5. Nucleus
The nucleus is an organelle found in
most eukaryotic cells. The nucleus
is a relatively large and
predominant strucutre inside the
cell. ITS SOOO BIGG.
The nucleus contains chromosomes,
which contain the cell's herediatary
information and controls the cells
growth and reproduction, organizing,
protecting, storing, and copying DNA.
This means that DNA replication,
transcription, and RNA processing
all take place within the nucleus.
6. Inside the Nucleus:
Nucleolus
The nucleolus are darkly stained, rounded
structues in the nucleus. One or more may
be present in a cell, though it is more
common for only one to be present. Its
primary function is to create ribosomes
using the information in its own DNA. It
contains a core of DNA from one or more
chromosomes which contain the genes that
code for ribosomal RNA (RNA is a nucleic
acid that carries genetic information that is
translated by ribosomes into various
proteins necessary for cellular processes),
the form of RNA used to manifacture
ribosomes. And the more ribosomes a cell
makes, the larger the nucleolus
7. Nuclear membrane
What is the main function of the
nuclear membrane?
The nuclear membrane encloses the
DNA within the nucleus and protects
it from the substances in the
cytoplasm. It also regulates the entry
and exit of substances in the nucleus.
The nuclear membrane separates the
contents of the nucleus from the
cytoplasm and provides the structural
framework of the nucleus. The nuclear
membranes, acting as barriers that
prevent the free passage of molecules
between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm, maintain the nucleus as a
distinct biochemical compartment.
8. CELL MEMBRANE
The cell surface membrane is extremely thin (about 7 nm).
However, at very high magnifications it can be seen to have three layers,
two dark (heavily stained layers surrounding a narrow, pale interior.
Cell membranes serve as barriers and gatekeepers. The membrane is
partially permeable and controls exchange between the cell and its
environment. And since they are semi-permeable, some molecules can
diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. Small hydrophobic
molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes
rapidly.
9. GOLGI APPARATUS
An organelle found in eukaryotic cells; the
golgi apparatus consists of a stack of flattened
sacs, constantly forming at one end and
breaking up into golgi vesicles at the other
end.
Golgi appartus collects and processes
molecules, particularly proteins from RER.
What's the function of golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins
and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted
destinations.
10. Mitochondrian
Mitochondria are sub-cellular, rod-shaped
organelles found in animal cells that are
responsible for producing the majority of
energy for the cell in the form of adenosine
triphosphate through a process called
oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen
available within the cell to convert chemical
energy from food in the cell to energy in a
form usable to the host cell. Thus, they are
called the powerhouse of the cell and they
are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are typically round to oval in
shape and range in size from 0.5 to 10 μm.
In addition to producing energy,
mitochondria store calcium for cell signaling
activities, generate heat, and mediate cell
growth and death.
12. Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes
Makes lipids and steroids
Cholesterol and the reproductive hormones
oestrogen and testosterone
Storage site for calcium ions
Abundant in muscle cells (muscle contraction)
13. Ribosomes
Very small
Not visible with a light microscope (if not using high
magnifications using an electron microscope)
Consist of two subunits: large and small
The sites of protein synthesis
Can be found free in the cytoplasm as well
Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S ribosomes
Prokaryotes are 70S ribosomes (revealing their
prokaryotic origins)
Made up of roughly equal amounts by mass of
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein
Allow all the interacting molecules involved in protein
synthesis (mRNA, tRNA, amino acids and regulatory
proteins
14. Definition
membrane-enclosed organelles that
contain an array of enzymes capable
of breaking down all types of
biological polymers—proteins,
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and
lipids.
the digestive system of the cell,
serving both to degrade material
taken up from outside the cell and to
digest obsolete components of the
cell itself.
Function
Lysosome
15. They are paired barrel-shaped
organelles
They are located in the cytoplasm of
animal cells near the nuclear envelope.
Their job in an animal cell is to help
organize microtubules that serve as the
cell's skeletal system. They help
determine the locations of the nucleus
and other organelles within the cell.
Centriole
Also, they play a critical role in the process of mitosis. When the cell is going
to undergo mitosis, those centrioles go to opposite ends of the nucleus and
form the areas that mitotic spindle forms from. And those mitotic spindles
go and attach to each of the chromosomes and pull the chromosomes to
opposite ends of the cell to allow cytokinesis (the cytoplasmic division of a
cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis) to occur.
16. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid
that fills the inside of a cell. It is
composed of water, salts, and various
organic molecules. Some intracellular
organelles, such the nucleus and
mitochondria, are enclosed by
membranes that separate them from
the cytoplasm. It is responsible for
holding the components of the cell
and protects them from damage. It
stores the molecules required for
cellular processes and is also
responsible for giving the cell its
shape.
17. a cellular structure involved in the
process of cell division
to organize the microtubules and
provide a structure to the cell. It
also pulls the chromatids apart
during cell division.
Definition
Function
forming the bipolar mitotic spindle
required to accurately divide genetic
material between daughter cells
during cell division.
How is centrosome
involved in cell division?
Centrosome
18. Vacuole
The vacuole is an organelle found
in eukaryotic cells; a large,
permanent central vacuole is a
typical feature of plant cells, it
stores biochemicals such as salts,
sugars and waste products
Tonoplast is a partially permeable
membrane that surrounds plant
vacuoles, it controls the exchange
between the vacuole and
cytoplasm.
