The article presents the results of the field studies of the coast-protection structures with the sloping face used in the water-storage reservoirs in Belarus. The most common protection of the coast and slopes, monolithic reinforced concrete or precast slabs, are considered. It was experimentally revealed, that as a result of opening the seams of the plates, the sand-gravel preparation is destroyed and washed out, the sinuses and niches in the body of the supporting structure, which leads to a significant processing of the soil slope, are formed. Field studies, as well as laboratory experiments, made it possible to establish the possibility of reinforcing the slope of the self-bridge of gravel particles by artificial means by dumping a soil with increased heterogeneity that has large fractional inclusions. The economic efficiency of the new type of fastening is shown

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 10–18, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_002
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
INNOVATIVE SAFE PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFICIENCY IN
WATER CONSTRUCTION
Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir Abu-Muslimovich,
Sapraliev Akhmed Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich, Pugiev Ramazan
Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova
Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia Vladimirovna, Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) National Research University
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of the field studies of the coast-protection
structures with the sloping face used in the water-storage reservoirs in Belarus.
The most common protection of the coast and slopes, monolithic reinforced
concrete or precast slabs, are considered.
It was experimentally revealed, that as a result of opening the seams of the plates,
the sand-gravel preparation is destroyed and washed out, the sinuses and niches in the
body of the supporting structure, which leads to a significant processing of the soil
slope, are formed. Field studies, as well as laboratory experiments, made it possible to
establish the possibility of reinforcing the slope of the self-bridge of gravel particles
by artificial means by dumping a soil with increased heterogeneity that has large
fractional inclusions.
The economic efficiency of the new type of fastening is shown.
Key words: reservoirs, structures of a slope type, fastenings, incoherent soil with
increased heterogeneity, bank protection, bank stabilization, large fractional material,
self-bridge
Cite this Article: Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir
Abu-Muslimovich, Sapraliev Akhmed Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich,
Pugiev Ramazan Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda
Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia Vladimirovna,
Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich, Innovative Safe Protection Technology and its
Efficiency in Water Construction, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 10–18.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Reservoirs are one of the main and most complex elements of the water complex. Built based
on rivers and lakes, along with a positive effect, they also have a negative impact on the

2. Innovative Safe Protection Technology and its Efficiency in Water Construction
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
environment. Water construction, associated with the creation of complex natural-technical
and economic complexes in the form of artificial water bodies - reservoirs, leads to the
development of dangerous phenomena, which include abrasion (processing-destruction) of
natural shores [1–5] (Pic. 1).
As a result of this process, agricultural land and forest lands are taken out of circulation,
the destruction of residential areas, and the violation of the living conditions of the population
happen, which causes significant damage to the national economy. The basis for ensuring the
safety of life of people living near the reservoirs is a reliable forecast of abrasion processes
and the definition of modern, economically effective, engineering measures for bank
protection [3-5]. Existing methods of the latter and forecasting methods do not always allow
assigning adequate measures for comprehensive bank protection [3, 6, 7].
2. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS (HPP)
The importance of this problem is confirmed by the actively carried out the reconstruction,
modernization and construction of new hydropower plants and reservoirs of hydroelectric
power plants (HPP) for energy purposes in Belarus.
According to field surveys conducted in the period 2013–2017, the length of damaged and
destroyed shore protection structures and structures is estimated to be within 110 km, which is
about 50% of the length of all fastenings [4, 5].
Pic. 1 Reservoir. Processing of the right bank (Photo by V. Levkevich, 2016)
The share of energy reservoirs (taking into account the existing, reconstructed,
modernized and under construction hydroelectric power plants) accounts for more than 45%
of the total reservoir fund of the country. [4] Preliminary predictive calculations have showed
that the length of banks, which are subject to active processing only, at the reservoir of the
Boguchanskaya HPP, will be more than 12 km, and on the reservoir of the Cheboksary HPP it
will be about 10 km.
In connection with this important economic problem, the need arose to summarize the
accumulated factual material and research results for the preparation of scientifically based
proposals on bank protection of a new type.
The basis for the development of a promising method of attachment was the materials of
their own long-term field observations and laboratory experiments.

3. Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir Abu-Muslimovich, Sapraliev Akhmed
Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich, Pugiev Ramazan Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur
Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia
Vladimirovna, Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
Pic. 3 Boguchanskaya HPP
Pic. 4 Cheboksarskaya HPP
As a protection against the development of erosion processes in the practice of domestic
shore protection, standard mounts of the type of various structures, concrete or reinforced
concrete, are used [3-7].
A survey of water objects with different types of fastenings in various regions of the
country has shown that one of the most important reasons for reducing the service life and
reliability of concrete and reinforced concrete fasteners is the damage caused by poor-quality
joint compaction and gravel preparation at the construction stage.

