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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 7 Issue 4, July-August 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 250
Exploring the Potential Future Market
Utilizations of 6G Network Technology
Tapan Bhagvanbhai Golakiya
Software Engineer Senior Associate, RSM US
ABSTRACT
With the widespread adoption of 5G network technology, its benefits
have revolutionized various aspects of human life. However, as we
look ahead, the research focus has shifted to the next frontier: 6G
networks. This paper aims to investigate the realm of 6G
applications, comparing and contrasting them with the
accomplishments of 5G networks. By examining existing literature
and analyzing relevant case studies, valuable insights emerge.
Notably, 6G networks are expected to surpass the capabilities of 5G,
exhibiting enhanced speed and efficiency. Furthermore, the future
development of 6G is projected to witness a paradigm shift,
characterized by immersive experiences, intelligent systems, and
global connectivity.
How to cite this paper: Tapan
Bhagvanbhai Golakiya "Exploring the
Potential Future Market Utilizations of
6G Network Technology" Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN:
2456-6470,
Volume-7 | Issue-4,
August 2023,
pp.250-253, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59652.pdf
Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
I. INTRODUCTION
China and the United States, the prominent players in
5G technology, have taken the lead in researching 6G
technology as well. These nations have already laid
the groundwork for 5G and are likely to exhibit
certain similarities in their approaches to 6G networks.
Meanwhile, other countries have joined the research
efforts, albeit with a delayed start. Since the
commercialization of 5G and its subsequent
realization of numerous envisioned possibilities, three
primary application scenarios have emerged: Massive
machine-type Communications (mMTC), Enhanced
Mobile Broad Band (eMBB), and Ultra-reliable Low
Latency Communications (URLLC) .These scenarios
have shaped the trajectory of 5G development thus
far.
6G network technology is poised to outperform 5G in
various key aspects, like high synchronization, storage
capacity, real-time precision, and reliability. Should
the developed 6G network possess these advantages, it
has the potential to surpass the research trajectory of
5G. Currently in the research stage and without
widespread application, 6G presents an open
opportunity for future development after the
successful commercialization of a wide range of
applications in the 5G era. The ongoing research
direction for 6G primarily encompasses the
exploration of 6G bands and bandwidth [1], AI
integration, and 6G communication. Bycomparing the
technical characteristics of 5G, this study primarily
focuses on investigating the future application and
service industries of 6G. The comparative research
expands the range of options for addressing problems
and future applications in the realm of 6G, offering
convenience to human life and contributing to the
advancement of scientific and technological domains.
This paper contributes to the enrichment of relevant
academic research content and enhances the
understanding of the future research and application
directions of 6G.
II. 6G’s Development and Vision
The emergence of industries like the ecosystem
industry, robotics industry, and machine interaction
field highlights the growing relevance of these
technologies. To enable intelligent living and
widespread automation, sensors are being deployed
across various domains such as cities, vehicles,
IJTSRD59652
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 251
homes, industries, and more. As a result, future
networks will need to support high-speed data
transfer and ensure exceptional reliability to meet the
demands of these diverse applications.
The deployment of 5G wireless networks has already
taken place in the United States and China, with
global implementation expected between 2020 and
2024. However, while 5G networks offer advantages
over previous generations, they are insufficient to
support user experiences [5]. Future systems will
require advancements to meet the evolving demands
of intelligent and automated systems in the next 15
years [6]. The increasing growth of global Internet
usage and the projected surge in global mobile traffic
highlight the need for advanced network
infrastructures capable of efficiently processing and
handling the escalating data demands of our
interconnected world.
To meet the requirements of 6G development, the
collaboration of AI and photonic technology presents
potential implementation approaches such as photon-
based cognitive radio and holographic radio. The
exploration of low-latency optical networks indicates
the significance of multipurpose, full-spectrum, and
all-photon Radio Access Networks (RANs) for
facilitating ultra-reliable and low-latency
communications (uBBLLC) scenarios [10].
Additionally, the vision for an extraterrestrial
integrated network in the context of the ultra-massive
broadband (uMUB) service involves utilizing hyper-
spectral systems operating at 100Gbps, employing
laser-millimeter wave-terahertz convergence, and
incorporating payloads of satellite. This integration is
set to revolutionize the next generation of wireless
communication, bringing forth transformative
capabilities. These advancements are expected to
deliver an enhanced user experience and unlock
transformative possibilities across various industries.
