Hikikomori Research

Hikikomori Research
One major limitation of this research is the availability of research, in English. Since
hikikomori predominantly occurs within Asian cultures, and we focused in on Japan; there was
limited research about hikikomori available, in English. The research which was located mainly
focused on whether hikikomori should be considered as a culture bound disorder or whether is
exists within the spectrum of disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Further
research which helps to understand the symptomology and effects of hikikomori within Japanese
culture would help mental health practitioners to determine where social withdrawal in Japan
falls. It is the opinion of this author that hikikomori appears to be culturally specific
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Culture Breed Syndrome
To begin, culture bound syndromes are diseases or illnesses associated with a particular culture or
group of people. There are many different forms of culture bound syndromes associated with many
cultures all across the world. I will be discussing brain fag syndrome; a culture bound syndrome that
is present today in Nigeria. I will also go over the symptoms, treatments, studies, and my thoughts
associated with brain fag syndrome. In 1994, Prince identified brain fag syndrome in Nigerians
(Aghukwa 2014: 315). There have also been instances when individuals who were not Nigerian
were diagnosed with this brain fag syndrome. However, the syndrome seems to be much more
present in the Nigerian culture than in any other culture in around the world. According to Adayonfo
and Akhigbe (2015: 90), "Prince called the syndrome, brain fag since this was a phrase used by the
students to describe the illness." This makes me wonder if the reason brain fag affects so many
individuals is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Statistics have also shown that brain fag syndrome is more common among men than women.
However, this evidence is not valid because females were taken out of school at an early age. The
females are too young to have been able to identify with having the syndrome. With that being said,
there are more males in schools, so it is obvious that more males would be known to have this
culture bound syndrome.
Brain fag syndrome involves the somatic and cognitive parts of the brain. According to Adewuya
(2009: 135), "symptoms consists of pains and burning sensations around the head and neck, inability
to grasp the meaning of written and spoken words, inability to concentrate, poor retention, fatigue,
sleepiness, blurring, eye pain, and excessive tearing. As you can see, there are many symptoms
related to brain

Ap Psychology Case Study Chapter 1
In reading chapter one I was interested Define that each chapter would be built and covered upon a
case report from a client. First chapter also described Dr. Tobin will provide a diagnosis for each
case of the chapter with the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition
(DSM–5)(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The chapter also described the stigma of
labeling psychological disorder in the criteria needed to do it by applying the 5 criteria for
psychological disorders that are generally used by Healthcare professionals in what would make the
clinical significance. Chapter one also hits on the humanitarian approach of psychology and goes
throughout the history starting with how psychologically Disturbed people were placed in homes for
their protection but in turn those homes became overcrowded and became places of neglect due to
lack of understanding and available treatments. Is chapter also went through the importance of
clinical research and the evolution of evidence–based treatments? ... Show more content on
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We also hit the definitions up for client, a patient and a clinician and go over the diagnostic process
in which decisions are made when it comes to patients receiving treatments in hospitals and
Outpatient Care that is covered by insurance companies who utilize diagnostic codes. Other aspects
that I felt were important the Highlight in this chapter were cultural bound syndrome and cultural
formulations. Both are topics were also brought in other psychology courses I attended at Charter
Oak State College. Where the clinician assessment also identifies the client origin and culture as
well as cultural beliefs in psychological disorders and how those cultures may interpret particular

Culture Bound Syndrome Analysis
Culture bound syndrome is a broad rubric that encompasses certain behavioral, affective and
cognitive symptoms associated with certain cultures. It may be unreasonable to except one term to
describe different concepts. In medicine and anthropology, a culture bound syndrome, culture
specific syndrome is a combination of psychiatric symptoms that are considered to be recognizable
disease only within a specific culture (Singh, 2011). The symptoms derived from the usual behavior
of the individuals associated with the culture and are the reason many stress/distress activities.
However, the available information and literature on these conditions suggest that at least some of
them are/have been more widely prevalent than being considered. There ... Show more content on
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The treatment that is mainly used for this illness is dispelling of myths by psycho education. Also
reassuring the patient, treating any underlying psychiatric disorder, and giving symptomatic relief by
medications are also used to treat this syndrome. Clinicians suggest that the most effective way of
treating this syndrome is through anti–depressant medications and anti– anxiety drugs (Brown,
2013). There are many therapy that aim to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions,
behaviors and cognitions through a goal oriented systematic procedure (McMurray). Though the
origin of this condition is deeply rooted with overvalued role of semen in their culture, sexual
awareness and improved literacy rates might able to convince the general population of its inorganic
nature. It is assumed that Dhat syndrome is mostly found one the subcontinent of India, especially
India; however there are many other countries that also faced this illness. Many countries such as
China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Russia has the syndrome with same exact symptoms but with different
names. In Sri Lanka, it is known by "Sukra Pramela", while in many south east countries, it is
known by "Jiryan" This syndrome is mainly found in the region with low socioeconomic status.
They tend to seek help from local healers instead of professional doctors and healthcare

Abnormal Psychology and Culture-Bound Syndromes
Abnormal Psychology and Culture–Bound Syndromes
As many of us know, there are unlimited differences in cultures around the world from religion to
the way we communicate with one another. What many of us may not know, however, is that there
are actually specific psychological disorders found only in certain areas of the world. There are
several well known culture–bound disorders as well as variances in disorders and on theoretical
reasons behind the disorders themselves that will be discussed throughout. To be clear, not all of the
strange things people do all over the world are disorders nor are culture–bound syndromes limited to
any one region. Anorexia/bulimia nervosa, for example, is a disorder found in the west but not in ...
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These types of things are so specific that they are almost incomprehensible to those not brought up
with them. Another factor of a culture–bound syndrome is how the culture will react to it
(Matsumoto, 1994). In susto a person suffers from depression thought to be caused from "soul loss"
(Matsumoto, 1994). When this happens to a person, a native healer will carry out sacrifices to the
earth in attempts to get the soul back (Matsumoto, 1994). This could easily be a subconscious way
to involve one's self with his community or get some attention or any number of things. All of these
reasons are why it is important to have a good grasp on the culture of where a person is coming
from. Since the DSM–IV has been updated to include about 25 culture–bound syndromes, there has
also been added an "Outline for Cultural Formation" (Smith & Smith, 1997). This outline is to help
get a solid feel of a person's cultural background. The five categories are "1) Cultural identity of the
individual. 2) Cultural explanation of the individual's illness. 3) Cultural factors related to
psychosocial environment and levels of functioning. 4) Cultural elements of the relationship
between the individual and the clinician. 5) Overall cultural assessment for diagnosis and care.
(Smith & Smith,1997)" The DSM–IV added culture–bound syndromes it thought were common
enough to see in America (Smith &

