1 9 Comment by Jeremy Howell: Review APA requirements for the proper formatting of your title page. Student’s Name- Topic- Nursing Shortages Course- Date of Submission- 02 February, 2020 Introduction Nursing shortages occur when the demand for professional nurses is higher than the supply. It also occurs when the job vacancies are more than the available nurses. Additionally, it can occur when the nurse to patient ratio or the nurse to population ratio is high than the available nurses. Some of the causes of this shortage include few programs for placement of nurses and inadequacy of retention incentives for workers. There are psychological studies that have have been done to determined how nurses feel about their career (Buchan et al., 2015). Some of the complaints that nurses have include difficult working conditions and subordination on matters related to the medical profession. Other factors that lead to nurse dissatisfaction include low pay, shift work, lack of provision of child care, work overloads, and changes in schedule (Timothy, 2016). The purpose of the paper is toThe author of this paper will provide an overview of the issue, show why the issue is of concern to health care economics, show parties involved and identify marker forces that have an impact on the issue. Besides, the paperThe author will also focus on demand and supply in this issuerelated to the nursing shortage, , show how the affordable care actPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act has impacted this issue the nursing shortage, and depict how the nursing shortage affects health disparities are demonstrated in this issue. The paperThe author will also focus on showing how the issue has been improved in the global market and give my recommendation regarding improvements to be made based on the principles of economics.Comment by Jeremy Howell: You will want to clarify this. Body Overview of the Issue One of the major causes of nurse’s shortage is job dissatisfaction. This is due to a lack of confidence in the healthcare system and comprehensive nursing care. Additionally, nurses and managers have conflicting expectations regarding how to regulate costs (Buchan et al., 2015). In the past decades, there is little change that has occurred in government health policy. The nursing shortage affects healthcare in the following ways: · Increase in workloads for the few nurses that are there. They have to do a lot so that all their duties get discharged. This leads to fatigue and stress. · There is an increased risk of error, and this compromises the safety of patients. This happens due to tiredness. · An increase in infections spread to staff and patients. This happens due to a lack of control as a result of few nurses in health facilities. · High risk of adverse health outcomes such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and cardiac arrest. · High risk for occupational injury. · A high rate of turnover and, thus, high costs are incurred for the health care .

1. 1
9
Comment by Jeremy Howell: Review APA requirements for the
proper formatting of your title page.
Student’s Name-
Topic- Nursing Shortages
Course-
Date of Submission- 02 February, 2020
Introduction
Nursing shortages occur when the demand for professional
nurses is higher than the supply. It also occurs when the job
vacancies are more than the available nurses. Additionally, it
can occur when the nurse to patient ratio or the nurse to
population ratio is high than the available nurses. Some of the
causes of this shortage include few programs for placement of
nurses and inadequacy of retention incentives for workers.
There are psychological studies that have have been done to
determined how nurses feel about their career (Buchan et al.,
2015). Some of the complaints that nurses have include difficult
working conditions and subordination on matters related to the
medical profession. Other factors that lead to nurse
dissatisfaction include low pay, shift work, lack of provision of
child care, work overloads, and changes in schedule (Timothy,
2016). The purpose of the paper is toThe author of this paper
will provide an overview of the issue, show why the issue is of

2. concern to health care economics, show parties involved and
identify marker forces that have an impact on the issue.
Besides, the paperThe author will also focus on demand and
supply in this issuerelated to the nursing shortage, , show how
the affordable care actPatient Protection and Affordable Care
Act has impacted this issue the nursing shortage, and depict
how the nursing shortage affects health disparities are
demonstrated in this issue. The paperThe author will also focus
on showing how the issue has been improved in the global
market and give my recommendation regarding improvements to
be made based on the principles of economics.Comment by
Jeremy Howell: You will want to clarify this.
Body
Overview of the Issue
One of the major causes of nurse’s shortage is job
dissatisfaction. This is due to a lack of confidence in the
healthcare system and comprehensive nursing care.
Additionally, nurses and managers have conflicting expectations
regarding how to regulate costs (Buchan et al., 2015). In the
past decades, there is little change that has occurred in
government health policy. The nursing shortage affects
healthcare in the following ways:
· Increase in workloads for the few nurses that are there. They
have to do a lot so that all their duties get discharged. This
leads to fatigue and stress.
· There is an increased risk of error, and this compromises the
safety of patients. This happens due to tiredness.
· An increase in infections spread to staff and patients. This
happens due to a lack of control as a result of few nurses in
health facilities.
· High risk of adverse health outcomes such as urinary tract
infections, pneumonia, and cardiac arrest.
· High risk for occupational injury.
· A high rate of turnover and, thus, high costs are incurred for
the health care system and the employer.
· The perception of unsafe working conditions by nurse