In the realm of 6G wireless networks, managing large
volumes of data and establishing high-speed
connections are paramount. The increasing growth of
global Internet usage and the projected surge in global
mobile traffic highlight the need for advanced
network infrastructures capable of efficiently
processing and handling the escalating data demands
of our interconnected world.
III. Analysis of the Market Economy
The advent of the 6G will have significant global
implications for human society. The 6G vision’s
value and use cases will play a critical role in
supporting the substantial investment of trillions of
dollars in 6G-related research and development over
the next 15 years.
During the initial stages of research and development,
costs are incurred, but as the technology progresses
and reaches the later stages of development, these
costs are offset by the potential profitability for the
company. Once the technology is successfully
implemented and utilized, it not only benefits
individuals by providing convenience but also has a
broader impact on the global landscape.
The acquisition of knowledge forms the basis for
scientific research and encompasses a wide-ranging
knowledge system that can have a positive impact.
The drive for scientific advancement stems from the
aspiration to surpass existing limitations and explore
deeper and more intricate realms of knowledge,
mirroring the trajectory witnessed in the development
of 5G technology. This progress involves
transitioning from the current frequency band
exceeding 1.8 GHz to a broader range spanning 3
GHz to 6 GHz.
6G technology offers enhanced security and
reliability, along with significant time savings. With
its intensified base station infrastructure and
significantly faster transmission speeds compared to
5G, 6G technology not only improves efficiency but
also ensures a higher level of security and reliability.
The choice to opt for 6G is driven by its superior
attributes in terms of security, reliability, and
efficiency, surpassing those of traditional networks.
In the future, it is crucial for the cost of 6G networks
to be affordable in comparison to that of 5G. The
sustainability aspect of 6G networks, including green
energy conservation and sustainable development,
highlights their significance in terms of energy
consumption and the long-term well-being of
humanity. 6G networks are characterized by their
focus on cost reduction, lower energy consumption,
and improved network performance. Achieving these
goals requires the development of energy-efficient
software and hardware, advancements in networking
technology, and a commitment to improved energy
efficiency. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on
promoting environmentally friendly practices and
fostering sustainable development in future network
infrastructure.
Based on the analysis, it is evident that 6G network
technology has the potential to revolutionize various
fields and contribute to their advancement. This
technology offers the advantages of reduced energy
consumption, lower costs, and significant time
savings. Furthermore, it will impact future urban
planning due to its extensive network coverage,
requiring large-scale base station deployment. The
subsequent paragraph will delve into the applications
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 252
of 6G, comparing them with the current applications
of 5G network technology.
IV. Comparsion with 5G applications
The three properties of 5G that drive its applications.
Firstly, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
addresses the need for high data rates, supporting
applications like VR/AR industries and ultra-HD
video calls. Secondly, Massive Machine
Communication (mMTC) caters to scenarios with
high terminal density but low real-time performance
requirements, making it essential for the Internet of
Things industry. Lastly, Low Latency, High-
Reliability Communication (uRLLC) offers secure
and real-time control of remote devices, making it
ideal for industries focused on remote device control
and security monitoring. By examining the
applications of 5G network technology, we can gain
valuable insights into the extensive possibilities that
can be expected with the introduction of 6G network
technology in the future.
The integration of the capabilities in 5G technology
results in common services that can be offered.
Intelligent control allows for remote device operation
and control using a combination of high bandwidth,
low latency. Identification involves target and
environment recognition through sensing devices,
such as cameras, sensors, and AR glasses, with data
processed using AI and bulk data. The service
industry stands to benefit from the utilization of 5G's
extensive bandwidth and low latency, as it enables the
playback of Ultra HD videos and facilitates the
immersive experience of VR/AR content. Information
services encompass the collection and sharing of
crucial data such as environmental information,
equipment status, user behavior, and workflow. These
data sets are processed on cloud computing platforms,
enabling enhanced user services, informed decisions
of budiness, effective monitoring management and
streamlined process optimization. The relationship
between 5G and 6G is one of evolution, where 6G
builds upon the applications of 5G while introducing
new technologies such as artificial intelligence and
blockchain, further enhancing intelligence and
reliability in the next generation of wireless
communication.
V. Conclusion
This paper provided a concise overview of 6G
technology, analyzing its key technologies and
highlighting its advantages. By reviewing the markets
of 5G network technology, it was revealed that 6G
possesses unique advantages that allow it to not only
encompass existing 5G applications but also develop
novel applications. Significantly, 6G technology
presents notable advancements in terms of speed,
introducing unique technical applications like
holographic communication and XR technology.
Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that 6G
technology is currently in its nascent phase and is yet
to be widely accessible and applied by the general
public. Therefore, the paper relied on a comparative
study of 5G technology to draw conclusions, with a
limitation of limited specific data on 6G technology.
Future research should focus on overcoming the
limitations of 5G technology and defining the
standards for 6G. For instance, one crucial technology
to explore is terahertz communications, which has the
potential to meet the requirements of the 6G spectrum
in the terahertz range.
VI. References
[1] Inomata, T., & Yamada, M. (2022). Scattering
effect up to 100 GHz band for 6G. IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
70(2), 873-882.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2022.3149238
[2] Chowdhury, M. Z., Shahjalal, M., Ahmed, S.,
& Jang, Y. M. (2020). 6G wireless
communication systems: Applications,
requirements, technologies, challenges, and
research directions. IEEE Open Journal of the
Communications Society, 2(1), 21-38.
doi:10.1109/OJCS.2020.2972541
[3] Ziegler, V., Yrjölä, S., Koskela, T., &
Hämäläinen, T. (2021). 6G indicators of value
and performance. IEEE Access, 9, 82800-
82815. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083435
[4] Li, Y., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2021). How to
make 6G a general-purpose technology:
Prerequisites and value creation paradigm shift.
IEEE Access, 9, 82800-82815.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083435
[5] Pai, M., & Han, T. S. (2017). What will 5G be?
A comprehensive survey. IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, 35(6),
1416-1452. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2017.2694394
[6] David, K., & Berndt, H. (2018). 6G vision and
requirements: Is there any need for beyond 5G?
IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 13(3),
72-80. doi:10.1109/MVT.2018.2848498
[7] DaSilva, A. G., Boaventura, F. M., & Gross, T.
R. (2016). Backhaul for 5G networks:
Challenges and solutions. IEEE
Communications Magazine, 54(5), 140-147.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2016.7489032
[8] Khan, M. A., Al-Turjman, F. M., & Khan, M.
A. (2018). Wireless brain-computer interface
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 253
for smart home and medical system. Wireless
Personal Communications, 102(1), 1-18.
doi:10.1007/s11277-018-5932-x
[9] Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2021). Haptic
internet: A survey of emerging technologies
and applications. IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, 23(1), 101-128.
doi:10.1109/COMST.2020.3042169
[10] Zihler, V., Kurner, T., & Eriksson, T. A.
(2021). All-photonic networks: Technologies
and challenges. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 59(1), 106-113.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2021.3056336

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Exploring the Potential Future Market Utilizations of 6G Network Technology

  • 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 7 Issue 4, July-August 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 250 Exploring the Potential Future Market Utilizations of 6G Network Technology Tapan Bhagvanbhai Golakiya Software Engineer Senior Associate, RSM US ABSTRACT With the widespread adoption of 5G network technology, its benefits have revolutionized various aspects of human life. However, as we look ahead, the research focus has shifted to the next frontier: 6G networks. This paper aims to investigate the realm of 6G applications, comparing and contrasting them with the accomplishments of 5G networks. By examining existing literature and analyzing relevant case studies, valuable insights emerge. Notably, 6G networks are expected to surpass the capabilities of 5G, exhibiting enhanced speed and efficiency. Furthermore, the future development of 6G is projected to witness a paradigm shift, characterized by immersive experiences, intelligent systems, and global connectivity. How to cite this paper: Tapan Bhagvanbhai Golakiya "Exploring the Potential Future Market Utilizations of 6G Network Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, pp.250-253, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59652.pdf Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) I. INTRODUCTION China and the United States, the prominent players in 5G technology, have taken the lead in researching 6G technology as well. These nations have already laid the groundwork for 5G and are likely to exhibit certain similarities in their approaches to 6G networks. Meanwhile, other countries have joined the research efforts, albeit with a delayed start. Since the commercialization of 5G and its subsequent realization of numerous envisioned possibilities, three primary application scenarios have emerged: Massive machine-type Communications (mMTC), Enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB), and Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) .These scenarios have shaped the trajectory of 5G development thus far. 6G network technology is poised to outperform 5G in various key aspects, like high synchronization, storage capacity, real-time precision, and reliability. Should the developed 6G network possess these advantages, it has the potential to surpass the research trajectory of 5G. Currently in the research stage and without widespread application, 6G presents an open opportunity for future development after the successful commercialization of a wide range of applications in the 5G era. The ongoing research direction for 6G primarily encompasses the exploration of 6G bands and bandwidth [1], AI integration, and 6G communication. Bycomparing the technical characteristics of 5G, this study primarily focuses on investigating the future application and service industries of 6G. The comparative research expands the range of options for addressing problems and future applications in the realm of 6G, offering convenience to human life and contributing to the advancement of scientific and technological domains. This paper contributes to the enrichment of relevant academic research content and enhances the understanding of the future research and application directions of 6G. II. 6G’s Development and Vision The emergence of industries like the ecosystem industry, robotics industry, and machine interaction field highlights the growing relevance of these technologies. To enable intelligent living and widespread automation, sensors are being deployed across various domains such as cities, vehicles, IJTSRD59652
