It is easy to see the effect of training on individual sports. it is quite difficult to assess the effect on team games. Present slide helps to know the effect on team games

1. Evaluation of Coaching
BY: DR. HRISHIKESH PATEL

2. Introduction
 Training aims to prepare the individual for the demands of the
game. It is important to know if the training intervention has been
effective and whether all players engaged in it have benefited
equally. Besides, new players may be entering a team squad, and
others returning after a period of injury so it is necessary to
establish how their fitness levels differ from the rest of the team.

3. Introduction
Training in Individual sports is gauged (measured) by
improvement in performance. Performance in soccer is not
indicated so easily, the impact of training is evaluated by its
direct effects on fitness measures. Many soccer teams now
regularly assess the fitness of their players so that they can
know whether fine adjustments to the training are called for.

4. Purposes of fitness assessments
to establish baselines for each player in the squad;
to identify individual strengths and weaknesses;
to provide feedback to players on their physical fitness
level;
to evaluate the effect of specific training interventions.

5. Characteristics of test
A test should have discrete characteristics if it is to be adopted
and if it is to yield useful information.
Reliability: should produce the same result if repeated soon after,
at the same time of day and under the same conditions of testing.
Objectivity: means that test performance is free of any subjective
bias, usually on the part of the experimenter.
Validity: must measure the functions that it purports to measure.

6. Adaptation of fitness test tools
 Battery or single test
 Battery test: comparisons between individuals and, with the use
of normative ranges, individual weaknesses may be identified
and remedial training prescribed.
 Regular fitness assessment - the appropriateness and progression
of the training regimen (rule)-degree of adaptation –
maladaptation (detraining)

7. Aerobic fitness: VO2max
 Aerobic fitness – Primary source of proving energy (Bangsbo;1994) -
indicated both by physiological responses and metabolic characteristics of
athlete’s muscle.
 VO2max indicates the upper limit of the body’s ability to consume oxygen,
can be increased with training
 The VO2max represents an integrated physiological function of the lungs,
heart, blood and active muscles
 single-breath spirometry has use in screening for any impairment or
pulmonary restriction

8. Aerobic fitness: VO2max
 The maximal cardiac output and the capacity of the blood to carry
oxygen determine the amount of oxygen delivered to the active
muscle cells. The oxygen-carrying capacity is determined by the
concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, which affects the binding
of O2 in red blood cells, and the blood volume. The total body
haemoglobin is therefore highly correlated with the maximal oxygen
uptake. 20% higher in endurance athlete than the non athlete.

9. Aerobic fitness: VO2max
 Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit (the percentage of
blood volume occupied by red blood cells) of soccer players generally
lie towards the high end of the normal range.
 The cardiac output determines the amount of blood delivered to the
active muscles during strenuous exercise
 HRmax not increased as result of training and is not a indicator of
fitness itself. Training effect – hypertrophy-effective pump

10. Aerobic fitness: VO2max
 Training effect – greater stroke volume-large chamber which allow
more blood to fill the chamber before it contract - lower HR at rest
 The slow heart rate allows extended relaxation time during diastole
for the pressure to drop below the normal level of 80 mmHg.
 The pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressures, with an average value of 50 mmHg for the English League
players, is larger than the normal 40 mmHg (Reilly, 1979)

11. Aerobic fitness: VO2max
 The VO2max is affected by pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, the O2-
carrying capacity of the blood and the arteriovenous differences in the O2
concentrations.
 Elite athlete 50-70 ml kg-1min-1; Reilly and Doren (2003) found 59mlkg-1min-1
on 500 elite sports persons
 No positional adaptation in VO2max in Handball, in soccer the midfielders had
significantly higher aerobic power values than those in other positions. Central
defenders have significantly lower relative values than the other outfield players
while the fullbacks and strikers have values that are intermediate (Reilly 1979;
Hazza et.al.2001)