4. Innovative Safe Protection Technology and its Efficiency in Water Construction
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Over time, this leads to deformations of the slopes by the wave flow under the plates at
different positions of the water level, as well as to the removal of soil from under the plates
and their subsequent destruction (Pic. 5).
A B
C D
Pic. 5. The characteristic destruction of the reinforced concrete fastenings of slopes of the reservoirs
Observations on a number of reservoirs in the country revealed a unique natural effect:
during the processing of coastal slopes composed of cohesive soils with increased
heterogeneity, coastal shallows covered with boulders, pebbles and other large fractional
material resistant to wave action, fluctuation of levels, ice cover movements, etc. are formed.
[3-5].
Boulder-pebble material due to the removal from the layer of the largest fractions of small
particles between them forms a natural self-bridge on the surface of the shallows (Pic. 6),
which prevents the destruction of the latter.
3. LABORATORY STUDIES
Laboratory studies of self-bridge formation, carried out in the hydraulic laboratory of the
Belarusian National Technical University, made it possible to study the mechanism of fixing
the surface of the shallows depending on the heterogeneity of the material and to estimate the
speed of the process and the formation of an equilibrium profile.
Experiments have shown, and field observations confirmed that two main types of profile
with a coating of coarse-grained material are possible: with the content of the latter more than
25% or less than 50% of the volume of soil eroded (Pic. 7).
As a result of laboratory experiments, a number of calculated dependencies were obtained
for determining individual elements of the shore profile, fixed by self-bridge (width of the
underwater part of the shallow) with the width W and thickness of the layer δ [3, 4, 9] (Pic. 7;
Table).

5. Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir Abu-Muslimovich, Sapraliev Akhmed
Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich, Pugiev Ramazan Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur
Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia
Vladimirovna, Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 14 editor@iaeme.com
A B
Pic. 6 Formation of natural self-drainage on the reservoirs
A B
Pic . 7. Variants of the equilibrium profile depending on the content of the coarse fraction material in
the soil [12] A – self-pavement with a profile with a prism of 25% <Pgp <50% rim; B – self-pavement
with a profile without a prism of 10% <Рgp <25% rim
The possibility of creating artificial natural armoring, by analogy with the natural process,
made it possible to develop a fundamentally new, innovative method of protecting a
destructible shore composed of disconnected soils with increased heterogeneity [3, 4].
The greatest effect during erosion in the form of bank reinforcement by natural self-
pavement is provided by a sand-gravel mixture with a content of large particles of about 25%
per 1 m3 of soil.
Its optimal, empirically established composition, in which there is a significant slowdown
(as a result of the formation of a blind area), and then the cessation of erosion, is determined
by the presence of fractions of the following diameters: for water conditions where wave
heights up to 1 m are possible (for example, Zaslavsky reservoir), - d1 = 3.5 cm, d2 = 7.5 cm,
d3 = 13.5 cm, d4 = 17.5 cm; for reservoirs where the wave height reaches 0.4 m, - d1 = l, 7
cm, d2 = 3.5 cm, d3 = 6.5 cm, d4 = 8.5 cm.

6. Innovative Safe Protection Technology and its Efficiency in Water Construction
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Picture 8 - Calculation Note
The results of experimental studies using a sand-gravel mixture of optimal composition,
the destruction of which ensures the formation of self-drainage and the cessation of shore
destruction, made it possible to solve the technological problem of stabilizing and braking the
shore protection processing.
Various options for laying on the slope were considered (Fig. 9):
 - applying the mixture to the surface of the initial profile before filling the reservoir (Pic. 9a);
 - laying the mixture on the coastal beach formed in the first 3–5 years (Pic. 9b);
 - filling the mixture in the form of a berm before filling the reservoir (Pic. 0c) and 5 years after its
operation (Pic. 0d).
Pic. 9. Options for laying a mixture of optimal composition for the protection of the destroyed coast
A series of laboratory experiments to assess the effectiveness of laying sand and gravel
mixes and the bank protection effect made it possible to establish that laying in the ice-free
period for reservoirs with a drawdown of the upper pool more than 0.5 m (Pic. 0b) or less than
0.5 m (Pic. 0g ).

7. Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir Abu-Muslimovich, Sapraliev Akhmed
Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich, Pugiev Ramazan Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur
Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia
Vladimirovna, Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
The method of a new bank protection is as follows [3, 4]: in the coastal zone of the
reservoir, which can be processed before filling or in the first 2–3 years of its operation,
vertical means of trapezoidal or rectangular cross section is made by means of mechanization
(by an excavator) along the water's edge (Pic. 10).
After removing the soil from the excavation, its volume is filled in several layers with
coarse fraction material: the lower part - with stone, the middle - with gravel mix, the upper -
with natural soil with increased heterogeneity (heterogeneity factor, η0 ≥ 5). It is desirable
that the tie-in is filled with a sand-gravel mix of optimal composition.
The distance from the edge to the axis of the tie-in is determined by the results of
predictive calculations of linear processing (S0, Sв), which are performed according to the
methods [4]. The depth of the tie-in (DT) is taken to be equal to the level of the dead volume
of the reservoir (LR) (Pic. 10).
Pic. 10. Protection of eroding shores by creating artificial self-pavement
The use and consideration of the effect of self-pavement in the practice of designing
coastal protection measures will save building materials, as well as carry out effective bank
protection at minimum cost.
The effectiveness of the use of the slope self-reinforcement phenomenon is confirmed by
comparing the cost of laying for 1 m3 of gravel on the fixed slope and 1 m3 of sand-gravel
mixture of increased heterogeneity. To calculate the laying of gravel is offered the formula:
C = Tr + L + Cgr
where Tr, L, Cgr - transportation and loading costs, as well as the cost of gravel. Laying
sand and gravel requires the following costs:
C= Tr + L
The proposed innovative technology to prevent the development of destruction of the
banks of reservoirs, which is distinguished by high efficiency and relative cheapness, is based
on using the natural self-pavement effect, which produces a reliable mounting of the slope and
prevents its further erosion (Pic. 11).
When allocating the value of the annual cost of operating coastal protection facilities in a
separate cost item that is not included in the cost of the entire hydroelectric complex, a
comparison of the economic efficiency of the considered protection options is performed by
comparing the amount of capital investments and operating costs
Rc= (Ac + ciNC) L

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where Rc are reduced costs for each option, thousand rubles per year; Ac are annual
operating costs (by options), thousand rubles / year; NC is the normative coefficient of
efficiency of capital investments (0.1–0.18), 1 per year; ci are capital investments by options,
thousand rubles; L is the length of the bank protection section /m.
As the calculations showed, the reduced technology, which is based on the self-pavement
effect, is about 10 times more economical than dumping from expensive gravel or stone.
Unlike traditional types of slope anchorages, which do not always prevent deformations and
require the service to operate permanent bedding and repair of the coating in places of local
erosion, using this method allows you to reliably fix and stabilize the coast for 1-2 seasons [5,
6].
Practice has shown that protecting the eroded slopes of dams and dams on reservoirs by
the proposed method, taking into account the use of the method of calculating deformations,
gives an economic effect of about 22.0–27.0 thousand rubles. per 1 km of fixed slope
(estimated monetary value - for the period of autumn 2017). This method was first used in the
Volzhskaya HPP on the reservoir (Pic. 11).
Pic. 11. Artificial self-pavement
Thus, the application in the practice of building shore protection structures using natural
soils that have inclusions of gravel, pebbles, boulders, will save on expensive building
materials, simplify the protection, completely eliminate the cost of operation.
The method of bank protection using soils with increased heterogeneity is recommended
for the central part of our country.
REFERENCES
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[2] PyshkinB. A. Dynamics of the banks of reservoirs / B. A. Pyshkin // Kiev, 2013.
[3] Levkevich.E. Operating experience of coast-protection structures in Belarus /
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[4] Levkevich.E. Dynamic stability of the banks of the reservoirs of Belarus /
V.Ye.Levkevich. - Minsk, 2015.
[5] Levkevich.E. Dynamic stability of the banks of the reservoirs of Belarus: author. dis. Dr.
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9. Kuznetsov Andrey Vyacheslavovich, Estamirov Magomed-bashir Abu-Muslimovich, Sapraliev Akhmed
Magometovich, Toldiev Adam Amirkhanovich, Pugiev Ramazan Khizirovich, Chumakov Timur
Batyrovich, Chelan Izolda Vyacheslavovna, Korpusova Diana Victorovna, Stepanenko Anastasia
Vladimirovna, Khovanov Ilya Alexandrovich
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 18 editor@iaeme.com
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