Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Recognizing Visual and Auditory Stimuli
1. Cognition
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
(MPPE1113)
Group Members:
NAME MATRIC NUMBER
MOHD HILMIE BIN MOHD MOKHTAR MPP141006
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 2
6. Background on Visual
Object Recognition
Organization in Visual Perception
Gestalt Psychology
figure
ground
ambiguous figure-ground relationship
Explanation for figure-ground reversal
1) adaptation of neurons in visual cortex
2) people try to solve the visual paradox
8. Background on Visual
Object Recognition
Organization in Visual Perception
Illusory Contours (subjective contours)
1) early stages of processing - interpretation
2) later stages of processing - understanding
9. Background on Visual
Object Recognition
Theories of Visual Object Recognition
Feature-Analysis Theory
distinctive features
Eleanor Gibson's research
time to decide if two letters are different
Recognizing letters and numbers on
envelopes
10. Background on Visual
Object Recognition
Theories of Visual Object Recognition
The Recognition-by-Components Theory
Irving Biederman
structural theory
Geons = 3-D shapes
combine geons to form objects
Problem
standard viewpoint vs. different viewpoint
Viewer-centered approach
12. Top-Down Processing
and Visual Object
Recognition
In Depth: Overactive Top-Down
Processing and Occasional Errors in
Object Recognition
Change Blindness
Fail to detect a change in an object or a scene
Simons and Levin's stranger-and-the-door study
Detecting the difference between two scenes identify
important changes more quickly more likely to notice
an improbable change do not store a detailed
representation of a scene individual differences
13. Top-Down Processing
and Visual Object
Recognition
In Depth: Overactive Top-Down
Processing and Occasional Errors in
Object Recognition
Inattentional Blindness
fail to notice when an unexpected but completely
visible object suddenly appears
Simons and Chabris' basketball study
14. Top-Down Processing
and Visual Object
Recognition
In Depth: Overactive Top-Down
Processing and Occasional Errors in
Object Recognition
Similarities between change blindness
and inattentional blindness
both involve top-down processing
when an object appears that is not consistent with their
concepts, expectations, and memory, people often fail to
recognize this changed object (change blindness) or this
new object (inattentional blindness)
15. Face Perception
Should be a challenging task
Recognizing faces from different angles, in
different settings, with different expressions
Recognizing Faces Versus
Recognizing Other Objects
Face perception as "special"
Tanaka and Farah--facial features in context vs.
isolation
feature identification vs. holistic approach
(Gestalt)
16. Neuroscience Research on Face
Recognition
Prosopagnosia – non-Gestalt
inferotemporal cortex
single-cell recording technique in monkeys
fMRI studies
brain's response to faces in upright and upside-down
positions
17. Individual Differences: Face
Identification in People with
Schizophrenia
schizophrenia
use of top-down processing in visual perception
difficulty perceiving faces
same/different person
same/different emotion
18. Record sound vibrations of someone talking
Translate vibrations into a sequence of sounds
that you perceive to be speech
Distinguish the sound pattern of one word from
all other irrelevant words
Separate voice of speaker from background
noise, including other conversations
19. Speech Perception
Theories of Speech Perception
The Special Mechanism Approach
speech-is-special approach
1) humans are born with a specialized device that
allows us to decode speech stimuli (phonetic
module or speech module)
2) we process speech sounds more quickly and
accurately than other auditory stimuli
categorical perception
20. Theories of Speech Perception
The General Mechanism Approaches
1) humans use the same neural mechanisms to
process both speech sounds and nonspeech
sounds
2) speech as learned ability
event-related potential studies
phoneme judgment and visual cues
