Sustainable livelihoods in Milne Bay: Eco-tourism versus logging (IWC5 Presentation)
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Sustainable livelihoods in Milne Bay: Eco-tourism versus logging (IWC5 Presentation)
- 1. Sustainable livelihoods in Milne Bay: Eco-tourism versus logging James Butler, Erin Bohensky CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems
- 2. The Holy Grail: livelihoods from conservation • Livelihoods strategies which alleviate poverty and conserve high value biodiversity • Livelihoods-biodiversity linkage model for conservation (Salafsky & Wollenberg, 2000) • Link economic activity to biodiversity protection • Eco-tourism provides stronger linkages than consumptive uses Develop viable linked enterprise Enhanced value of biodiversity Enhanced capacity to reduce threats Protected biodiversity
- 3. New approaches to measuring ‘success’ • Resilience and linked social-ecological systems (Berkes, 2007) • Social-ecological networks (Janssen et al., 2006) + + Reachability Density
- 6. The logging story • 2001 Sewa Bay Timbers, foreign-owned company • 10 km2 selective logging of hardwood on one clan area • Skilled labour and royalties offered to 9 village men • After 12 months supervisor hospitalised • Enterprise disintegrated in acrimony • K80,000 export timber sale, no royalties paid
- 7. The eco-tourism story • 2004 village guesthouse established at Saidowai • Network of village stays and tourism activities • Locally-owned • Fees paid to villages for diving, Bird of Paradise guided walks • 31 visitors in 2008
- 8. Sewa Bay
- 9. Cash income (2007 prices) Logging (Leiwoya) Eco-tourism (Saidowai) Cash balance (p.a.) - K653 K2,928 Per capita income (p.a.) K104 K1,333 Total income for service all providers (p.a.) K5,564 K9,890
- 10. Sewa Bay village Mainland village Posiyai Island Kasawedobu Niudadi Welala Oilage Wakuyuyuna Saidowai Taumidimidi Sibonai Mission Station Magetuwa Sibwatoleya Samowau East Cape Mission Ecosystem service Guest house Ferry Guide Dive fees Church donation Food Skilled logging labour Key Natural capital Coral reefs Bird of Paradise Leiwoya Imwaulesina Popondetta Raba Raba Logging forest
- 11. Conclusions • Eco-tourism provided greater cash benefits • Higher density and reachability • Logging incited local friction • Eco-tourism builds social capital • Eco-tourism creates more biodiversity linkages • Eco-tourism based on wide range of un-skilled labour BUT DID NOT CONSIDER • Ecological costs/benefits • Feedback loops to natural capital • Cross-scale networks beyond villages • System dynamics over time
- 12. Escape to E(s)cape - Migration to mainland - Ecotourism marginalised as focus shifts to law and order - Revival of traditional sailing canoes Down but not Out - High awareness, “crisis” stimulates action - Need to rebuild infrastructure allows a rethink of technology adoption Future scenarios for eco-tourism in Milne Bay CSIRO Sustainable Regional Development Climate crisis Gradual climate change Technology available Technology unavailable Kula Connections -Time to prepare for climate impacts - Traditional Kula ring reinvented as modern information network - Risk of losing cultural uniqueness Save our Forests - Activity shifts from coastal to inland areas - Grassroots environmental activism and education - Traditional gardens promoted - Planting trees for carbon
- 13. THANK YOU