Search /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

If you steal from one author, it's
plagiarism; if you steal from many,
it's research.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education

SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
Dr R. V. SUBRAMANYAM
Professor & Head, Oral Pathology
Director, CODS-EBD
College of Dental Sciences, Davangere 577 004

WHERE TO SEARCH?
Colleagues
Books
Journals
Newspapers
The INTERNET

THE WORLD OF INTERNETTHE WORLD OF INTERNET

WHAT IS INTERNET?
 World’s largest dictionary
 Network of networks
 Community of people who
use and develop those
networks
 Collection of resources that
can be reached from those
networks

 Hypertext: Documents that
contain links to other
documents.
 HTTP: Hypertext
Transmission Protocol.
 HTML: HyperText Markup
Language.
 XML: Extended Markup
language
 DHTML: Dynamic HTML
TERMS

TERMS
URL: Uniform Resource Locator
 com: For commerical
organizations, businesses.
 edu: Educational organizations,
universities, secondary schools.
 gov: Governmental
organizations, non-military.
 mil: Military, Army, Navy.
 org: Other organizations.
 net: Network resources.

WHAT IS A BROWSER?
Software that helps you to surf the net for
information.
Internet Explorer
Netscape Navigator
Opera
NCSA Mosaic
WHAT IS A SEARCH ENGINE?
Free online resources that help in hunting
for information. Not same as DIRECTORY.

DIRECTORIES
General information.
A short description has to be submitted to the
directory for your entire site, or editors write one
for sites they review.
A search looks for matches only in the
descriptions submitted.
Eg: Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com)
Hotbot (www.hotbot.com)

SEARCH ENGINES
 Create their listings automatically.Create their listings automatically.
 Search engines crawl the web, then peopleSearch engines crawl the web, then people
search through what they have found.search through what they have found.
 If you change your web pages, search enginesIf you change your web pages, search engines
eventually find these changes.eventually find these changes.
 Eg:Eg: Directhit (Directhit (http://www.direct.hit.comhttp://www.direct.hit.com))
 Hybrid Search Engines:Hybrid Search Engines: Some search enginesSome search engines
maintain an associated directory.maintain an associated directory.

WHAT IS AWHAT IS A METASEARCHMETASEARCH ENGINE?ENGINE?
 Submits your query to multiple searchSubmits your query to multiple search
engines with combined list of results.engines with combined list of results.
Ask JeevesAsk Jeeves (http://www.ask.com/)(http://www.ask.com/)
MammaMamma (http://www.mamma.com/)(http://www.mamma.com/)
MetacrawlerMetacrawler (http://www.metacrawler.com/)(http://www.metacrawler.com/)
 More information about search enginesMore information about search engines
on:on:
http://www.searchenginewatch.com/http://www.searchenginewatch.com/

WHY USE A SEARCH ENGINE?
There are an estimated 900 million
documents on the Internet.
The inability to find the
information is frustrating.
More than 2,500 search services
presently on the Web.
Internet is so big, so powerful and
pointless that for some people it is a
complete substitute for life.
Andrew Brown

Search StylesSearch Styles
ANTS:ANTS: The carefully planned,The carefully planned,
methodical search hoping to getmethodical search hoping to get
exact results on the first try.exact results on the first try.
GRASSHOPPERS:GRASSHOPPERS: IntuitivelyIntuitively
jumping from topic to topic,jumping from topic to topic,
refining results as more is learned.refining results as more is learned.

SEARCH SITESSEARCH SITES
 AltaVista [http://www.altavista.com/]AltaVista [http://www.altavista.com/]
 About.com [http://www.about.com/]About.com [http://www.about.com/]
 Ask Jeeves [http://www.askjeeves.com/]Ask Jeeves [http://www.askjeeves.com/]
 Direct Hit [http://www.directhit.com/]Direct Hit [http://www.directhit.com/]
 Excite [http://www.excite.com/]Excite [http://www.excite.com/]
 Go [http://www.go.com/]Go [http://www.go.com/]
 Google [http://www.google.com/]Google [http://www.google.com/]
 HotBot [http://www.hotbot.com/]HotBot [http://www.hotbot.com/]
 Infoseek [http://www.infoseek.com/]Infoseek [http://www.infoseek.com/]
 Lycos [http://www.lycos.com/]Lycos [http://www.lycos.com/]
 WebCrawler [http://www.webcrawler.com/]WebCrawler [http://www.webcrawler.com/]
 Yahoo [http://www.yahoo.com/]Yahoo [http://www.yahoo.com/]

Murphy’s Law on Search Engines
No matter how precise or accurate the query, a
large percentage of results returned by search
services WILL NOT BE WHAT YOU'RE
LOOKING FOR !

