This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It outlines the specific learning objectives which include explaining the origins of microorganisms, notable figures in microbiology, Koch's postulates for identifying microbes as the cause of disease, and comparing the characteristics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, chlamydia, and rickettsia. It then discusses the history of microbiology including early pioneers like Van Leeuwenhoek, Jenner, Pasteur, and Koch and their key contributions to identifying and classifying microbes. Finally, it provides overviews of different types of microbes like bacteria, atypical bacteria, eukaryotes and their role in clinical microbiology.

1. INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY
Department of MicrobiologyDepartment of Microbiology
Medical Faculty USUMedical Faculty USU

2. Spesific Learning Objectives
1. Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme
2. Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam
bidang mikrobiologi
3. Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai
penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch)
4. Menjelaskan perbedaan dan
perbandingan sifat virus, bakteri, jamur,
chlamydia dan ricketsia

3. REFERENCES
 JAWETZ, MELNICK & ADELBERG’S
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24TH
EDITION
by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S.
Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill,
2007.
 MIKROBIOLOGI KEDOKTERAN, Edisi
Revisi, Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI,
Binarupa Aksara.

4. REFERENCES
 Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
Microbiology 2nd
edition by Richard A.
Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bruce D.
Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by FH
Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J. Eckert,
R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.

5. Microbiology defined
 ‘The study of microorganisms, where the individual cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the
unaided human eye'
 That is, we need to use specialized detection systems-usually optical instruments termed microscopes.
 There are 2 main type main types of microscopes in use:
- Bright field microscope resolution about 0.2µm
- Electron microscope resolution about 100 times greater

6. What is microbiology?
 Bacteriology
 Virology
 Mycology
 Immunology
 Genetics

8. Virus
 Contain only one type of nucleic acid,
either DNA or RNA
 No enzymatic energy producing system
 No protein synthesizing apparatus
 Force infected host cells to synthesize
virus particles

9. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Characteristic Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Chromosome Single, circular Multiple
Nucleus No nuclear membrane or
nucleoli
Membrane-bound, nuceoli present
Membrane-bound
organelles
Not present Present (examples include
mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum)
Cell wall Usually present, many contain
peptidoglycan
Present in plant cells, no
peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates, most lack
sterols
Sterol and carbohydrates present
Ribosome 70S 80S
Average size 0,2-2 µm in diameter 10-100 µm in diameter
Replication Binary fission Budding or mitosis

10. Procaryotes
 Procaryotes (refers
mainly to the bacteria)
 No nucleus
 Generally circular DNA
genome
 +/- cell wall
 Can have extrasomal
DNA
 DNA without introns
 Haploid (chromosome)
 Binary division

11. BACTERIA
Classic bacteria.
 Reproduce asexually by binary transverse
fission.
 Do not possess the nucleus typical of
eucarya.
 The cell walls of these organisms are rigid
(with some exceptions, e.g., the
mycoplasma).

12. ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites that are
able to reproduce in certain human cells
only.
 Found in two stages: the infectious,
nonreproductive particles called
elementary bodies (0.3 lm) and the
noninfectious, intracytoplasmic,
reproductive forms known as initial (or
reticulate) bodies (1 lm).

13. ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Rickettsiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites.
 Rodshaped to coccoid.
 Reproduce by binary transverse fission.
 The diameter of the individual cell is from
0.3–1 lm.

14. Eucaryotes
 Eucaryotes (include
fungi, protozoa,
helminth)
 Have nucleus
 Other membrane
organelles
 Diploid chromosomes
 Mitotic & meiotic
division
 Have introns and exons

15. In clinical microbiology we have interest in both
 Bacteria (procaryotic)
Eg Staph sp, Strep sp, E.coli, Mycoplasma sp
 Fungi (eucaryotic)
Eg Candida sp (single celled yeast), Aspergillus sp
(multicelled)
 Parasites (eucaryotic)
Eg Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium sp (malaria)
 Viruses
Eg HIV, HBV, HBC, Rubella, Herpes (EBV, VZ, HSV)

16. A little History
 Before about 1650 philosophers believed in
“SPONTANEOUS GENERATION”
Significant discoveries altered this thinking.

17. Some of the key players were:
ANTON van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674
 Mid 17th Century probably 1st to observe
bacteria under magnification
 Although Robert Hooke first to observe microbes through magnification- It’s thought he saw
protozoa(larger cells such as amoebae)

19. Edward Jenner, 1796  First
successful vaccination
 Relationship of cowpox to smallpox
 Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality
 Viremia followed by death
 Last naturally occurring case in Africa,
1976
 Role of WHO in smallpox eradication
 Possible because humans are the only
smallpox host.

20. LOUIS PASTEUR:
 Demonstrated by the use of sterile media that microbes were in fact
present in air
 And that air does not create microbes
 Used broths in flasks and ‘S’ funneled microbial trap experiments
 Fermentation
 Pasteurization

22. Joseph LISTER (1860)
Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which lead to its general adoption

23. ROBERT KOCH (1876)
Proved beyond doubt that specific
organisms were the cause of specific
infectious diseases.
Experiments with the very lethal disease
(especially of cattle) anthrax
Koch and wife
1905-Nobel Prize

24. KOCH’S POSTULATES
1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the
diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen when inoculated into a
susceptible uninfected host causes the disease
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in pure
culture from the inoculated animal

25.  Griffith – 1928 – Experiment to determine which
part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused the
disease.
 1944 – Genetic material is DNA, not the capsule,
not the cytoplasm. Provided the groundwork for
Avery and McLeod’s definitive work, as well as for
Watson and Crick (1953) DNA Structure
 Fleming – 1929 – Penicillin (beta lactam ring in
outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell
wall synthesis impossible)