 34 facilitates the entry of
the vertical rails of the sashes into the channels of the vertical
frame members by a camming action, the 115 length of the base member
28 being less than the distance between the opposed faces of the ribs
20.
While we have illustrated in Figure 2 the construction of the
horizontal rails of a sash 120 and the associated sheather sealing
member, it is to be understood that the vertical side rails of the
sash may be of the same construction and each may carry a weather
sealing member such as illustrated in Figure 2 Various details 125 of
the construction may be made without departing from the scope of the
appended 'claims as will be obvious to one skilled, in the art.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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