SEARCHING FOR HEALTHSEARCHING FOR HEALTH
INFORMATIONINFORMATION

Searching for Health Information
 Health Search Sites
 Boolean Basics
 MeSH and MeSH Browser
 Search terms
 Electronic sources of clinical evidence

Search Sites for HealthSearch Sites for Health
 PubMed: http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed
 Medportal: www.medportal.com/
 Dentalgate: www.dentalgate.com
 CLINIWEB: www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb
 DR. FELIX: www.docnet.org.uk/drfelix
 HEALTHGATE : www.healthgate.com
 Healthworks: www.healthworks.co.uk/
 MEDFINDER: www.netmedicine.com/
 OMNI: www.omni.ac.uk/
 TRIP: www.gwent.nhs.gov.uk/trip/

BOOLEAN BASICS OF SEARCHING
Boolean logic is used to construct search
statements using logical operators and
specified syntax. These are combined into
Boolean expressions, which always are
either true or false when evaluated.
List of operators and syntax available to
Boolean searching:
 AND
 OR
 AND NOT
 BEFORE
 AFTER

BOOLEAN BASICS OF SEARCHING
AND
Means "I want only documents that contain
both words.“
Focuses, coordinates and narrows a search.
It operates on the terms or phrases on both
sides of it.
Example: recurrent AND aphthous
recurrentrecurrent aphthousaphthous

BOOLEAN BASICS OF SEARCHINGBOOLEAN BASICS OF SEARCHING
OROR
Means "I want documents that containMeans "I want documents that contain eithereither
word; I don't care which word.“word; I don't care which word.“
Broadens a search and makes it lessBroadens a search and makes it less
focused.focused.
Example:Example: recurrentrecurrent OROR aphthousaphthous
recurrentrecurrentrecurrentrecurrent aphthousaphthous

MeSH and MeSH Browser
MeSH: Medical Subject Headings.
The MeSH Browser is an online vocabulary
look-up aid available for use with MeSH.

MeSH Applications
Effective selection: Items of interest may
be readily found.
Indexing articles for the MEDLINE
database and for other NLM-produced
databases.

SEARCH TERMS
ab words in abstract
pt Publication type
ti words in title
tw text words
 / MeSH subject heading
 $ truncation (words from single stem) (?)
 jn Journal
au author
 * major focus of the article

PITFALLS TO AVOID
Avoid Misspellings
Hamartoma and haematoma
Redundant Terms
anemia and blood disorder
Ignored Terms and Special Characters
~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) = | { } ' " < > ? / , . _
Alternate Spellings
ANEMIA, ANAEMIA

How to Get the Right Stuff and Avoid
Getting the Wrong Stuff!
 Specificity Likelihood of excluding
irrelevant items.
 Sensitivity Likelihood of retrieving
relevant items.

If you're doing a search and it yields an
unmanageably large number of hits, you
probably need to increase the specificity
of your search.
Conversely, if you get too small a
number of hits, you probably need to
increase sensitivity.
How to Get the Right Stuff and Avoid
Getting the Wrong Stuff!

Increase specificity by:
 Narrowing your question!
 Using more specific terms.
 Selecting specific subheadings with MeSH
headings
 Limiting to language of article, to human or
animal subjects, to publication types (e.g.
randomised controlled trials, reviews, etc.), to
country or year of publication

Increase sensitivity by
 Broadening your question!
 Finding more search terms from relevant
records.
 Trying different combinations of terms.
 Adding in and combining terms of related
meaning using OR, ? etc.
 Selecting All Subheadings with
Thesaurus/Subject MeSh terms.
 Searching further back in time.

Electronic sources of Clinical Evidence
The Cochrane Library: CD –based source of
resources which is updated quarterly.
Best Evidence: CD-based Newsletter/ Journal
Critically Appraised Topics (CATs): Critical
appraisal of evidence tracked down to answer
specific questions.

THANK YOU
For more details please visit

Search /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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