3. increases, and thus efforts for recruitment are hindered both
locally and nationally.
The solution to this shortage of nurses is retention and
recruitment. Making nursing an attractive profession to the
young workers will help in recruitment. Also, improving the
work environment will help to improve job satisfaction and thus
retain workers. The government should also provide
opportunities for nurses to advance their education. It should
give nurses diversity programs and scholarships. The nurses
should also be allowed to pick their overtime and schedules
while bonuses are provided to those who excel (Ball et al.,
2015). The fluctuating short term needs can be addressed by the
use of float pool and agency nurses. Gloat pool nurses are hired
by the health facility and can work in any unit while the staffing
organization employs agency nurses, and they work in different
hospitals.
Health care economics perspective concern
The shortage of nurses leads to financial difficulties in the
health care sector. Health care providers, hospitals, government,
as well as societal and educational institutions, experience
financial shortages (Twigg et al., 2010). A low number of
nurses lead to service delivery to a limited number of patients,
and thus little revenue is collected from nursing services.
Parties involved
The government
The mandate of the government is to hire, paying nurses, and
construction of training institutions for nurses. The hiring of
less than the number required leads to nursing shortages. Also,
if the pay is meager, nurses get job dissatisfaction and may quit
to look for greener pastures elsewhere. Also, the government is
tasked with constructing and equipping training institutions for
nurses, such as universities and colleges (Timothy, 2016). If
these institutions are in low numbers, there is a reduced number
of nurses that get produced each year, and thus shortage occurs
in the industry.

4. Hospitals
Hospitals are mandated with the provision of a conducive
environment for nurses to work in. Besides, they also hire
nurses to fill in the gaps. If this does not happen, nurses leave
due to a lack of satisfaction while a shortage occurs.
Professional bodies for nurses
The professional bodies that register, license, and regulate
standards of practice of nurses have a big role to play. They
should advocate for better working conditions and pay for
nurses.
Training institutions for nurses
The various institutions fur nurses should make the profession
attractive for young
workers so that they can approach it with a positive attitude.
The institutions should also admit a good number to train so
that the shortage in the industry can be reduced.
Market forces
The following are the various market forces that impact the
shortage of nurses:
Aging faculty
Some people enter nursing education later in life. Additionally,
most of the nurses retire early in life, which leads to a shortage
of nurse trainers (Seo & Spetz., 2014). Also, the lack of enough
time to serve leads to inadequate training of meaningful
communities.
Low pay
Some of the nurses pay is not up to their expectations, and thus
they chose to quit and go to look for better opportunities
elsewhere. This has had a huge blow to several hospitals in
terms of staff shortage (Noelene et al., 2010). Heavy workload
has been left to the few who remain, which leads to stress.
Fluctuating enrollment in training institutions
The number of students who are being admitted to study nursing
has been reducing. These institutions need to step up and