Shiraev And Levy
A mental disorder is a breakdown in development, mental process, or physical realm created by a
problem in the thoughts, emotions, or behaviors of an individual as noted by disabling conditions on
a personal, familial, social, and occupational level (Shiraev & Levy, 2017). To be considered a
mental disorder, there must be distress on the part of the individual affected by the clinical findings
(Shiraev & Levy, 2017). Diagnoses of mental disorders can be challenging because of cultural input.
Shiraev and Levy (2017) suggested "subjective experience", "idioms of distress", "diagnoses",
"treatment", and "outcome" are affected by the individual cultures (p. 253). Basically, how a person
manifests their symptoms is based on cultural practices, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, we need to have a universal understanding of things or a set of "central symptoms" that
transcend indigenous or cultural specificity (Shiraev & Levy, 2017, p. 256). Shiraev and Levy
(2017) show these symptoms to be cross cultural in nature, yet expression may be different based on
cultural adaptation. The text shows neurasthenia as a universal diagnostic label because of its vague
constructs it allowed for a lessened diagnosis when a stronger disorder was not necessary (Shiraev
& Levy, 2017). The vagueness of the diagnosis became the universalist global concept of
neurasthenia (Shiraev & Levy, 2017). From a personal perspective without having a global
understanding to an applied cultural concept, we run the risk of diagnosing a hundred different
ideals that are basically the same idea only differentiated by the cultural context; likewise, not
having a cultural backdrop limits diagnoses overwhelmingly because many of the big picture
disorders require a historical context in order to ensure the right diagnostic criterion. Conclusively
on a macro level, mental disorders are represented by a global set of manifestations based on
deviation from the global norm, outward dysfunction, and personal suffering; however, on a micro
level, each culture defines an additional set of local representations, based on specific cultural
expectations, social norms and customs, and other outside factors, which enable a bigger view of
mental malfunctions and disorders (Shiraev & Levy,

Summary Of Suriname
Tessa Vossen and colleagues illustrated the back–story of Suriname and its role in slavery, studies of
illnesses as well as native medicines. Vossen's provides a combined analysis towards the role herbal
plants and natural medicines in attempt to grasp the intersection of the relationship between slaves
and type of medical care provided. "Through the examination of distinct conceptions of the human
body, physicians were able to demonstrate intellectual, social and physical constructs of healing for
it" . Perceptions of health and illness include ailments generally centered to certain geographic
regions or cultural groups. Some cultural bound syndromes were often treated with medicinal plants
with the aim of curing ailments that manifested during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cases where this wasn't so, the CBS was usually treated by rubbing plants on legs and joints of
the child to make children walk sooner. Another remedy called "vaccinations" was implemented.
Vaccination was the rubbing of juice from herbs into skin incisions and was commonly practiced by
most slaves. Furthermore, Evil eye in Suriname was described as a sickness that babies and
sometimes adults could get when a person looked too strongly at them or admired them too much
while secretly being jealous. This could affect the victim's wellbeing, whether intended or not. To
cure or prevent evil eye, slaves in Suriname bathed their babies or themselves with water containing
Reckitt's Blue. Reckitt's Blue was sometimes also rubbed on various body parts of the child such as:
ears, palms and head. People also "used herbal baths, jewelries such as bracelets and waist beads or
applied different substances to their skins in order to ward off spirits" . In addition, another cultural
bound syndrome atita was known by all populations of slaves in Suriname. The ailment atita was
mainly defined by the color appearance of the fecal matter of baby's which was tainted yellow and
carried the consistency of diarrhea. The presence of this symptom resulted in the manifestation of
diaper or body rash. Treatments usually included herbal baths, plant decoctions, and

Three Mile Island Effects
The Impacts of Three Mile Island on the Nuclear Industry as a Whole At four o'clock in the
morning, on March 28th, 1979, reactor two at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant overheated
due to a cooling pipe that was mistakenly closed. After a series of mechanical and human errors,
reactor two partially melted down. To release pressure in the chamber radioactive gasses had to be
released into the atmosphere. Residents of nearby town Londonderry, Pennsylvania, were not
evacuated as they were never exposed to unsafe levels of radiation. It was not for hours after the
incident at the power plant had been of concern that the mayor of Londonderry was alerted. Citizens
of Londonderry and the nearby areas were unaware of evacuation and contingency ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Expert Discourages Conversion Of Three Mile Island Plant to Coal." New York Times. Accessed
November 12, 1979. http://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/12/archives/expert–discourages–conversion–
of–three–mile–island–plant–to–coal.html?_r=0.
This article explains the conversion plan briefly.
The China Syndrome. Directed by James Bridges. Produced by Michael Douglas. Performed by
Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, and Michael Douglas. IPC FIlms, 1979. DVD.
This movie led to some of the anti–nuclear sentiment at the time.
The China Syndrome. Directed by James Bridges. Produced by Michael Douglas. Performed by
Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, Michael Douglas. Los Angeles: Columbia Pictures, 1979. DVD.
This movie provided powerful social and political commentary about nuclear power at the time.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Atomic Energy Commission." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Accessed February 07, 2017. http://www.britannica.com/topic/Atomic–Energy–Commission–
United–States–organization.
Funk, Cary, and Brian Kennedy. "The Politics of Climate." Pew Research Center: Internet, Science
& Tech. October 04, 2016. Accessed February 07, 2017.
http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the–politics–of–climate/.
This statistic provided helpful insight into the public perception of nuclear power

Hikikomori In America Essay
As the world they grow up in, culture tends to shape and nurture the people within it. Within
Western society, the modern rise in social and cultural pressures have warped people's perception of
themselves and others, resulting in a large increase in mental disorders, such as anorexia and
depression. However, while the Western world is suffering from body image issues, Asian countries
have seen a rise in youth who are socially withdrawing for extended periods of time. In Japan, such
a term is called "hikikomori." It is a quickly developing syndrome in which adolescents "lock
themselves away in their rooms for months, years, or even sometimes decades at a time, with
minimal social contact" (Rosenthal and Zimmerman 82). Though these two conditions ... Show
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In comparison to America, Japanese society has a large reliance on the way in which people interact.
Their heightened sense of self–awareness cripples their interactive and social skills. Furthermore,
social expectations lead them to be restrictive in expressing their thoughts and prevent many youths
from relaying their honest opinions (Li and Wong 602). In Japan, individuals use their skills and
abilities as a way to prove themselves to others as opposed to Western cultures where they aim to
differentiate themselves (Toivonen, Norasakkunkit and Uchida 5). The change from collectivism to
individualism in Asia has caused the need for individuals to conform to social norms, resulting in a
rise of youths who depend on their parents. These parents then have a tendency to be overprotective
of their children and, as such, they are less likely to develop necessary social skills. While many
American students may yearn to leave home after graduating high school, in Japan, it is not an
uncommon occurrence for children to spend much of their lives with their parents (Furlong 314).
With a crippling lack of social skill and a hindered ability to build interpersonal relationships, many
youths are becoming reluctant to join society (Li and Wong

