Valve Basics & Automation.pdf

Valve Basics & Automation,
Valve Basics & Automation,
M t A 25 2008
M t A 25 2008
Mustang Aug. 25, 2008
Mustang Aug. 25, 2008
Tom Jeansonne
Tom Jeansonne
Emerson, Valve Automation
S i R i l S l M
Senior Regional Sales Manager

What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
In order to better understand how basic
In order to better understand how basic
types of actuators are selected, it might be
best to have a quick review of the basic
best to have a quick review of the basic
types and functional requirements of typical
valves.

What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
What is a Valve?
A Valve is a flow interrupting mechanical
A Valve is a flow interrupting mechanical
device, utilizing a body or housing and
having a working element It has at least
having a working element. It has at least
one inlet and outlet, and is intended to shut
off or control the flow of a given media.
g

Terminology
Terminology -
- “Working Element” or “Element”
“Working Element” or “Element”
Terminology
Terminology -
- “Working Element” or “Element”
“Working Element” or “Element”
The DISC in A
Butterfly valve
BALL i
or a BALL in a
ball valve
That part of a valve which acts directly
i th fl t t l th fl
in the flow, to control the flow.

Two Major Groups of Valve Element
Movement
Movement
Movement
Movement

Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
Rotary Types...
 Part – Turn
 Multi – Turn

Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
Linear Types...
 Non – Rotating
 Rotating

Terminology
Terminology -
- THRUST and TORQUE
THRUST and TORQUE
Terminology
Terminology -
- THRUST and TORQUE
THRUST and TORQUE
Terminology
Terminology THRUST and TORQUE
THRUST and TORQUE
Terminology
Terminology THRUST and TORQUE
THRUST and TORQUE
Typically, our industry describes
linear force as “thrust” and
rotary force as “torque ”
rotary force as torque.

Basic Types of Linear Valves That Require
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
API 6D Gate
API 6D Gate
Valve
Valve
Globe or
Globe or
Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Gate Valve
Gate Valve
Valve
Valve Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm Valve

Basic Types of ¼ or Part Turn Valves That
Require Torque
Require Torque
Require Torque
Require Torque
Ball
Ball Plug
Plug Butterfly
Butterfly

Valve
Valve examples
examples
Valve
Valve examples
examples

TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
 For the balance of this session we will
concentrate one ¼ turn valves and
torque producing mechanisms.

TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
TORQUE:
 The force required to rotate
 The force required to rotate
a valve’s stem.
The product of force acting
 The product of force acting
upon a moment arm to
produce rotary motion
produce rotary motion.

Valve Torque Requirements

Valve Position/Torque Terminology

Factors Affecting Valve Requirements
 Valve flow bore size  Speed of operation
 Valve design
 Stem size and/or design
 ESD applications
 Valve condition/alignment
 Working pressures
 Media characteristics
 Position of valve/damper
 Dual purpose applications
 Media characteristics
 Temperature
Fl t /di ti ( )
 Dual purpose applications
 Media build-up
D d ti / l t
 Flow rate/direction(s)  Dead time / cycle rate

Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
 Generally, the larger the
valve, the larger the element.
g

Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
Valve Size Factor:
 Reduced Port
Ball bore is
smaller than
smaller than
flange bore
S f
Surface
contact
i
area is
smaller
th f ll
than a full
bore

Valve Design or Type
The type of valve will usually
 The type of valve will usually
determine what type motion
the stem requires to operate
the stem requires to operate
the working element.

Application vs. Design Pressures
 Application Pressure:
– Pressure the valve will be
subjected to in real-world
applications.
 Design Pressure:
– Manufacturer’s Design Pressure
– Manufacturer s Design Pressure
(which should be greater or at least equal
to the application pressure)
to the application pressure)

Application Pressure(s)
 Pressure Differential:
Upstream – Downstream Pressure =
Pressure Differential

 Pressure Differential
Pressure Differential

Typical floating ball valve
One-piece body:
bronze,
Blowout-
proof stem
316 SS, or
carbon steel
Precision-machined
ball with TFE Seats
ball with TFE Seats

Typical Floating Ball Valve

Basic Types of Rotary Ball Valves...
Floating Ball Valve
Ball is free to move
Ball is free to move
downstream in
reaction to pressure
reaction to pressure
Pressure forces the
ball/element into the
downstream seat

Break
ng
End
Torque
Increasin
Rotation
0° 90°
T
I
Close

Ball Valve
with Rotating Seats
Typical Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve
g
Break
Seat Rotation
e
sing
Torque
Increas
End
R t ti
0° 90°
Rotation
Close
0 90
Open