  • 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 251 homes, industries, and more. As a result, future networks will need to support high-speed data transfer and ensure exceptional reliability to meet the demands of these diverse applications. The deployment of 5G wireless networks has already taken place in the United States and China, with global implementation expected between 2020 and 2024. However, while 5G networks offer advantages over previous generations, they are insufficient to support user experiences [5]. Future systems will require advancements to meet the evolving demands of intelligent and automated systems in the next 15 years [6]. The increasing growth of global Internet usage and the projected surge in global mobile traffic highlight the need for advanced network infrastructures capable of efficiently processing and handling the escalating data demands of our interconnected world. To meet the requirements of 6G development, the collaboration of AI and photonic technology presents potential implementation approaches such as photon- based cognitive radio and holographic radio. The exploration of low-latency optical networks indicates the significance of multipurpose, full-spectrum, and all-photon Radio Access Networks (RANs) for facilitating ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (uBBLLC) scenarios [10]. Additionally, the vision for an extraterrestrial integrated network in the context of the ultra-massive broadband (uMUB) service involves utilizing hyper- spectral systems operating at 100Gbps, employing laser-millimeter wave-terahertz convergence, and incorporating payloads of satellite. This integration is set to revolutionize the next generation of wireless communication, bringing forth transformative capabilities. These advancements are expected to deliver an enhanced user experience and unlock transformative possibilities across various industries. In the realm of 6G wireless networks, managing large volumes of data and establishing high-speed connections are paramount. The increasing growth of global Internet usage and the projected surge in global mobile traffic highlight the need for advanced network infrastructures capable of efficiently processing and handling the escalating data demands of our interconnected world. III. Analysis of the Market Economy The advent of the 6G will have significant global implications for human society. The 6G vision’s value and use cases will play a critical role in supporting the substantial investment of trillions of dollars in 6G-related research and development over the next 15 years. During the initial stages of research and development, costs are incurred, but as the technology progresses and reaches the later stages of development, these costs are offset by the potential profitability for the company. Once the technology is successfully implemented and utilized, it not only benefits individuals by providing convenience but also has a broader impact on the global landscape. The acquisition of knowledge forms the basis for scientific research and encompasses a wide-ranging knowledge system that can have a positive impact. The drive for scientific advancement stems from the aspiration to surpass existing limitations and explore deeper and more intricate realms of knowledge, mirroring the trajectory witnessed in the development of 5G technology. This progress involves transitioning from the current frequency band exceeding 1.8 GHz to a broader range spanning 3 GHz to 6 GHz. 6G technology offers enhanced security and reliability, along with significant time savings. With its intensified base station infrastructure and significantly faster transmission speeds compared to 5G, 6G technology not only improves efficiency but also ensures a higher level of security and reliability. The choice to opt for 6G is driven by its superior attributes in terms of security, reliability, and efficiency, surpassing those of traditional networks. In the future, it is crucial for the cost of 6G networks to be affordable in comparison to that of 5G. The sustainability aspect of 6G networks, including green energy conservation and sustainable development, highlights their significance in terms of energy consumption and the long-term well-being of humanity. 6G networks are characterized by their focus on cost reduction, lower energy consumption, and improved network performance. Achieving these goals requires the development of energy-efficient software and hardware, advancements in networking technology, and a commitment to improved energy efficiency. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on promoting environmentally friendly practices and fostering sustainable development in future network infrastructure. Based on the analysis, it is evident that 6G network technology has the potential to revolutionize various fields and contribute to their advancement. This technology offers the advantages of reduced energy consumption, lower costs, and significant time savings. Furthermore, it will impact future urban planning due to its extensive network coverage, requiring large-scale base station deployment. The subsequent paragraph will delve into the applications
