Immunology techniques abbreviation & definition easy to understand.

1. 1. Radio Aallergo Sorbent Test (RAST): Used to measure total and
specific IgEs in blood samples for diagnoses of type-1 hypersensitivity
& allergy reaction.
2. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA): For determination of
variety of IgG type autoantibodies (ANA, AMA, ASMA, ANCA, Celiac
abs etc.) in patient’s blood using specific antigen substrate on slides &
fluorescence tagged (FITC) secondary antibodies with the help of
fluorescence microscope or automated IFA machine.
3. BacterialAgglutination: The clumping of stained bacterial cells in the
presence of IgG & IgMantibodies orcomplementi.e.Widalagglutination
test for typhoid & Brucella antibodies in blood.
4. Latex agglutination: Latex particles are coated with antibodies
that agglutinate specific antigens and form a more easily visible
precipitate CRP test.
5. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Specific antibodies
are bound to target antigens coated on microplate wells, using a
secondary antibody (IgG, IgM or IgA) labeled with enzyme that reacts
with its specific substrate and the change in color is measured with the
help of automated ELISA machine. Examples are thyroid antibodies
(Thyroid-T & TPO) and H. pylori antibodies.
6. Indirect Hemagglutination Assay (IHA): This technique is based on
agglutination of human or animal RBC’s coated with extract of antigens
derived from bacteria, spirochete or parasitic flukes in the presence of
specific IgG & IgM antibodies in blood for example TPHA for syphilis,
and IHA for schistosomiasis and bilharziasis.
7. Nephelometery:Itis based onmeasuring the scattered light at an angle
after passing through a solution of antigen-antibody complex. It is used
for determination of plasma proteins i.e. immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and
IgM level. Complement level i.e. C3 & C4 and CRP, ASO and RF etc.
8. Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA):
ChemiluminescentEnzyme Immuno Assayto detectantigen or antibody
in blood samples. A solid phase (bead) coated with either antigen or
antibody while liquid phase consists of alkaline phosphatase conjugated
to secondary antibody or recombinant antigen. After incubation and
washing, chemiluminescent substrate is added to the reaction tube

2. containing the bead and the signal is generated in proportion to the
bound enzyme and Ag+Ab complex. Examples Syphilis screening
9. ImmunoblotTechnique for Myositis: To detectIgG autoantibodies to
Mi-2, Ku, PM-Scl 100, PM-Scl-75, Jo-1, SRP, PL-7, PL-12, EJ, OJ and
Ro52 proteins labeled to a strip for diagnosing autoimmune muscle
diseases.
10. Microarray Food intolerance test: This technique is applied to detect
the presence of IgG food-specific antibodies to a wide range of food
allergens microarrayed on the surface of a slide to check for food
sensitivity and intolerance.
11. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA): A group of transmembrane
glycoprotein present mostly on the surface of human leukocytes and
encoded bythe major histocompatibilitygene complex (MHC) on human
chromosome 6. HLA play a major role in tissue graft rejection during
organ transplant (histo-compatibility). Major histocompatibilitygenes are
divided into HLA/MHC class I and class II.
12. Sequence Specific Primer (SSP) HLA Typing: Sequence-specific
primers (PCR-SSP) is a commonly used PCR technique in HLA typing
where multiple pairs of cis-located allele-specific primers are used to
determine the alleles present in a given DNA sample. The procedure
relies on the specificity of primer extension that is matched or
mismatched with the template at its 3’end of the DNA.
13. Panel Reactive Antibodies (PRA) HLA Typing: A panel-reactive
antibody (PRA)also called anti-HLA antibody is a group of antibodies in
a test serum that are reactive against any of several known
specificantigens in a panel of test cells or purified HLA antigens from
cells. It is an immunologic test routinely performed by clinical
laboratories on the blood of people awaiting organ transplantation.
14. HLA B27 Typing by Lymphocytotoxicity: Detection of HLA Class I
antigens (B27) by lymphocytotoxicity method. It is ordered when a
person is suspected of ankylosing spondylitis and having symptoms of
acute or chronic pain and inflammation in the spine, neck, chest, eyes,
and joints.

3. 15. Sequence specific Oligonucleotide Probe (SSOP) HLA Typing: A
combination of PCR and hybridization technology that involves locus-
specific amplification of HLA genes and resolution of specific alleles
present by probing the PCR-amplified DNA using PCR-sequence-
specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP).