In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes line up side by.pdf

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In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes line up side by side along the equator so that (a) crossing-over (exchange of DNA regions) can occur between the homologous pairs and (b) the homologous chromosomes can be pulled to opposite poles during anaphase 1. In mitosis, by contrast, homologous chromosomes line up single-file along the equator. What benefits are derived from these two different ways that homologous chromosomes are positioned at metaphase in meiosis and mitosis? Solution The equatorial arrangement of chromosomes make the cell divisions to occur more symmetrically. This chromosomal alignment is the keyspot of metazoan cell divisions. The spindle fibers in both mitosis and meiosis relocate the metaphase plates if they are not properly arranged. Homologous chromosomes functions differently in both mitosis and meiosis. The homologous chromosomes in mitosis do not pair with eachother like they do in meiosis. They line up independently at the equatorial plate whereas in meiosis they occur in pairs. The chances of chromosomes to cross one another by mitotic recombination is very rare..

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1. The cell is going through meiosis. 2. From the above diagram, it is clear that chromosomes have crossed over and genetic recombination has taken place. The spots of recombination can be observed in the diagram. The homologous chromosomes have paired up and crossing over has taken place. 3. As the homologous chromosomes after crossing over are aligned at the metaphase plate for separation and are being separated by the pulling of spindle apparatus, the cell is observed to be going through the anaphase stage of meiosis. During anaphase of meiosis, only the homologous chromosomes separate while the sister chromatids remain attached together. Solution 1. The cell is going through meiosis. 2. From the above diagram, it is clear that chromosomes have crossed over and genetic recombination has taken place. The spots of recombination can be observed in the diagram. The homologous chromosomes have paired up and crossing over has taken place. 3. As the homologous chromosomes after crossing over are aligned at the metaphase plate for separation and are being separated by the pulling of spindle apparatus, the cell is observed to be going through the anaphase stage of meiosis. During anaphase of meiosis, only the homologous chromosomes separate while the sister chromatids remain attached together..

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Please answer the question carefully. How does mitosis differ from meiosis? Where do they occur in the body and what is their purpose? Solution Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis). The purpose of this division is to increase body mass and body volume through vegetative growth Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes determine sex determination (purpose) finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter cells Mechanism and differences in division: a. Mitosis- replicated Chromosomes and sister chromatids pulled to the opposite poles of the cell b. Meiosis I- Two chromosomes in each bivalent attached to the spindle fibers and pulled to the opposite pole with the centromeres. c. Meiosis II- Sister chromatins including individual chromosomes are separated and moved to opposite poles of the cells using spindle fibers. The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg: ovaries ad testes) undergo meiosis. Meiosis is a type of nuclear division, which produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell. Meiosis is divided into two phases, meiosis I (one diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei) and meiosis II (two haploid nuclei to four haploid nuclei). Meiosis I and meiosis II are subdivided into four phases again namely, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Thus, meiosis is divided into eight phases. The phases of meiosis I are prohase-i, metaphase-I, anaphase-I and telophase-I. Similarly, the phases of meiosis-II are prohase-II, metaphase-II, anaphase-II and telophase-II. Prophase is the first phase of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis. During this phase, cohesion that is present throughout the length of the chromatids is removed except at the centromere. The chromatids become more visible during this phase. In meiosis, the sub stages of prophase-I include, leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis. During the metaphase, two chromatids are formed from each chromosome by longitudinal splitting. These chromatids form the chromosomes of daughter cells. During anaphase, centromeres are pulled and the chromatids become separated and move towards the opposite poles. These chromatids now are the chromosomes of the daughter cells, and are pulled towards the centrioles by means of spindle fibres. During “metaphase I and II” the chromosomes align at the midway between the two opposite spindle poles. In the stage of telophase, cytoplasmic division of the cell takes place (cytokinesis) during which each of the daughter cell receives one of the daughter nuclei. The interval between each division is called interphase. During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes align during the prophase. These chromosomes crossover at some point and rejoin to form recombinant chromatids, and move towards the opposite poles during anaphase. The chromosomal crossover occurs during metaphase-I of the meiosis, In mei.

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