Butterfly Valve Torque
Dynamic Flow
Typical HP B’fly Valve in Modulating Service
y
B k
Run
sitive
easing
Break
Torque
Pos
Incre
g
End
T
Negative
Decreasing
0° 90°
D
Close
0° 90°
Open

Typical Straight Plug Valve
Break
itive
asing
End
Run
orque
Pos
Incre
End
To
Negative
ecreasing
N
De
Close
0° 90°
Open
Rotation

Typical Lubricated Plug Valve
e
asing
Break End
Run
Torqu
Increa
Close
0° 90°
Open
Rotation

MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
MEDIA
A material or collection of materials
of which a valve is used to control.
 Gas
 Liquid
 Liquid
 Solids in suspension
 Mixture of above (e.g. a slurry)

Flow Rate, Direction
Flow Rate, Direction -
- Concerns / Effects
Concerns / Effects
Concerns / Effects
Bi-directional, Unidirectional, balanced
element or perhaps a triple offset ?
element or perhaps a triple offset ?

Concerns / Effects
Concerns / Effects
There's torque seated b’fly valves too!

Speed of Operation
Speed of Operation -
Concerns / Effects
Speed of Operation
Concerns / Effects
 Pneumatic / Hydraulic
The output torque or thrust of a
pneumatic or hydraulic actuator is
not directly affected by speed of
operation.

Speed of Operation
Concerns / Effects
Speed of Operation
Concerns / Effects
 Electric
Both Quarter–turn and Multi-turn
electric actuator outputs may be
affected by the speed of operation.

Dead Time (lack of movement)
 The length of time a valve and its
actuator remains stationary
actuator remains stationary.

Summary as concerns actuator automation affects
Remember, the more information
h d d t d b t
you have and understand about
your application, the more likely the
most efficient actuator is selected.

Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?
Why Automate?

Definition
Definition -
- Actuator
Actuator
Definition
Definition -
- Actuator
Actuator
Definition
Definition Actuator
Actuator
Definition
Definition Actuator
Actuator
An Actuator is a device
designed to power- operate
the closure element of a valve.
the closure element of a valve.

Increased Power (Torque or Thrust)
Pi t C t f VMA
Picture Courtesy of VMA

Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Reduced Costs
Pi t C t f VMA

Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Greater Safety
Pi t C t f VMA

Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
Pi t C t f VMA

Summary, Why Automate?
Increased Power
Increased Power
Reduced Costs
Greater Safety
Remote Operation
Remote Operation
G l O ll I d S f t
General Overall Improved Safety,
Service and Efficiency

The Part Turn (1/4) Actuator Product
Torque = What you specify and what you
Torque = What you specify and what you
pay for.
B t i t t h t f d
Be certain to get what you pay for and
but do not go overboard (could be
more dangerous)
more dangerous).
Control = An actuator is like a car
Control = An actuator is like a car,
torque/horsepower are great, but you
must be able to control that torque.
must be able to control that torque.

Actuator
Actuator
T
T
Actuator
Actuator
T
T
Torque
Torque
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Torque
Torque
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Mechanisms

Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
Actuator Torque
 How Much?
 Where is it Needed?

Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
Actuator Types
 Rack & Pinion
 Scotch Yoke
 Helical Gear

Force . .Piston or Diaphragm
P
I
S
u
A Force
I
s
t
o
r
f
a
c
A
r
e
a
Force
Operating
Pressure
ne
F P A
F = P x A
Where:
F = Force in Lbs
F Force in Lbs.
P = Operating Pressure in lbs. per square inch
A = Area of Piston in square inches

Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Force
Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Moment Arm

Force to Torque Calculation
(in-lb)?
(in lb)?
 Torque = Force x Radius (or moment arm)
 T (in-lb) = F (lb) x  (in)

Cylinder or Diaphragm & Crank Arm
A x P = Force
Operating
Pressure,
+
Pneumatic or
Hydraulic
Moment Arm,
I h
+
Inches
T F R di ( t )
 Torque = Force x Radius (or moment arm)
 T (in-lb) = F (lb) x  (in)

The Robotarm® Story
The Robotarm Story
The Robotarm Story
The torque output from a crank arm mechanism plotted
against the torque requirement of most rotary valves can be
t d hi ll th
represented graphically thus:

Scotch Yoke Torque Output
Rack & Pinion
q p
q p
q p
q p
MA
F
0° 90°
45°
F
0° 90°
45°
Min. MA
Max MA