Psychological Abnormality Psychology
When confronted with the topic of psychological abnormality, typically one will think that it is fairly
simple to explain and define. However, nailing down an explicit definition is not as easy as one may
think. Saying that it is an action or persistent pattern of thought that is outside of the norm is far too
vague to have any impact on the field of psychology, or help anyone who may be struggling with a
disorder. Furthermore, when introducing a broader scope of understanding abnormal psychology
and mental health, the variability of different cultures makes this all the more challenging. This
essay will explain mental health as a whole and it's differences cross culturally. Included will be an
analysis of culture bound syndromes and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These aspects include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Deviance is considered as drastic
nonconformity to behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that the society deems or views as necessary to
proper functioning within it. It is a deviance from the social norms of that culture. If the person is
inhibited in normal functioning and the symptoms of their disorder are unpleasant or upsetting to the
person, this can be categorized through feature distress. Dysfunction is classified when the
behaviors caused by the disorder interfere with the person's daily functioning, and/or his ability to
participate in daily activities in a constructive manner. Lastly, if the person's actions pose a risk of
harming others or harming himself this may be grounds to consider his functioning abnormal.
Additionally, if the behavior is consistently careless, hostile, or confused, it may be placing others at
risk. That being said, the categories considered in Western cultures as the basic groups of disorders
include depression, social anxiety, and schizophrenia (Heine, 463). However, when considering this
basic criterion it is pertinent to be aware of the context of the situation and the culture that the
individual is a part of and that the behaviors are occurring

Cultural Diversity : A Cultural Assessment, Diagnosis And...
Engaging into the importance of multicultural competence, awareness of such competency has
become a significant necessity in the area of mental health, and various fields of psychology (Hayes,
2008). It is essential for a counselor to be multicultural competent in order to develop a therapeutic
alliance with a client, while understanding their cultural identity. Therefore, culturally competent
knowledge, attitudes, and skills of diverse culture, is necessary, in proper treatment and diagnosis.
Nonetheless, the complexity of cultural diversity can contribute to challenges in assessment,
diagnosis and or treatment. It is further understood; by understanding one's social history,
psychosocial history, presenting problems, along with other pertinent information regarding a
cultural responsiveness in a diagnosis, and how it would be beneficial to individuals of various
social, ethnic, and other minority groups in order to make a treatment plan based on the findings of a
cultural assessment (Sue & Sue, 2013). Nonetheless, cultural influences, often neglected, are needed
to incorporate the challenges cultural groups face when seeking treatment. Therefore, I have found it
applicable to use "ADDRESSING," framework in therapy as a resource for developing cultural and
relevant assessments in addition to the onset symptoms presented in the client in the case study of
Mrs. Hudson. The use of "ADDRESSING" acronym is designed to obtain age, developmental and
physical disabilities

Defining Abnormality With Consideration of Cultural...
Defining Abnormality With Consideration of Cultural Differences
Cultural differences are always a problem when defining abnormality. What one would consider
completely normal in one culture would be considered abnormal in another, for example the island
of Java often set fire to a ball soaked in petrol and then play football with it. Here that would be
considered wrong and abnormal but is an everyday occurrence for the people of Java. This concept
doesn't only apply to eastern cultures; the English could be defined as abnormal by other cultures
definitions, even by other western societies e.g. it would not be considered normal by the Italians to
wait at a red light when there are no other cars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using this approach to define abnormality you would first have to consider what is normal
behaviour for that particular culture otherwise a person could be incorrectly diagnosed as abnormal.
Cultural differences are also a problem for the 'Failure to Function Adequately' definition of
abnormality. This classification of abnormality involves a person who conforms to their 7
characteristics of the abnormal as having ill mental health. Examples of these characteristics are
vividness, unconventionality and observer discomfort. This definition does not state the extent of the
characteristic in order for it to be abnormal, for example we could class the Native Americans who
perform the sun dance (a ritual which involves ripping ropes out of the chests of dancers) as
abnormal as we would experience discomfort from watching this behaviour, whilst Native
Americans take great joy in this activity and it us used as part of their celebrations.
Other attempts to define abnormality are also limited by cultural differences, for example the DSM
refers only to disorders found in westerners, it does not mention culture bound syndromes, for
example Koro which is found solely in South East Asia and Pibloqtoq which occurs mainly in cold
climates e.g. Greenland Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. Many disorders in the DSM are specific
only to western society;

Multicultural Excellence
1 Within the four components of Multicultural Excellence, I have experienced a greater expansion
of my awareness in the discrimination of women in the education system. During my high school
education, none of the history classes I took included in their curriculum a chapter on Title IX, and
why it was added. In doing my Title IX research project, I became aware that in our recent history,
before 1972, that there were quotas set in place, limiting the number of female students in a
University. I am glad that legislation has passed removing quotas, but I also became aware that
women are currently still a minority within the STEM majors. I believe this is due to our social
construct here in America.
My knowledge of how I can become an ally has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concept can be found on page 67 of our textbook. Individualistic cultures place the importance
on the individual and competing with each other. Collectivistic cultures place importance on the
group's needs, and conforming to take the place within the group. In understanding this concept, I
then begin to understand the worldviews of other people. This also plays an important role on how
the family is structures. If I have a client in the future who has a collectivistic culture, I need to
remain aware, and respect this, and work to develop a therapeutic plan that holds to their values, and
alleviates their stress, without projecting my own individualistic thoughts onto the client. In this
way, I can provide support in the way that they need it.
A3.1 In the film, "Let's Get Real," I watched as a child acted as an ally for a child who recently
immigrated from Iran. While the other children were teasing him, in a language he did not
understand very well, one child decided to stand up, and in doing so created a friend, and provided
support for a child who really needed it. Later, the child reported how good it felt to have a friend,
and how he was able to learn English through this friendship. It has helped provide me insight on
the injustices on how people in the Big 8 of Diversities Culture group, who don't speak the dominant
language, are poorly

Discuss Reliability and Validity of Diagnosis
Discuss reliability and validity of diagnosis A reliable and valid diagnosis is one which is correctly
reasoned from a satisfying premise and agreed upon by psychiatrists using the same diagnosis
system. However, there are many factors that make the process of determining a diagnosis intricate.
For one to obtain a reliable and valid diagnosis, one has to be sure that the classification systems
themselves are valid and reliable. Because the concept of abnormality is so complex it is particularly
difficult to define and this affects diagnosis. Also, there are a number of cultural and ethical
considerations one must consider when making a diagnosis, some of these include culture–bound
syndromes, culture blindness and racial/ethnic bias. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes it incredibly hard to determine whether the differences in diagnostics between different
cultures is due to the environment or if there is real differences A third cultural consideration in
diagnosis is culture blindness; this is the problem of identifying symptoms of a psychological
disorder if they are not in the norm of the clinician's own culture. There are also ethical
considerations when diagnosing mental illness. One of these considerations was mentioned above; it
is the idea of being stigmatized for having a mental illness. Many people are afraid that once they
are given a diagnosis, society will look down on them as being inferior. Schell (1966) argued that
once given a 'label' one will begin to act as they think they are supposed to, this is known as the
self–fulfilling prophecy. This would lead to an increase of symptoms and hence, may lead to a
misguided diagnosis. The concept of confirmation bias will also take issue when diagnosing a
patient, the clinician may be lead to believe that because the patient is seeking help, he/she does
infact need help In the late 1990's GlaxoSmithKline claimed that they could cure shyness, in effect,
15% of children were diagnosed of social anxiety disorder. GlaxoSmithKline are now being sued for
making this drug named Paxil. 4000 people who treated their kids with this noticed that it didn't
work and that their kids showed withdrawal symptoms. This goes to show that sometimes drug

