2023 North American Frac Sand Conference - Proppant Selection Factors
1. NORTH AMERICAN FRAC SAND EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE 2023
Selection of Fracture Proppant based on Conductivity, Size, and
Surface Wetting Property
Boyun Guo, PhD
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
February 21-22, 2023
2. Outline
• Types of Fracture Proppant
• Functions of Fracture Proppant
• Considerations in Proppant Selection
• Summary
3. Source: Guo et al. 2017, Petroleum Production Engineering (Image Courtesy of Carbo Ceramics)
Types of Fracture Proppant
Conductivity < Conductivity << Conductivity
Controllability < Controllability << Controllability
Cost < Cost << Cost
4. Functions of Fracture Proppant
1. Propping hydraulic fractures for fluid
flow to improve well productivity
Source: Guo et al. 2017, Petroleum Production Engineering
5. 2. Blocking formation sand production in frac-packing
Source: Guo et al. 2017, Petroleum Production Engineering
6. 3. Promoting oil production while
depressing water production
- oil-wet proppant
- water-wet proppant
- intermediate-wet proppant
Source: Wang 2022, Understanding the Effect of Proppant Surface Wettability on the Oil-Water Two phase-flow from Sandstone to
Hydraulic Fractures
Oil
Reservoir
Oil Channels
Fracture
Oil
Reservoir
Oil Channels
Water Channels
Water Channels
Sandstone
Proppant
Pack
Sandstone
Water Channel
Water Channel
Water
Channel
Water
Channel
Oil
Channel
Oil
Channel
Oil
Channel
Oil
Channel
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
Oil-
Wet
7. 1. Proppant-pack conductivity (md-ft)
▪ particle-size dependent
Considerations in Proppant Selection
Source: Berg,1970. Method for Determining Permeability From Reservoir Rock Properties.
P
e
D
k 385
.
1
2
50
1
.
5
8
.
80 −
=
=
90
10
10
log
32
.
3
D
D
P
dn,50 = equivalent diameter of 50 weight percentile
dn,10 = equivalent diameter of 10 weight percentile
dn,90 = equivalent diameter of 90 weight percentile
9. 2. Proppant-size selection for frac-packing
- formation sand-size distribution
- permeability of invaded proppant pack
50
,
50
, )
6
~
5
( s
P d
D =
10. 5
.
6
1
p
D
d =
25
.
11
2
p
D
d =
36
.
19
3
p
D
d =
72
.
1
1
3
2
2
1
=
=
=
+
i
i
d
d
d
d
d
d
Source: Timiyan and Guo, 2021. A Mathematical Model for Estimating Fracture Permeability with Invasion Damage of
Formation Sand.
15. (100-Y) % Oil
Y % Water
A “fractured” core
section simulates
reservoir rock near a
propped hydraulic
fracture.
A non-fractured core
section simulates
reservoir rock away
from a propped
hydraulic fracture.
Water Pump
Oil Pump
(100-X) % Oil
INFLUENT
X % Water
EFFLUENT
Water and oil are pumped
at constant flow rates to
the inlet
Water and oil flow rates at
the outlet are continuously
recorded
Propped “fracture”
17. (a) A water droplet on the surface of a
pack of water-wet particles
(b) A water droplet on the surface of a
pack of weakly water-wet particles
(c) An oil droplet on the surface of a
pack of oil-wet particles
23. Summary
1. Fracture proppant should be selected based on conductivity, sand control,
wetting property, and cost.
2. Sand control should consider different levels of blocking to minimize sand
production and maximize proppant pack permeability.
3. Proppant surface wetting property can be characterized by liquid contact angle
quickly determined by the Drop Volume Method.