Anthropology

ANTHROPOLOGY
&
ORTHODONTICS
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‘Orthodontists are functioning
ANTHROPOLOGISTS. We measure the
bones of the face, skull and teeth and
study the relationship of these structures’

anthropos ~ human
logia ~ study
GREEK
it is the study of humankind, from its
beginnings millions of years ago to
the present

Sub-fields of anthro.
~ Socio cultural
~ Biological
~ Archaeology
~ Linguistic

History – 4 million years
Study of Homo Sapiens for
~ Tracing the biological origin
~ Evolutionary Development
~ Genetic diversity

Biological anthropologists study
Homo sapiens to understand human
nature and ultimately the evolution of
brain and nervous system itself
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Anthropology
in
Orthodontics

ANTHROPOMETRY

ANTHROPOMETRY
Is defined as the systemized
art of measuring and taking
observations on man, his skeleton,
his brain or other organs, by the
most reliable means and methods &
for scientific purposes
Hrdlicka

~The fundamental rule in anthro. is
to measure only those parts which
are needed to throw light upon the
problem being investigated

~The exact points should be
measured and not merely the
landmarks
~Human error is possible
~Measurements are never 100% exact

Anthro. studies are expressions
Of certain organic laws which are
~Law of Heredity
~Law of Embryonic Development
~Law of Recapitulation
~Law of Growth

~Law of Sexual diff. & Puberty
~Law of Indv. Progression &
Regression
~Law of Senility
~Law of Variation

~Law of Correlation
~Law of Compensation
~Law of Plasticity

Methods of measurement
~Measuring tape
~Sliding calipers
~Other instruments

Used in measuring various parts of face
for establishing
~Diagnosis
~Classification
~Treatment Planning
~Prognosis

These details are added on with
~Casts of upper & lower teeth
~Photographs
~Radiographs

It enables the orthodontist to record
~Statistical data
~Growth changes
Periodic measurements of the same
subject at specified intervals helps to
determine the amount of growth

~Camper’ s triangle
~Von Ihering’s line
FH PLANE

Anthropological measurements
~Zygomatic width
~Gonial width
~Intercanthal distance
~Pupil mid-facial distance
~Nasal Base width
~Mouth width
~Face height(N-gn)

~Lower face height
~Upper lip vermilion
~Lower lip vermilion
~Nasolabial angle
~Nasofrontal angle

Anthro. Facial Indices
~Facial
~Mandible-Face width
~Upper face
~Mand.width-face height
~Mandibular
~Mouth-face width
~Lower face-face height

~Mandible-face height
~Mandible-upper face height
~Mandible lower face height
~Chin face height

Sichers

TREE SHREW
Dental Formula
Inc.- 3
Can.-1
PreM.-4
Molar-3

~ Cone shaped teeth
~Size of teeth
~Hands

MARMOSET
Dental formula
Inc.-2
Can.-1
PreM.-3
Molar-3

CHIMPANZEE
Dental Formula
Sexual Dimorphism
In canine

GREAT APES & HOMO SAPIENS
Genetic
Chimpanzee is the closest match

MORPHOLOGY
Arboreal
Terrestrial

FOOD HABITS
Hominid
Omnivore

ANATOMICAL CHANGES
Arboreal existence
Stronger muscles
Neck & shoulder

Head is supported by the spinal column
Foramen magnum
Posterior Inferior

Coarser food
Heavy Muscles of Mast.
Strong Nuchal & Masticating Muscles
Increased CRANIAL capacity

Anatomical modifications
~Jugular Notch
~Sternum
~Chinbutton(Pogonion)

CHARACTERISTICS
~Stereoscopic Vision
~Upright Posture
~Greater Cranial Capacity
~Omnivorous
~Sexually Dimorphic

INFERENCE
CANINES
ALL PRIMATES

Canines replaced Incisors
Mesial growth
IMPACTED CANINES

Tarsiers have Coniform Incisors
PEGGED LATERAL ?

Gibbon’s 90 degree rotated PM
Present day 90 degree rot 2nd PM ?

Old World Monkeys –Parallel Arches
Hominids arches widened postrly
BILATERAL CROSSBITE ?

CONIFORM TOOTH
DIASTEMA ?

THREE PRE-MOLARS
SUPERNUMERARY
TOOTH ?

SPLIT UPPER LIP - LEMUR
HARE LIP ?

~Missing Third Molars
~Pre-molars fused roots

CRANIAL INDEX
Maximum Cranial Breadth/
Maximum cranial length >< 100
~ Craniometry

CEPHALIC INDEX
~In living indviduals it is used to
Compute cephalic index
~Dolichocephalic
~Mesencephalic
~Brachycephalic

~Other measurements use the height
of cranial vault
~Chamecephalic
~Orthocephalic
~Hypicephalic

FACIAL INDEX
~Leptoprosopic
~Mesoprosopic
~Euryprosopic

PALATINE INDEX
~Leptostaphyline
~Mesostaphyline
~Brachystaphyline

TOTAL PROFILE ANGLE
~Prognathous
~Mesognathous
~Orthognathous

CEPHALOMETRY
~Measurements were made using
Radiographs
~The landmarks used were
Bolton point, Porion, Nasion,Prosthion,
Orbitale,Gnathion,Gonion,,Condylion etc

3 D JAW RECONSTRUCTION

Fossil Teeth Reveal Oldest
Bushbabies, Lorises

FOSSIL TEETH REVEAL RECENT
ORIGIN OF HUMAN GROWTH PATTERN

Anthropology

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Anthropology