Culture-Bound Syndromes Essay
Culture–Bound Syndromes By: Central Arkansas University Table of Contents Abstract Pg. 3
Introduction Pg. 4 – 8 Methodology Pg. 8 – 10 Analysis & Discussion Pg. 10 – 11 Conclusion
& Recommendations Pg. 11– 13 Bibliography Pg. 14 Abstract Mental Health as described by
LaVeist and Thomas (2005) is "a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in
productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and
cope with adversity" (p. 84). Mental health functioning is important regarding a person's well–being,
being able to interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Culture–bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions.
LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the dynamic nature of culture–bound syndromes
when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there
are recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide. Mental health researchers have not yet
been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes are indicative of one or more possibilities
that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which
individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in
which the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders, or any
combination of these. (pp. 101) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not
all disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and
communicating distress to members of a certain culture and are seen as culturally accepted
responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in
various ways that may counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these
cultural differences are

Anorexia Nervosa As A Culture Bound Syndrome
ering from Anorexia–Nervosa within western countries, compared to that of 3.2% of females
suffering from Anorexia–Nervosa in non western countries (DiNicola 1990:253), it is not surprising
that Anorexia Nervosa has been labeled a Culture–Bound Syndrome. There have been three
prominent hypotheses as to why this particular disease is considered so. The most prominent of
these hypotheses is that westernized media's ideologies of thinness and beauty have influenced
young females into developing a "fat–phobia," also responsible is the incompetent ability of western
biomedicine in diagnosing the disease, and finally westernized socio–culture's influence on anorexia
outside of western regions.
Culture–Bound Syndromes were first pegged by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although no biological issues have been found that cause Anorexia Nervosa, there are many
hypotheses as to why this is such a rapidly spreading disorder within Western culture.
This specific culture varies greatly in terms of what is considered socially acceptable, from other
cultures. Within the Western world, being thin is glamorized as the ideal female body type. The
image of the skinny female body being ideal has infiltrated the collective consciousness of most
women within our culture, due in large part to mass media which helps disseminate and exploit this
very untenable and unhealthy ideal, in which young vulnerable girls have little escape. This
Westernized social factor engraves and stresses upon society 's accepted standards of beauty and
social inclusivity, which all too often translates into an overwhelming belief that if a young woman
does not physically ascribe to this notion, that she is less worthy of love and affection (Simpson
2000: 65). This dangerous pandering of unhealthy superficiality has caused increased levels of body
dysmorphia, which in turn leads to a structural suffering by the aversion of food as a means to loose
weight.
Two Psychiatrists, Joel Kevin Thompson and Leslie J. Heinberg (1999), studied the "media's
influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders" (Thompson,.et Heinberg:Dec 17, 2002) ,
basing their research within the

Cultural Bound Syndromes
Culture–bound syndrome The term culture–bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)
which also includes a list of the most common culture–bound conditions (DSM–IV: Appendix I).
Included in DSM–IV–TR (4th.ed) the term cultural–bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality–
specific patterns of abnormal behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a
particular DSM–IV–TR diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are naturally considered to be
illnesses, or at least afflictions, and most have local names. Although presentations conforming to
the major DSM–IV–TR categories can be found throughout the world, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Medical care of the condition is challenging and illustrates a truly fundamental but rarely discussed
aspect of the physician–patient relationship: the need to negotiate a diagnosis that fits the way of
looking at the body and its diseases of both parties. The physician may do any of the following:
Share the way the patient sees the disorder, and offer the folk medicine treatment, recognize it as a
culture–bound syndrome, but pretend to share the patient's perspectives and offer the folk medicine
treatment or a new improvised treatment, recognize it as a culture–bound syndrome but try to
educate the patient into seeing the condition as the physician sees it. The problem with the first
choice is that physicians who pride themselves on their knowledge of disease like to think they
know the difference between culture–specific disorders and "organic" diseases. While the second
choice may be the quickest and most comfortable choice, the physician must deliberately deceive
the patient. Currently in Western culture this is considered one of the most unethical things a
physician can do, whereas in other times and cultures deception with benevolent intent has been an
accepted tool of treatment. The third choice is the most difficult and time–consuming to do without
leaving the patient disappointed, insulted, or lacking confidence in the

Vu482 Task 1
Name: Napatsanan Chattanasiripak
Student ID: GEC OOOOO DT
Dalton College
Unit: VU21482
VU21482 Research Current Issues
Task 1
A1. Wind energy is a clean fuel source. Wind power doesn't use water. Wind is domestic source of
energy. Wind power is inexhaustible. Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches.
A2. I am for wind farms because wind energy is a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute.
Wind power doesn't use water unlike conventional electricity.
A3. Wind farms can be very noisy if people live near them. that they could cause headaches and
they can't concentrate.
A4. 1 Ocean changes. 2 heat Extremes. 3 food shortages.
A5. b) to generate electricity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
they are good because they have long history.
A8. No, they aren't because everyone can see something.
A9. Reducing the health risks.
A10. Australian society
A11. Yes is very good because helping you reduce the risks to your health from drinking alcohol.
A12. He need to alcohol a complex role in Australian.
A13. Form enjoyment, relaxation and sociability.
A14. Burden of death, diseases and injury.
A15. affects families, bystanders and broader community.
A16. It is helping you reduce the risks to your health from drinking alcohol.
A17. Drinking no more than two standard drinks on any day.
A18. On a single, the risk of alcohol–related injury increases with the amount consumed.
A19. For children and young people under 18 years, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.
A20. Enjoyment, relaxation, sociability, harm, hardship.
A21. Is formal .
A22. pit–bull dogs be banned.
A23. https://au.answers.yahoo.com.
A24. Yes is very good because everyone like to use Facebook.
A25. She needs to ban pit bull dogs out off Australia.
A26. Because they are dangerous dogs and banning the dangerous does work.

