This document describes designing a finite state machine (FSM) and controller for an input X and output Y. The FSM has two waiting states for when X=0 and X=1. When X changes from 0 to 1, the output Y will become 1 for two clock cycles and then return to 0, even if X remains 1. The document then instructs to convert the FSM to a controller using a state register and logic gates, assigning states A, B, C, and D with binary codes and deriving the equations for the controller without drawing the full circuit.