Fluid/Gas Powered Actuators:
MOMENT TORQUE
AREA x PRESSURE x
MOMENT
ARM
TORQUE
OUTPUT
=

Rack & Pinion
Rack & Pinion
Rack & Pinion
Rack & Pinion

Today’s Rack & Pinion
Today s Rack & Pinion

Today’s Rack & Pinion (Cutaway)
Today s Rack & Pinion (Cutaway)
Pinion Gear
Two Pistons
Two Pistons
with “Racks”

Typical Modern Rack & Pinion
Operating
Operating Operating
Pressure
p.s.i.
Operating
Pressure
p.s.i. p.s.i.
p.s.i.
Inboard Rotation
Then/Or ...

Operating
Operating
Pressure
p.s.i.

Rack & Pinion Mechanism
Torque is generated by pressurizing one side of the
actuator’s piston. In this example the left hand side of the
piston is pressurized causing the rack to move to the right
piston is pressurized, causing the rack to move to the right
and the pinion to rotate in an anti-clockwise direction.
Pinion
Gear
Piston
Supply Pressure
Cylinder
Rack
Rack

Counter-clockwise and clockwise pinion rotation is
achieved by pressurizing either the inboard or
outboard sides of the pistons
outboard sides of the pistons.
Counter-Clockwise Clockwise
Supply Pressure
(A li d t O tb d Sid f Pi t )
Supply Pressure
(A li d t I b d Sid f Pi t )
Using two piston and racks also provides balanced forces on the
pinion and allows for maximum torque generation for a given
piston diameter.
(Applied to Outboard Side of Pistons) (Applied to Inboard Side of Pistons)
piston diameter.

Spring return actuators are used when a specific valve position
(known as the failure position) is required when the actuator
supply pressure or control signal is lost Failure positions can be
supply pressure or control signal is lost. Failure positions can be
achieve by simply rotating the racks 180º within the actuator’s
body.
Counter-Clockwise Spring Stroke
This rack configuration would cause the
actuator to fail the valve open (anti-
clockwise mounting code B) on loss of
clockwise, mounting code B) on loss of
the supply pressure
Clockwise Spring Stroke
R t ti th k 180º ld th
Rotating the racks 180º would cause the
actuator to now fail the valve closed
(clockwise, mounting code A) on loss of
the pressure
p

Rack & Pinion Torque Output
Torque is the multiplication of a linear force by the distance
of the force from the point of rotation (Moment Arm). E.G.
p ( )
Torque = Force x MA.
T = (P x A) x MA
Where: T = Torque
F = Force
P = Pressure
A = Piston Area
MA = Moment Arm
MA = Moment Arm
MA
F

Torque Output
Torque Output –
– Double
Double-
-Acting R & P
Acting R & P
Actuators
Actuators
Torque Output
Torque Output –
– Double
Double-
-Acting R & P
Acting R & P
Actuators
Actuators
Actuators
Actuators
Actuators
Actuators
In a double-acting rack & pinion actuator, the torque output
remains constant throughout the actuator stroke since both
the forces generated by the pistons remain constant
the forces generated by the pistons remain constant
(assuming a constant supply pressure) and the MA (distance)
between the pistons forces and the pinion remains constant.
Torqu
u
e
Output
0º 45º 45º
90º 0º
Valve Opening Stroke Valve Closing Stroke

Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
Torque
In a spring-return rack & pinion actuator, the
torque output varies throughout the valve stroke.

On the air stroke the torque starts high but
linearly decreases as more of the force
linearly decreases as more of the force
generated by the piston is used to compress the
springs (rather than rotate the pinion).
On the spring stroke the torque starts high but
li l d th i t d (
linearly decreases as the springs extend (re:
Hooks Law) from their fully compressed
position.

Rack & Pinion S.R. Torque Output
Start Start
Torque
T
End End
Standard Rotation
-5° 0° 90° 95°
45°

Rack & Pinion,
Rack & Pinion,
Typical Materials Of Construction
Rack & Pinion,
Rack & Pinion,
 Body, pistons and end caps = Aluminum, anodized or co-deposition coating
 Pinion Gear = Aluminum or plated (zinc or ENP) carbon steel
 Springs = Alloy steel (Coated)
 Paint = Two part epoxy or anodized
 Seals
– Nitrile for standard temperature, -20f to +250f, Best general purpose, good wearage
rate
– Low temp Nitrile, -40f to +180f, does not wear as long as above, not the best for
compression set resistance, use only when actual temperature requires
p , y p q
– Silicone for ultra low temp, -50/60/70 f to +125/150f consult factory, use only when
actual temperature requires, not long wearing, expensive and hard to get
– Viton for high temperature, -20f to +300/350f
– Carboxilated Nitrile, 20-40% more expensive than Nitrile but excellent service life for high
cycle applications