A27. She has evidence responsible for 61 deaths in Australia.
A28. Because dogs that kill and question

Anthropology Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Summary
Anthropology is rooted in western dominated knowledge, but this does not mean that "we" in the
West have all the answers. In the United States there are unsolved mystery that pertain to both the
medical and the anthropology field. In The Essence of Anthropology, sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) is discussed as an issue that results in the death of babies. SIDS has more prominently
occurred in the United States and this might be a result of babies independently from their parents.
While the practice of having a baby sleep independently is common in the U.S., it is common
throughout the world to have a parent to co–sleep with their baby. This may be the answer to
reducing the high rates of SIDS in the U.S. and consequently shows that the United

Psychopathy and Culture: Culture-Bound Syndrome
Psychopathy and Culture Culture–bound syndrome is the amalgamation of some somatic symptoms
i.e. body pain or disturbed function of any organ and psychiatric symptoms such as alterations of the
experiences and behaviors which are considered to be perceptible diseases in the specific culture. A
list of most common culture–bound syndrome is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) and some of them are discussed below. Brain Fag: Brain Fag is
classified as a culture–bound syndrome which is associated with white collar people in West Africa.
This is a colloquial term that exhibits symptoms like headache, nervousness, irritation and breathing
problems or a combination of these. Brain Fag is a common ... Show more content on
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I will continue to keep the conversation on track and avoid lengthy arguments that delve into the
interviewee's social issues or religious beliefs. A good practice is to conform to socially acceptable
question and response to avoid taking the interview towards a discussion or a debate. This is
imperative to our activity because cultural differences can turn the conversation into a contrasting
battle of self–beliefs and hamper the evaluative process. A simple approach is to prepare a list of
generic questions that will help you identify the viewpoint of the client. We may begin our
communication with an introduction followed by asking the role of people in their society and
beliefs in their societies. The interviewer can move towards specific questions to complete the
remaining activity. It is acceptable to ask for goals and vision, their own personal opinion on a topic
without stirring up a debate or controversy. This part has to be carefully scrutinized to ensure
smooth progress of the activity. A counselor has challenging responsibility to address and
personalize themselves according to the needs of the clientele. They play very important part in the
student success maximization (Kring et al, 2007). A counselor must possess the ability to lead,
endorse equity and create a harmless learning environment and establish the necessities of all
students through cultural related prevention and counseling programs (Lee, 2001). As part of the
basic

Jealousy In Shakespeare's Othello
The play Othello by William Shakespeare was published during the 16th century, it is one of
Shakespeare's popular and controversial plays. Shakespeare depicts Othello's race as placing him
apart in some respects from the predominantly white European society in which he lives. Jealousy is
another of the main themes in Othello. Iago is the first character to start the sparks of jealousy in
Othello, and in the end, causes the downfall of Othello and Desdemona. In the end, racism and
jealousy are the causes of the tragedy in Othello. The most irreparable offense of Othello is to marry
the beautiful, white, aristocrat, Desdemona. As a matter of fact, it is not a sin the love and affection
between Othello and Desdemona, but the race of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Othello Syndrome is sort of a delusional pathological jealousy, marked by doubting a loyal partner
of unfaithfulness. The syndrome was named by the English psychiatrist John Todd. Observing,
controlling, and violence can happen in the relationship, and it requires psychiatric treatment. The
illness is named after Shakespeare's Othello, who murdered his wife Desdemona because he
believed she cheated on him. As in the Shakespearean play, the modern–day patient with Othello
syndrome demonstrates with the capacity for violence towards his spouse/partner or himself because
of the presumed cheatings. As in the play, the syndrome can be very menacing and it can result in
separation of marriage, murder and even

A New Form Of Punishment And Social Control
As school issues such as school refusal (Lock 1986) and ADHD/ADD (Conrad and Bergey 2014)
began to be recognised as serious social issues, these socially undesired behaviours became regarded
as medical conditions in which require helps from medical experts. Anthropologists provided critical
views of contemporary medicine and scientific understanding of human conditions and struggles
(Kleinman 1996, Lock 1993 and Rhodes 1996). Conrad and Schneither describe the medicalization
of deviance as "deviant behaviours that were once defined as immoral, sinful, or criminal have been
given medical meanings. Some say that rehabilitation has replaced punishment, but in many cases
medical treatments have become a new form of punishment and social control" (1992, 1). Rhodes
points out our attitude toward medicalization as "...the vulnerability of self, body, and society to
illness engages us, to a greater or lesser extent depending on context and inclination, in the same
problem faced by clinicians: the need to act, to provide useful understanding or in some other way to
contribute to the alleviating suffering" (1996, 170). Medical labels for common anxiety among
university students, therefore, are associated a concern that those abnormal psychological conditions
lead to other social issues in Japanese society. Medicalization of hikikomori and NEET highlight
and illustrate the process in which how clinical conceptions expand into everyday life and how
Japanese society addresses social

Case Study Of The Wendigo Psychosis
Introduction Certain mental illnesses are unique to cultures. They are recognizable only within a
particular society, at a particular time. Such disorders are medically and anthropologically known as
"culture–bound" or "culture specific" syndromes. There are a number of fascinating culture–bound
syndromes found around the world, and one such disorder is the Wendigo Psychosis. This mental
condition is linked to Native American culture, specifically to certain northern tribes such as;
Chippewa, Ojibwa, Cree, and Inuit. The Psychosis was most popular in the 19th century, and was
usually found to have developed during winter months when families were isolated due to heavy
snowfall, and there was not enough food supplies to get them through the tough months. Symptoms
The signs that point to the disorder were thought to be psychosomatic. Depression, distaste for
ordinary foods leading to poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, a state of semi–stupor, are the initial
symptoms of the Wendigo Psychosis. Once the symptoms set in, the victim's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
From the case studies and witness accounts is was very clear that the individuals suffering from the
disorder were not in the right state of mind. They perceived those around them to look like a variety
of edible animals, and were deluded into craving human flesh. Their delusions, when serious, drove
them to act out violently, and attack those around them. Psychiatrists who have studied the disorder
have also tried to explain it by applying other psychological conditions to it. Since one of the main
causes for the psychosis is starvation, anorexia is seen to be associated. Individuals suffering from
anorexia have been known to go through extreme and dramatic mood swings, as well as phases of
insomnia. Linking these symptoms to the Wendigo, the delusions could have arisen due to insomnia,
or they could have been acting on delusions because of extreme mood

Epilepsy And Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Epilepsy and Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) are both genetic disorders stemming from multiple
possible origins. Both disorders share multiple similarities, including cell growth, synapse
development and function, and regulation of gene transcription. An incorrect or non–functioning
synaptic protein causes many mutations within genetics that predispose one to both ASD and
epilepsy. In addition, a recent study found that epilepsy was diagnosed in some form in 44% of
children with ASD. Conversely, 54% of adolescents with epilepsy are later diagnosed with a form of
ASD.
The University of Montréal conducted a study to further findings in the very under–researched field
of neuroscience and to encourage proper diagnosis within their field. Scientists there postulated that
the deregulation of the function of the synapse due to a severe genetic mutation of the SYN1 gene
was the causal element of disorder in both ASD and epilepsy. This synapse gene focused on is
known to be necessary in the formation and development of the synaptic vesicles, which carry out
communication between the neurons. . A large Montréal family was used as a sample and
microsatellite markers were evenly distributed throughout. To carry out their study, many elements
were included to ensure proper level of statistical significance. This included genotyping, linkage
analysis, screening of DNA for possible irregularities, and additional research conducted on lab–
affected mice through hippocampal cultures and