  • 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 252 of 6G, comparing them with the current applications of 5G network technology. IV. Comparsion with 5G applications The three properties of 5G that drive its applications. Firstly, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) addresses the need for high data rates, supporting applications like VR/AR industries and ultra-HD video calls. Secondly, Massive Machine Communication (mMTC) caters to scenarios with high terminal density but low real-time performance requirements, making it essential for the Internet of Things industry. Lastly, Low Latency, High- Reliability Communication (uRLLC) offers secure and real-time control of remote devices, making it ideal for industries focused on remote device control and security monitoring. By examining the applications of 5G network technology, we can gain valuable insights into the extensive possibilities that can be expected with the introduction of 6G network technology in the future. The integration of the capabilities in 5G technology results in common services that can be offered. Intelligent control allows for remote device operation and control using a combination of high bandwidth, low latency. Identification involves target and environment recognition through sensing devices, such as cameras, sensors, and AR glasses, with data processed using AI and bulk data. The service industry stands to benefit from the utilization of 5G's extensive bandwidth and low latency, as it enables the playback of Ultra HD videos and facilitates the immersive experience of VR/AR content. Information services encompass the collection and sharing of crucial data such as environmental information, equipment status, user behavior, and workflow. These data sets are processed on cloud computing platforms, enabling enhanced user services, informed decisions of budiness, effective monitoring management and streamlined process optimization. The relationship between 5G and 6G is one of evolution, where 6G builds upon the applications of 5G while introducing new technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, further enhancing intelligence and reliability in the next generation of wireless communication. V. Conclusion This paper provided a concise overview of 6G technology, analyzing its key technologies and highlighting its advantages. By reviewing the markets of 5G network technology, it was revealed that 6G possesses unique advantages that allow it to not only encompass existing 5G applications but also develop novel applications. Significantly, 6G technology presents notable advancements in terms of speed, introducing unique technical applications like holographic communication and XR technology. Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that 6G technology is currently in its nascent phase and is yet to be widely accessible and applied by the general public. Therefore, the paper relied on a comparative study of 5G technology to draw conclusions, with a limitation of limited specific data on 6G technology. Future research should focus on overcoming the limitations of 5G technology and defining the standards for 6G. For instance, one crucial technology to explore is terahertz communications, which has the potential to meet the requirements of the 6G spectrum in the terahertz range. VI. References [1] Inomata, T., & Yamada, M. (2022). Scattering effect up to 100 GHz band for 6G. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(2), 873-882. doi:10.1109/TAP.2022.3149238 [2] Chowdhury, M. Z., Shahjalal, M., Ahmed, S., & Jang, Y. M. (2020). 6G wireless communication systems: Applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2(1), 21-38. doi:10.1109/OJCS.2020.2972541 [3] Ziegler, V., Yrjölä, S., Koskela, T., & Hämäläinen, T. (2021). 6G indicators of value and performance. IEEE Access, 9, 82800- 82815. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083435 [4] Li, Y., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2021). How to make 6G a general-purpose technology: Prerequisites and value creation paradigm shift. IEEE Access, 9, 82800-82815. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083435 [5] Pai, M., & Han, T. S. (2017). What will 5G be? A comprehensive survey. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 35(6), 1416-1452. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2017.2694394 [6] David, K., & Berndt, H. (2018). 6G vision and requirements: Is there any need for beyond 5G? IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 13(3), 72-80. doi:10.1109/MVT.2018.2848498 [7] DaSilva, A. G., Boaventura, F. M., & Gross, T. R. (2016). Backhaul for 5G networks: Challenges and solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(5), 140-147. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2016.7489032 [8] Khan, M. A., Al-Turjman, F. M., & Khan, M. A. (2018). Wireless brain-computer interface
  • 4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59652 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 253 for smart home and medical system. Wireless Personal Communications, 102(1), 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11277-018-5932-x [9] Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2021). Haptic internet: A survey of emerging technologies and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 23(1), 101-128. doi:10.1109/COMST.2020.3042169 [10] Zihler, V., Kurner, T., & Eriksson, T. A. (2021). All-photonic networks: Technologies and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 59(1), 106-113. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2021.3056336