Scotch Yoke
Scotch Yoke
Scotch Yoke
Scotch Yoke

Today’s Scotch Yoke
Today s Scotch Yoke
Today s Scotch Yoke
Today s Scotch Yoke
Today s Scotch Yoke

Pressure
Opposing Spring Force
Piston (Surface Area)

The Robotarm Story
The Robotarm Story
The diagram illustrates that the moment arm varies
throughout the stroke. By geometric design, the moment arm
length at the start and end of the stroke can be found by
dividing the moment arm length at the center by the cosine of
dividing the moment arm length at the center by the cosine of
45 or .707. By performing this arithmetic, it will be found that
the moment arm at the start and end of travel is 1.414 times the
moment arm at the center position of travel
moment arm at the center position of travel.

Scotch Yoke D.A. Torque Output
A1
A3
MAX MA
A2
Min MA
A1 = Pressure Start (Break/Unseating)
( )
0o o
90
Rotation
A2 = Pressure Minimum (Run)
A3 = Pressure End (Full Open)
Actuators & Valves

Scotch Yoke S.R. Torque Output
A1 B1
Unseat Full Flow
Going CW
A2
B2 A2
B2
Full Flow
Going CCW
Seat
Fail CW: A1 = Pres Start A2 = Pres End / B1 = Spr Start B2 = Spr End
0o o
90
Rotation
Fail CW: A1 = Pres. Start, A2 = Pres. End / B1 = Spr Start, B2 = Spr End
Fail CCW: A1 = Spr Start, A2 = Spr End / B1 = Pres. Start, B2 = Pres. End
Actuators & Valves

Scotch
Scotch-
-Yoke GC
Yoke GC –
– Canted Yoke
Canted Yoke
Scotch
Scotch-
-Yoke GC
Yoke GC –
– Canted Yoke
Canted Yoke
Scotch
Scotch Yoke GC
Yoke GC Canted Yoke
Canted Yoke
Scotch
Scotch Yoke GC
Yoke GC Canted Yoke
Canted Yoke
0° 90°
45° CANTED YOKE
0° 90°
45°

Scotch Yokes
Scotch Yokes –
– Canted
Canted
Scotch Yokes
Scotch Yokes –
– Canted
Canted
Scotch Yokes
Scotch Yokes Canted
Canted
Scotch Yokes
Scotch Yokes Canted
Canted
 Canted Yoke – Swings or twists torque symmetric curve
160000
SPRING END STROKE STROKE IMPROVED
130000
140000
150000
SYMMETRIC YOKE CANTED YOKE
G 5016-32 SR4
G 4014-28 SR1
100000
110000
120000
E
OUTPUTS
G 4014-28 SR1
70000
80000
90000
TORQUE
40000
50000
60000
0 45 90
DEGREES
0 45 90
DEGREES

Bettis BH Helical spline mechanism
•The BH piston utilizes multiple
h li l li hi h ith
helical splines which engage with
reciprocal splines in the actuator’s
lower housing.
•The splines minimize the surface
stresses so that wear and fatigue are
stresses so that wear and fatigue are
minimal.
All moving parts of the mechanism
•All moving parts of the mechanism
are permanently submerged in, and
lubricated by the operating fluid.

Products
Products –
– Hydraulic Helical Gear Actuators
Hydraulic Helical Gear Actuators
Products
Products –
– Hydraulic Helical Gear Actuators
Products
Products Hydraulic Helical Gear Actuators
Products
Products Hydraulic Helical Gear Actuators
• turns 90º and is balanced
• fail-safe by means of
fail safe by means of
disc springs
• Linear torque output,
very similar to rack and
pinion
t d i
• compact design

Scotch Yoke & Helical Gear,
 Body, pistons, yoke and end caps = Cast Ductile Iron or Fabricated Steel
Plate
 Paint = Primer is standard, many other paint systems available
 Seals
Nitrile for standard temperature 20f to +250f Best general purpose good wearage
– Nitrile for standard temperature, -20f to +250f, Best general purpose, good wearage
rate
– Low temp Nitrile, -40f to +200f, does not wear as long as above, not the best for
compression set resistance, use only when actual temperature requires
– Viton for high temperature, -20f to +350f
– Carboxilated Nitrile, 20-40% more expensive than Nitrile but excellent service life
for high cycle applications
– Special seal materials available
Special seal materials available