The Differences Between Western And Other Forms Of Medicine
Culture is social phenomena which includes practices, discourse and material expressions, which,
over time, convey the continuities and discontinuities of societal life held in common (1). Every
culture has their own values, norms, religions and an almost common outlook on everything. This
includes, but is not limited to, their take on acceptable clothing, moral code of conduct, gender roles
and of course, mental illnesses. Not every culture is very open to the idea of psychiatric conditions
or anything deviating from the norm. Some cultures have psychiatric conditions exclusive to just
them. While, as it is in most cases, the conditions remain relatively similar across cultures. The stark
difference is in the nomenclature. The diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses in various cultures
have been the focus for the last few decades. The 'new cross cultural psychiatry' has brought to light
the major differences between Western and other forms of medicine. Cultural relativists argue that
one cannot separate the person's mental illness from their social and cultural background. Whereas,
the universalists believe that the biological explanation of these illnesses surpasses culture.
Although, both of these theories agree that culture does in fact, play some role in the aetiology and
functioning of the disorders (2). Anthropological orientations have been judgemental to use the
Western form of diagnosis in non–western cultures. They have insisted on regional classifications

Nursing Intervention
can only be healed by a traditional healer i.e. a voodoo priest. ("Culture–bound syndrome", 2017).
Nursing intervention is key in both cultures as it gives direction where a patient may be too inclined
to a practice that may affect them negatively. Nurses are supposed to first learn of the culture at hand
and give recommendations as to how the patient may be assisted. The Chinese highly value their
families as this is the structure of stability and continuity. Children are highly valued, they are
educated keenly as they are the predecessors both in arts and culture. The most important lesson
they are taught is respect as this is the core value of the Chinese culture. The work of the adults to
nurture each other and take care

Cultural Competence And Health Promotion, Disease...
Culture may be defined as the learned and shared beliefs, morals and values that guide a group's
lifestyle and ways of thinking (Leininger & McFarland, 2009). These concepts are passed down
inter–generationally and provide the foundation of a group's way of life. Culture is often compared
to a blueprint; it guides the actions that impact caregiving, health and well–being. Extending far
beyond ethnicity and social formalities, culture, includes religious, socioeconomic, geographic,
occupational, and sexual orientation–related beliefs and values. Many healthcare providers believe
that overcoming linguistic barriers or having a rudimentary understanding of a few ethic practices, is
enough to address the diverse needs of the client. However, ... Show more content on
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In order to fully grasp an understanding of the importance of cultural competency in healthcare, it is
vital to be aware of the demographic shifts in the United States alone, as it is rapidly growing and
increasingly becoming more diverse. In 2006, about one in three Americans was a minority (U.S.
Census Bureau, 2007) and Hispanics have surpassed African Americans as the largest minority
group, comprising 15% of the population. The demographic shifts are changing so rapidly that the
U.S. Census Bureau predicts that by 2042, no single ethnic group will comprise the majority
percentage of the population. In turn, this would make more than half of Americans a member of a
minority group. With these changing demographics, every healthcare worker will care for culturally
diverse clients and need to know how to provide culturally relevant care. One of the first steps to
providing culturally competent care is to learn about the predominant cultures cared for within a
particular healthcare system. This means utilizing community and government resources, analyzing
the demographics of the surrounding population, and seeking patient input. Nurses can become
culturally competent simply by having daily cross–cultural interactions with both their colleagues
and their clients (Killian & Waite, 2009, p. 2). Simply inquiring about ethnically diverse clients,
provides a better foundation and framework for becoming a

Black Skin White Coats Summary
In Black Skin, White Coats, Matthew M. Heaton, discusses three different examples of psychiatric
care in post–colonial Nigeria. One of these is an medical affliction that became known as a culture–
bound syndrome, that of Brain–Fag Syndrome (BFS). BFS, was an ailment that would only found
within Nigerian students in settings of higher education, that was thought to have been caused by an
overstressing of the brain (p. 121–122). While the more recent scholarship has called the nature of
all culture–bound syndromes into question, Heaton describes how for BFS it was believed that, "the
elements in the indigenous cultures were responsible in some was for the seemingly localized
natures of these disorders" (p. 121). BFS is a notable example of the ... Show more content on
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One of these is what the author calls, confessional technologies, inspired by the community groups
seen within North America and Europe. This relates to the processes used to try and get people,
specifically HIV positive individuals, to speak openly about their diagnosis. This was commonly
seen through the use of workshops, that would bring people together and attempt to create a
supportive environment in which people would feel comfortable sharing their story. Nguyen
describes how "the workshops were critical sites of interaction between local volunteers and
international consultants who otherwise spent the rest of their time holed up in five–star hotels"
(p.38). One of the unseen effects was in the effect that this system would have on the existing
kinship system. As people who were more vocal had a greater chance at receiving the live–saving
medicine they needed, the confessional technologies "disrupted existing moral economies that had
linked disclosure, trust, and social belonging" (p. 33). Nguyen used this process to illustrate how the
successes of one system of care may not always be able to seamlessly be used within another culture
without local

LJones Perceptions And Causes Ofpsycho Pathology
Perceptions and Causes of Psycho–Pathology Linda Jones Dr. Harold Beaman PSYCH/650–
Psychopathology March 2, 2015 Introduction In principle, psychopathology is the scientific study of
mental disorders and their origin; in addition, this field of study examines the causes, development,
and possible treatment for the disorders. Essentially, psychopathology encompasses three aspects
that are considered as directly related to the mental disorders. These facets include the biological
considerations, social issues, and psychological aspects of any mental condition. In fact, the initial
perception of mental illness was associated with religious issues such ... Show more content on
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Observably, the disorder mostly treated and cured by the traditional medicine in the culture. Cultural
bound syndromes can either cause somatic complains, or can be simply behavioral with no
connection to any effect on the body parts. On the other hand, researchers may choose to suggest
that cultural based syndromes represent behaviors that may be acceptable in certain regions
(Wilkinson 2000). Conversely, this disorders maybe highly disregarded in other areas. Ataque De
Nervios Ataque De Nervios is an example of cultural bound syndrome among the Hispanics.
Illustratively, the disorder is characterized by crying hysterically, rickety, out of control shouting,
physical and verbal violence, and an extreme high temperature in the chest. Ostensibly, the disorder
is said to be as result of attacks by evil spirits and demonic visitations. In essence, the symptoms are
associated with stressful events such as the death of a loved one, a traumatic experience involving a
loved one, divorce, or separation of in a marriage union. In this regard, this syndrome is only unique
among the Hispanics, in other regions it may be viewed as a normal way of venting out anger. The
Diathesis Stress Model In principle, this theory seeks to explain behavior as a predisposition
vulnerability that is coupled up by experiences that are stresses in life. The model takes
consideration of the psychological, biological, and situational aspects in life that cause inherent

Culture Bound Syndrome
Windigo Culture Bound Syndrome (CBS) is defined by the DSM–IV as recurrent, locally specific
patterns of deviant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular
DSM–IV diagnostic category. Such patterns of behavior are indigenously considered to be an
"illness" or at least an affliction, and most have names specific to the region or culture in which they
originate. Many CBSs are not literally syndromes; they are more like ways of explaining any of a
wide array of misfortunes. In the following pages I will attempt to explain the CBS known as
windigo. Over the course of the following pages I will attempt to describe the various types of
windigo stemming from the folklore of the cannibalistic spirit. ... Show more content on
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Throughout history, there have been tales of windigo occurrences. In the oldest known English
poem, Beowulf, it is recalled that around 550 to 950 A.D a windigo like creature, Grendel, would
attack the great hall of the king of Danes during the night to seize men and carry them to his lair and
eat them. According to the poem this happened for 12 years, and the only survivors were those who
were able to flee the area where the creature would capture his victims. The creature's wrath
continued until the new king of the Geats, Beowulf, along with the help of a dozen of his greatest
warriors, laid a trap for the creature. During the battle, which ensued once the creature came to the
hall to feed that night, Beowulf ripped off Grendel's arm, leaving it fatally wounded and dying.
Once Beowulf had slain Grendel, he continued to he creatures underwater lair to kill Grendel's
mother and stop the cannibalistic wrath caused by these beasts. President Theodore Roosevelt told a
more modern tale of a windigo creature. In his book, Wilderness Hunter, he recalled a tale that was
told to him by an old mountain hunter, named Bauman. The hunter told a tale of how his friend was
killed by a half–man half –beast creature during a hunting trip. Bauman believed that the creature
that killed his friend was what is

Cultural Bound Syndromes ( Cbs )
The subject of cultural–bound syndromes (CBS) is one of the most interesting of the study of
medical anthropology and psychology. The term is used to refer to particular conditions or symptom
complexes, cognitive, behavioral or affective, which are apparently unique to specific cultures
(Balhara, 2011). These culture–related specific conditions may occur due to a particular set of
environmental conditions combined with distinctive cultural practices within the limited area of
occurrence, for that reason being exotic and somewhat rare. The way they are experienced is heavily
influenced by their culture. They range in deadliness from causing comparatively insignificant and
perhaps harmless medical complications to grave ones and sometimes ... Show more content on
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Several of these disorders have however been contested by modern medicine as being fallacious in
their label as culture–bound while others have held their ground as fact.
Examples of these cultural conditions include Kuru, which is a lethal, incurable, degenerative West–
African (predominant in Guinea) disease affecting the central nervous system. It is caused by a prion
found in humans and said to be transmitted via endocannibalism. Another condition is the Windigo
psychosis which referred to a paranoia characterized by cannibalistic psychological predispositions
among Native American tribes such as Cree, Ojibwa and Chippewa due to food scarcity during
winter. Those affected would suffer severe anxiety, sometimes resulting in suicide to avoid turning
into the flesh–eating Windigo monsters. Yet another of the reproductive kind with a psychological
connection is the Oriental (mainly Indian) Dhat (O 'Neil, 2010).
The Dhat Syndrome
This culture–restricted condition has been mainly associated with the Asian continent, the Indian
subcontinent in particular, and is also known as the sexual psychosis of the Orient or the anxiety of
semen–loss. It is quite common, especially among the Indian people and it mainly occurs in young
men from their late teens to their forties. The word dhat is derived from "dhatu", a Sanskrit word,
meaning elixir constituting the body (Mehta, De, & Balachandran, 2009). In clinical psychology, it
is characterized by

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Ghost Sickness
When the human body falls ill will disease, sickness, or an injury a person's automatic response is to
seek out a professional to uncover the root of the problem to then treat the said illness. A sick body
will show physical symptoms of distress when trying to restore its homeostasis, but what if the
mind, not the body, is ill? Recovering from a broken bone would simply call for a cast and time to
allow the body to heal itself. Now instead of a broken bone, imagine a person has traumatizing daily
nightmares, physical weakness, the loss of appetite and even energy. To treat said problems one
must first realize this is a mental illness. These symptoms will be diagnosed as Ghost Sickness,
which is a type of mental illness called a culture bound syndrome. This illness is said to be
culturally bound because, instead of like most mental illnesses that can be generalized to anyone
around the world, it only affects individuals found in a specific culture and/or geographic location.
To better understand possible causes of a culture bound syndrome, the culture should be first
understood. Ghost Sickness affects the Navajo people in the western United States. The Navajo
believe their people have passed through roughly three worlds before this current one. The " Holy
People " are being who can either help or harm them. Their medicine men call upon the Holy People
by performing rituals that involve singing, dancing, and the use of herbs. Someone with Ghost
Sickness would be attempted to

Transcultural Psychiatry Essay
Transcultural psychiatry studies how culture influences presentations of mental disorders and
response to treatment. The understanding of concepts in transcultural psychiatry is crucial for
psychiatrists in training in the UK, given the multicultural and multi–ethnic nature of UK society.
One of the pioneers of transcultural psychiatry, or "comparative psychiatry" as it used to be called,
was Emil Kraepelin. In 1904, he travelled to Southeast Asia to study the local population and
developed his "comparative etnopsychiatry". He later conducted comparative studies in American
Indian, African–American and Latin American patients in the US, Mexico and Cuba. (Jilek, 1995)
More recently, the DSM–IV (APA, 1994) was the first classification of mental disorders that
incorporated cultural aspects, by recognising how culture can influence the expression and
assessment of certain disorders, providing an outline of cultural formulation of diagnosis, and
including culture–bound syndromes in the classification. This classification received some criticism
for addressing culture as a factor only in certain minority groups, and for listing culture–bound
disorders in the "Appendix", rather than in one of the main sections (Alarcon 2009). This view of
culture–bound disorders as restricted to the non–Western world is debated by some who argue that,
for example, anorexia nervosa could be considered a culture–bound syndrome of the Western world
(Keel & Klump, 2003).
But what is culture?
Culture

Mental Illness: A Cultural Analysis
Attitudes regarding mental illness vary among individuals, families, cultures and countries. Cultural
beliefs often shape an individual's belief about mental illness and form an individual's attitude
towards the mentally ill. Cultures differ in what they consider to be normal and abnormal, therefore
mental illness interrelates with what kinds of help individuals will receive, who they will see to treat
these disorders and whether or not members from a certain culture will seek help at all. As stated in
our text book "In Latin American and southern Europe, a person having a panic attack may report
feelings of choking, being smothered, and fear of dying." In the United States panic attacks are
generally more common and are not considered as serious they are in other cultures. In regards to
researching the relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One is the Universalist view, where there are similarities in mental illnesses across all culture but the
expression of the disorders differs. The other view is cultural relativists, in which some disorders are
unique to a culture and these disorders are commonly only understood from the cultural perspective.
Culture plays a part in deciding how serious an illness is, an illness that occurs commonly in the
United States may not be viewed as serious as if the illness was in another country that was not as
familiar with the illness. I believe culture plays a very large part in the acceptance and standards on
mental illness. Cultural–bound syndromes, according to our text book, are "symptoms or mental
disorders that are specific to particular cultural contexts and practices." I believe there are probably
some instances where culturally–bound syndromes can be found outside cultural contexts, but not
very often. These syndromes are called culturally–bound because that is where the syndrome is most
commonly found or where it originates. I am sure some of the