12. Anaerobic threshold
The VO2max indicates the maximal ability to consume oxygen
in strenuous exercise but it is not possible to sustain exercise
for very long at an intensity that elicits (throw light) VO2max.
The upper level at which exercise can be sustained for a
prolonged period is thought to be indicated by the so-called
‘anaerobic threshold’: this variable is usually expressed as the
work rate corresponding to a blood lactate concentration, the
onset of accumulation of lactate in the blood

13. Anaerobic threshold (test)
The lactate threshold is determined from responses to a
sub-maximal test. The player runs at 4 different speeds on
a treadmill, each for 4 min. A blood sample is drawn from
a fingertip or ear lobe during short pauses between the
progressive bouts. The relationship between blood lactate
and running velocity is plotted.

14. Muscle Function
Muscle strength:
Assessment and measurements of strength and power has
ranged from use from performance test squats and bench press.
Strength in the lower limbs is clearly important in the game: the
quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae groups must generate
high forces for jumping, kicking, tackling, turning and
changing pace.

15. Muscle Function for HB
Dorsiflexors
Planter flexors
Hip flexors
Ankle use most

16. Muscle Strength
 Isometric strength is also an important factor in maintaining a
player’s balance on a slippery pitch and in controlling the ball.
 Upper-body strength is employed in throw-ins and the strength
of the neck flexors are important in heading the ball forcefully.
Strength in the upper body should help prevent the player from
being knocked (snatch) off the ball. High levels of muscular
strength are also important in reducing the risk of injury.

17. Muscle Strength
 In soccer – little above average isometric strength is needed
 Static strength may not truly reflect the ability to exert force in
dynamic conditions and is also a poor predictor of muscle
performance in the game.
 Isometric activity is important in stabilising the trunk and
providing a platform for more dynamic muscular activity of
the lower body to take place.

18. Muscle Strength
 Core muscle training – recognised world wide – provide stable
base for muscular contraction causing motion.
 Screening and development of isometric muscle activity are
integral to most rehabilitation and strength conditioning
programmes.
 Positive correlation between leg strength and kicking ability-
strength training improves kicking ability

19. Muscle Strength
 The angle of approach, the kicking style, the trajectory and
other factors in addition to muscle strength all influence the
performance of kicking.
 Positive r is witnessed between lower limb strength and ball
velocity

20. Anaerobic Power
During a soccer game, players must often generate high
power output and sometimes have to maintain or repeat it
with only a brief period for recovery.
High power – anaerobic energy system
Performance test- stair run test - Measurement is made of the
time taken for the player to run between two steps on the
stairs, the vertical distance between which is known.

21. Anaerobic Power
VJ -the vertical distance through which body mass is
moved and the flight time.
VJ itself is a good measure. SBJ – affected by leg
length
 repeatedly jump is also included – generally 60s
Winget test – ergometer test

22. Performance test for soccer
Generic (Similar in nature) test
Fields test- can be performed without any complex
monitoring equipment.
Eurofit test battery- The tests utilise performance measures
such as runs, jumps, throws and so on, but they are designed
to assess motor functions such as strength, power, muscle
endurance and aerobic power, albeit (though) indirectly. The
main use of the battery may be with recreational teams and
underage squads.

23. 1 Anthropometry and nine motor tests as
employed in the Eurofit Test battery
1. Height, body mass, 4 skinfolds: (anthropometry)
2. Flamingo balance test: (balance)
3. Plate tapping: (speed of limb movement)
4. Sit-and-reach: (flexibility)
5. Standing broad jump: (‘explosive strength’)
6. Grip strength: (static strength)
7. Sit-ups: (trunk strength)
8. Bent-arm hang: (functional strength)
9. Shuttle run: 10 5 m: (running speed/agility)
10. Endurance shuttle run (20 m): (endurance)

24. Performance test for soccer
The 20-m shuttle run test included in the Eurofit battery
was first validated for estimating maximal oxygen
uptake (Leger and Lambert, 1982) and represented a
progressive step for sports science support programmes.
12 min run and walk for players and referees
Shuttle run with alternation in distance an recovery time

25. Sprint test
Performance of high-intensity exercise in
training contexts is usually recorded by
coaching staff from time trials over short
distances
10 mtr – ability to accelerate 30mtr – running
capacity during short sprints

26. Repeated Sprint test
Soccer incorporates a cyclical patterns of movement,
the intensity of exercise varying in a relatively
unpredictable manner. On average, there is a call for
an all-out sprint every 90 s and a run at effort at least
every 30 s.
The fitness requirements therefore are for quick
movements, high speed, fast recovery and an ability to
sustain activity.

27. Repeated Sprint test
Seven sprints are recommended for determining peak
acceleration (over 10 m) and speed (time over 30 m). A
fatigue index can be calculated both for acceleration and
speed over 30 m, based on the drop off in performance over
the seven sprints. The mean time for the seven sprints is
indicative of the ability to perform several short sprints
within a short period of time within a game. Generally, the
best performances are the first and second sprints, the
poorest over the sixth and seventh.

28. Soccer specific test
Soccer yo-yo test-mandatory for referees in Italy and
Denmark
The so-called ‘yo-yo’ tests were designed by Bangsbo
(1994c) to determine an individual’s capability to tolerate
high-intensity activity for a sustained period. In the tests, the
player performs repeated 20-m shuttle runs interspersed with
short recovery jogs. Time allowed for shuttle reduced
progressively can be terminated if unable to perform. Score
being number of shuttle

29. Soccer specific test
5s recovery between each shuttle total duration 10-20
min
Recovery ability is tested from intense exercise – 10s
jog is allowed
Test at 2 level – first elite and second recreational level
In soccer field – soccer boot- 30 can be tested once

30. Soccer dribble test
 Soccer-dribbling tests, can include a sprint as fast as possible
over a zig-zag course whilst dribbling a ball – agility test.
 Obstacles comprise plastic conical skittles 91 cm high and with a
base diameter of 23 cm. Two parallel lines, 1.57 m apart, are
drawn as reference guides. Intervals of 1.83 m are marked along
each line, and diagonal connections of alternate marks 4.89 m
long are made. Five cones are placed on the course itself, and a
sixth is positioned 7.3 m from the final cone, exactly opposite it
and 9.14 m from the starting line. On command “go” .
Recreational – straight line

31. Agility and flexibility
Soccer requires players to possess not only speed but also
agility. Agility refers to the capability to change the direction
of the body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and
sidestep calls for good motor co-ordination and is reflected
in a standardised agility run test.
Joint flexibility is an important consideration in soccer
players. Establishing the range of motion at a joint can be of
benefit in screening for injury predisposition.

32. Body composition
Body composition reflects the individual’s energy balance
and is a health-related measure. It is also an important aspect
of fitness for soccer as superfluous (unwanted) adipose tissue
acts as dead weight in activities where body mass must be
lifted repeatedly against gravity.
players losing body fat are likely to increase their work-rate
and endurance performance as a direct result.

33. Body composition
Commonly most used model of Body composition – fat mass
and fat free mass – alternate is muscle mass – tools –
anthropometric – impedence – under water weight
It may be estimated from chemical measures such as total
body water or total body potassium – not easy available –
medical based- MRI expensive – most easy –
anthropometric- site of SF

34. Simulations for intervention studies
The analysis of work rates during match-play has also
been useful in evaluating training interventions
(influence) during field games. Exercise protocols are
then designed which mimic the exercise patterns
observed during match-play and which can be
employed for evaluating training or nutritional
interventions.

35. Simulations for intervention studies
Drust et al. (2000) designed a soccer-specific protocol
consisting of reproducible 15-min cycles of activity in which
the intensity is varied at least every 30 s, ranging from
walking to sprinting. The protocol as a whole entails 2 X45-
min period, separated by 15-min rest. It was used to examine
the influence of pre-cooling the body on body temperature
responses. It could be utilised to examine the physiological
consequence of nutritional or other interventions.

36. ?
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