2. Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie’s steelworks at Homestead Pennsylvania
Andrew Carnegie, who emigrated with his family from his native Scotland at the age of
thirteen and was a teenager worked in a Pennsylvania Textile factor
1873, Carnegie set out to establish a “vertically integrated’ steel Company
1900s; he dominate the stee industry and had accumulated a fortune worth hundreds of
millions of dollars
The railroad pioneered modern techniques of business organization
By the 1890s, Carnegie dominated the steel industry
Vertical integration
Carnegie's life reflected his desire to succeed and his desire to give back to society
Industrial giant
Born in Scotland and immigrated to US in 1848
3. Homestead Steel
their steel mills were most profitable and technologically advanced in the
world . Workers went on strike because of low pay checks and wages
5. Farmer’s Alliance
Farmer’s Alliance had 1.5 Million members Colored Alliance 1 million
members by 1890
Origins and spread
Strategies
Initial cooperative approach; "exchanges"
Turn to "sub treasury plan," political engagement
6. Farmer’s Aliance
When
1890
What
Farmer’s Alliance had 1.5 Million members Colored Alliance 1 million members
by 1890
Origins and spread
Strategies
Initial cooperative approach; "exchanges"
Turn to "sub treasury plan," political engagement
7. Omaha Platform
Adoption of the sub-treasury plan
Free and unlimited coinage of silver
A graduated income tax
Establishment of postal saving banks for safe deposit of earnings
Government ownership and operation of railroads, telephone telegraph and postal
system
Tariff reduction
Electoral; reforms including: direct popular election senators, direct primaries the
initiative, the referendum, the secret ballot, and limiting the office of the president and
vice president each to one term
Omaha Platform of 1892
Increase money supply: gold and silver money
Income tax
Secret ballots
`8 hours’ workday
8. Omaha Platform
When
What
1892
Electoral; reforms including: direct popular election senators, direct primaries the
initiative, the referendum, the secret ballot, and limiting the office of the president
and vice president each to one term
Impact
Adoption of the sub-treasury plan
Free and unlimited coinage of silver
A graduated income tax
Establishment of postal saving banks for safe deposit of earnings
Government ownership and operation of railroads, telephone telegraph and postal
system
8 hour work day
9. Colored Farmer’s Alliance
1891
Tired to organize a strike if cotton pickers on plantations in South Carolina,
Arkansas, and Texas ’actions was violently suppressed by local authorities
and landowners, some of them sympathetic to the white Alliance but
unwilling to pay higher wages to their own laborers
10. Colored Farmer’s Alliance
When
Where
1891
South Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas
What
Tired to organize a strike if cotton pickers on plantations in South Carolina,
Arkansas, and Texas ’actions was violently suppressed by local authorities and
landowners, some of them sympathetic to the white Alliance but unwilling to
pay higher wages to their own laborers
12. American Railway Union
150,000 members included both skilled and unskilled railroad laborers,
announced that its member would refuse to handle trains with Pullman
cars
Boycott crippled national rail services
President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general, Richard Oliney , obtained
a federal court injunction ordering the strikers back to work
13. Eugene V. Debs
Were jailed for contempt of court for violating the judicial order
The case of In Re Debs, the Supreme Court unanimously confirmed the
sentences and approved the use of injunction against striking labor unions
Debs charged that concentrated economic power, now aligned with
state and national governments, was attempting to “wrest from the
weak” their birthright of freedom
14. Coxey’s Army
1894
Band of several hundred unemployed men led by Ohio businessman
Jacob Coxey demanding economic relief
17. Kansas Exodus
1879-1880
Migration by some 40,000-60,00o blacks to Kansas to escape the
oppressive environment of the New South
Name participants gave to this migration- the Exodus, derived from the
biblical account of the Jews escaping slavery in Egypt
including former slave Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, the organizer of a real
estate company, distributed flyers and lithographs picturing Kansas as an
idyllic land if rural plenty
Most black migrants ended up as unskilled laborers in towns and cities
18. Kansas Exodus
When
Where
1879-1880
Kansas
What
African-Americans Migrated to Kansas, seeking political equality, freedom from
violence, access to education, and economic opportunity
Migration by some 40,000-60,00o blacks to Kansas to escape the oppressive
environment of the New South
Impact
Name participants gave to this migration- the Exodus, derived from the biblical
account of the Jews escaping slavery in Egypt
including former slave Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, the organizer of a real estate
company, distributed flyers and lithographs picturing Kansas as an idyllic land if rural
plenty
Most African- Americans had little alternative but to stay in the region
Most northern employers refused to offer jobs to black
19. National Association of Colored
Women
1896
Brought together local and regional women’s club to press for both
women’s rights and racial uplift
Most female activists emerged from the small urban black middle class
Preached necessity of “respectable” behavior as part and parcel of the
struggle for equal rights
20. National Association of Colored
Women
When
1896
Impact
U.S. Supreme court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that
permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites
“Separate but equal" doctrine
Justice Harlan dissent
21. Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
U.S. Supreme court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that
permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites
“Separate but equal" doctrine
Justice Harlan dissent
22. Immigration Restriction League
A group that called for the reduction of immigration by barring the
illiterate from entering the United States
23. Chinese Exclusion Act
1882
By the mid 1800’s a seething anti-Chinese sentiment among the working class is was
developing
Chinese immigrants became scapegoat for economic hardships because of their lower
wages and unwillingness to unionize with non-Chinese
Anti-Chinese agitation eventually convinced Congress to pass a national Chinese
Exclusion Act in 1882
Preamble whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United states the coming of
Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the
territory thereof:
Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of American
in congress assembled
That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act and until the
expiration of ten years next after the passage of this act.
24. Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington’s widely praised speech at the Atlanta Cotton
Exposition that urged blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon
agitation for civil and political right
Background on Washington
1895 Atlanta address
Washington approach
Repudiation of claim to full equality
Acceptance of segregation
Emphasis on material self-help, individual advancement, alliance with white
employers
25. American Federation of Labor
Rise of the AFL, Samuel Gompers
AFL-Gompers approach
Repudiation of broad reform vision, political engagement, direct confrontation
with capital
Emphasis on bargaining with employers over wages and conditions; "business
unionism"
Narrower ideal of labor solidarity
Concentration on skilled labor sectors
Exclusion of blacks, women, new immigrants
26. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Largest female reform society of the late nineteenth century it moved
from opposing sale of liquor to demanding the right to vote for women
27. Spanish-American War
1898
Known as the “splendid little war”
Who
Where
Spain vs. America
Philippines, Cuba
Why
Help give freedom to Spain’s colonies
28. USS Maine
Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, resulting
in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined
the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared
two months later
29. Platt Amendment
Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States� right
to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host
American naval bases on the island
30. Insular Cases
1901-1904
The supreme court held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the
territories recently acquired by the united states—a significant limitation of
scope of American freedom
Court declared, must recognize the “fundamental” personal rights of
residents of the Philippines and Puerto Rico
31. Ida B. Wells
Born slave in Mississippi of 1862. Became a school teacher and an editor
of the newspaper Memphis Free Press.She moved to the North because of
the white people against her opinions
32. Hawaii
Was closely tied to the United States. It was wanted as a naval base. It
had American sugar-plantations. It was annexed to the U.S. In 1898