Culture-Bound Stereotypes And Cultural Differences
After reading the text, viewing the different cultural videos, and the culture of emotions video I
started to realize many common themes and connections to build my knowledge base. One very
important difference across all materials for this course was the difference between western and
eastern/non–western cultural beliefs, specifically when looking at indigenous healing practices. It is
clearly essential for the helping professional to be knowledgeable about cultural backgrounds and
culture–bound syndromes that may occur for each cultural population. As the text stated, culture–
bound syndromes are disorders specific to a cultural group or society but not easily given a
diagnosis (Sue & Sue, 2013). There is a chart in the text that describes

The Health And Nutrition Status Of The Population
United States accesses the health and nutrition status of the population through the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention and national centers (CDS). However, for health concern of the US
population CDS conduct the survey based on dietary intake of zinc. It held with the different
population that includes infant, pregnant women, adolescent and adult who are non–Hispanic white,
non–Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. The study shows mean of the non–Hispanic white,
non–Hispanic black and Mexican American that. "zinc intakes were significantly higher in non–
Hispanic whites than in non–Hispanic blacks (P < 0.01) and Mexican Americans (P < 0.01) for men
and women aged 51–70 y and ≥71 y due to higher zinc supplement ... Show more content on
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The disclosure of zinc has symptoms like a flu fever, chill, sweating, headache weakness, and
fatigue. The symptoms occur after a few hours of exposure. Smoke decreases the berthing capacity
of lung cause the infection in the lung. Zinc also acts as a neuromodulator (released by a neuron and
transmitting information to other neurons) and bound with the ion channel, calcium channel and
kainate channel which responsible for the neural surgery (plum, Rink, Haase, 2010). Zinc Toxicity
has a different health impact on body organs. The study shows that lower exposure has extended the
period of the chronic illness. Some long–term effects associated with excessive zinc intake. It
includes "sideroblastic anemia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy,
neutropenia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, and hypoferraemia" (Nriagu, 2007). These illnesses
are cure with zinc supplements with or without copper. By inhalation of zinc powder and fumes can
cause chronic respiratory syndromes. However, zinc is usually distributed in the brain, GI tract,
Muscle, bone, liver, kidney, heart, sperm, uterus, and lung. The highest amount of zinc is present in
the prostate. Entire blood has 5mg/ L and less in plasma. "The biological half–life of zinc is about
280 days." Distribution of the zinc is regulated by the age and the body tissue to some extent. The
concentration of zinc amount is increase with age and decline zinc level at the age of 40–50 years in

Analytical Summary Of The Article 'The Deadly Noodle'
Analytical Summary Practice
In The Newsweek article, "The Deadly Noodle," Michael Hastings, Stefan Thiel and Dana Thomas
(2003) present two significant reasons that contribute to worsening people´s health condition.
Hastings et al. (2003) illustrate that health condition is becoming weaker due to the consumption of
bare calories in the food which is resulting in acquiring certain disease, such as obesity. On the other
hand, the authors emphasize that decrease in health condition is also connected to the reduced times
of physical exercises such as riding bikes, countryside workings, and salary–job arrangements.
The first reason Hastings et al., mention is the weight gain as a result of eating food with insufficient
calories. Hastings et al., stresses that almost 50 % of the population from Samoa has been diagnosed
with obesity when compared to 30 years ago. In other words, the number of obesity has increased
due to the people choices of consuming canned corned beef, popular in England. However, the
authors do not detail if this source of obesity is only related to the canned beef consumption,
presumably there might be some unclear evidences that played roles in gaining weight. By the same
token, the authors also remark that a similar case had been noted in Fiji due to the swap from the
production of their own fresh fruits and vegetables practices to canned soda and sheep fat ... Show
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(2003), likewise point out that the fact of not being physically active plays a crucial in doubling
cases of obesity. According to Hastings et al. (2003), people in 1st, 2nd and 3rd world countries are
doing less physical activities such as riding bikes, working in the fields. Instead, people spend more
time sitting in cars, in factories, in offices, in front of the TV, developing "Couch–potato" syndrome,
only eating and drinking. In addition, the authors comment that wage–labor patterns are other
contributing factors in culture–bound

Treacher Collins Syndrome: A Literature Review
It was known that facial development is a complex process that involves neural crest cells, a
population of migratory cells that give rise to the majority of the connective tissue, cartilage and
bone in the head during embryogenesis. Additionally, it was acknowledged that defective formation,
proliferation, migration and differentiation during the neural crest life cycle could potentially result
in craniofacial anomalies (Dixon et al., 2006). The authors utilized previous knowledge to study
Treacher Collins syndrome, which was known to be an autosomal dominant condition (Valdez et al.,
2004) characterized by hypoplasia of facial bones. Predominantly the zygomatic complex and
mandible, lateral downward sloping of palpebral fissures, abnormal middle/external ear structures
resulting in hearing impairment and cleft palate (Dixon, 2000). ... Show more content on
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Which functions in transcription of rRNA by interacting with upstream binding factor (UBF), an
RNA polymerase I present within the nucleolus (Dauwerse et al., 2010). It was acknowledged that
Tcof1 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelium strongly where its role is crucial for cell survival
(Dixon et al., 1996), which was supported by an earlier study that demonstrated Tcof1 +/–
haploinsufficient mouse models developed Treacher Collin's syndrome due to widespread apoptosis
of neuroepithelial cells, defective synthesis and proliferation of neural crest cells and deficiencies in
ribosome biogenesis (Valdez et al.,

Culture Bound Syndrome Research Paper
Patrick Mack Psychology 201 Ms.Mallener April 22, 2017 Culture Bound Syndrome Project 1.
Define Culture–Bound Syndrome and lists its symptoms. Culture–Bound Syndrome is a
combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are disease only within a specific society or
culture. The symptoms for Culture–Bound Syndrome are as listed: Headaches, screaming
spontaneously, stomach pain, loss of consciousness, and fatigue. There are several of different
groups that are effect by certain syndromes such as African Americans, Asians, Native Americans,
Nigerians, Haitians, and Hispanics, arctic and subarctic Inuit. Just to inform you that just because
you belong to a certain group doesn't mean you are going to have it, but there is a chance you may
suffer from it. By learning the syndrome and symptoms you will have a greater understanding for
the syndrome your group may suffer from. Also you would be able to inform others and grant them
some knowledge on it as well. 2. Identify a Culture–Bound Syndrome and lists its symptoms. ...
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Dhat syndrome is a condition found in the cultures of the Indian subcontinent in which male
patients' report that they suffer from premature ejaculation or impotence, and believe that they are
passing semen in their urine. Although there are reports that Native American women can suffer
from Dhat as well. The symptoms for Dhat are as listed: fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite,
guilt, and sexual dysfunction, attributed by the patient to loss of semen in nocturnal emission,
through urine or masturbation. The is syndrome is also known in the Chinese and Sri Lankans

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