5. increase the intake of students to address the shortage.
Job dissatisfaction
Job dissatisfaction occurs when expectations are not met. Some
of the nurse practitioners expect higher pay than what is offered
or better working conditions than the ones offered (Ball et al.,
2015). That is what makes them quit wok and go to work
elsewhere.
Illustration of demand
Thedemand for nurses is high as compared to the nurses
available. Thus, the shortage has resulted, which has greatly
affected the delivery of nursing services.
Illustration of supply
The supply for nurses is low as compared to demand. This is
shown by the nurse to patient ratio and then the availability of
nursing education trainers.
Impact of affordable healthcare act
Passage of the affordable care act led to an increase in the
number of Americans who were insured. Only around 9.2% were
left uninsured. Before the passage of the affordable care act,
about 15% of Americans were not insured. The increase in the
number of insured Americans led to high demand for health
services offered by various health care professionals, including
nurses (Buchan net al, 2015). The high demand for health care
professionals exceeds the available ones, and thus there is a
shortage of nurses. The shortage is expected to worsen when the
remaining 9.2% of Americans get insured.
Demonstration of health disparities Comment by Jeremy
Howell: You don’t really discuss what a healthcare disparity is.
You may want to conduct some additional research in this area.
Disease burden has increased due to nursing shortages. Some of
the conditions that nurses attend to are making patients suffer.
These include conditions like pneumonia.
Improvement of the issue in other global markets

6. Addressing the issue of nurse shortage requires the hiring of
more nurse practitioners. Also, the conditions of work should be
improved to avoid work overload and thus reduce depression
among nurses (Glasper, 2013). Training institutions are
admitting more nursing students to prevent a shortage in the
industry. The other thing is that the nurses pay is being
increased so that nurses can have job satisfaction.
Recommendations to make improve the situation based on
economic principles
I recommendThe author is this paper recommends hiring more
registered nurses to enhance the delivery of nursing services to
more patients. This will lead to earning more revenue from such
services since more patients are served.
Conclusion
The nursing shortage has greatly affected healthcare delivery,
and it is then high time solutions are sought. This is an issue of
concern from a healthcare economics point of view because it
results in financial shortages in healthcare facilities. The parties
involved in this issue include the government, healthcare
facilities, and professional bodies for nurses and training
institutions. The market forces that impact this issue include
low pay for nurses, job dissatisfaction, and poor working
conditions. The demand for nurses is higher than supply.
Affordable care act has led to high demand for nurses and thus
leading to a shortage. Demonstration of health disparities is
done in this issue because a lot of patients are suffering from
various conditions due to a limited number of nurses to serve
them. In other global markets improvement of this issue has
been done through the provision of higher salaries and better
working conditions for nurses. I recommended the hiring of
more registered nurses so that the income of hospitals is
increased by offering nursing services to more patients.
ReferencesComment by Jeremy Howell: Review APA formatting
for proper requirements of reference page formatting. Your
references are not quite formatted correctly.

7. Ball K, Doyle D & Nichole I.(2015). Nursing shortages in the
OR:
Solution
s for new models of education. AORN journal. 101(1):115-136.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2014.03.015
Buchan J, Duffield C & Jordan A.(2015). ‘Solving’ nurses
shortages: Do we need an agenda? Journal of nursing
management. 23(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12315
Glasper A.(2013).Will nursing shortages threaten the integrity
and functioning of the NHS? 25(8).
https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.8.458
Noelene H, Jennifer S & Linda H.(2010). Nursing double
degrees: A higher education initiative in times of nursing
shortages. Retrieved from
https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=05319242
8366047;res=IELAPA
Seo S & Spetz J. (2014). Demand for temporary agency nurses
and nursing g shortages. The journal of healthcare organization,
provision, and financing.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958013516583
Timothy M.(2016). A brief economic analysis of the looming
nursing shortage I the United States. 34(2).Retrieved from
https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA452050018&

8. sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=0746173
9&p=AONE&sw=w
Twigg D, Duffield c, Thompson P.L & Rapley P. (2010). The
impact of nurses on patient morbidity and mortality- the end for
a policy change in response nto the nursing shortage. Retrieved
from http://www.publish.csiro.au/AH/AH08668
Compare and contrast American/Western medical culture to that
of some of the examples shown in the Worlds Apart film. Your
discussion brief should be 1 page maximum in length, double-
spaced, 12 point font.
Movie parts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl0ffx4Kf5A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dHgjM_AvkI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS4Yiu3FT5o

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl2xR7ME_EI