The Robotarm Story
The Robotarm Story
Using the same piston area, operating pressure, moment
arm and assuming identical efficiencies, the torque outputs
g q p
from the three above-described mechanisms can be plotted
graphically thus:

OK, So when Do I Use Which?
 The following are general guidelines, THERE ARE
MANY VARIABLES.
– USE RACK AND PINION WHEN
• Extreme cold AND CHARPY Requirements
Extreme cold AND CHARPY Requirements
• Weight is critical (Helical Gear)
• Unusual dimensional requirements (Helical Gear)
q ( )
• Constant torque output is an advantage (May
actually be cost driven between 25 – 7,500 LB./In.

 The following are general guidelines, THERE ARE
MANY VARIABLES.
USE SCOTCH YOKE
USE SCOTCH YOKE
– Aluminum not desirable (Helical Gear)
– Weight is not critical
Unusual dimensional requirements (Helical Gear)
– Unusual dimensional requirements (Helical Gear)
– Variable torque output is an advantage (May be cost driven
between 3,000 – 25,000 and will be availability driven from
35,000 to 6,000,000+ LB./In.
– High Torque requirement
– High temperature requirement
– Remote overrides are required
– Very High stroke speeds are required (Helical Gear)
– Hydraulic or high pressure service (Helical Gear)

OK, So when Do I Use Which? RP VS. SY & HG
 Common actuator DESIGN or APPLICATION
misconceptions
 One mechanism has less backlash, hysteresis or dead band than the
other
 One mechanism is best overall
 One design typically out cycles/performs the other
 Rack and pinions are a “better choice” for plug or metal seated ball
valves
valves
 Scotch yokes are a “better choice” for ball and butterfly valves
 Truth is, it all depends on your specific application. There
is no such thing as one design that is best for every
application.

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
 There is an increase in the requirements for “fail
safe” - “spring return type” valve actuators.
p y
p y
p g yp
 The applications are in areas of severe
environments.
High humidity
Salt air
Salt air
Corrosive dust, inks and dyes
Wash Downs
Wash Downs
Etc

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
The pumping action of spring return actuators
Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
 The pumping action of spring return actuators
causes the “vented” side of the pneumatic cylinder
to purge itself with each stroke.
p g
 This purging action poses the problem of drawing in
contaminates that are potentially harmful to
cylinders, springs, and other internal components of
the actuator.

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
As the piston
travels the cylinder
travels the cylinder
volume is exhaled
and atmosphere
and atmosphere
inhaled (breathing).

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
 The “closed loop purge system” presents a
relatively inexpensive, simple solution to the
j i f ll h li i
Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
majority of all such applications.
 The closed loop system routes the operating
di b i h t d f th id
media being exhausted from the power side
of the cylinder to the vented side of the
cylinder.
y
 Maximum pressure on the vented side of the
power cylinder is to be 5 to 8 psig.

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
 Materials for the vent check (relief) valve is
generally selected from aluminum, brass, or
Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
g y
stainless steel to suit specific environmental
requirements
B i ll l i l l f h
 Bettis generally selects stainless steel for the
components.

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
p y
p y
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
X
VENT CHECK VALVE

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
p y
p y
VENT CHECK VALVE
X
X
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE

Closed Loop Systems
Closed Loop Systems
p y
p y
VENT CHECK VALVE
X
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE

G Series and CBA Models on Main Discharge Valves

G Series Units on Field Gathering lines
G Se es U ts o e d Gat e g es

High Speed Spring Stroke Testing
High Speed Spring Stroke Testing (Note the vapor
(Note the vapor
cloud and ear muffs)
High Speed Spring Stroke Testing
High Speed Spring Stroke Testing (Note the vapor
(Note the vapor
c oud a d ea u s)
c oud a d ea u s)
c oud a d ea u s)
c oud a d ea u s)

Typical
Typical
Sub Sea
Helical
Helical
Gear
Units
Units

G130T52
G130T52–
–SR3 On 42” ANSI 1500# Torque Seated
SR3 On 42” ANSI 1500# Torque Seated
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valves
G130T52
G130T52–
–SR3 On 42” ANSI 1500# Torque Seated
SR3 On 42” ANSI 1500# Torque Seated
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valves
utte y a es
utte y a es
utte y a es
utte y a es

World’s Most Powerful Spring Return Actuator,
1.8 M Lb./In. Spring Ending with 3.2 M Air Start
8 b / Sp g d g t 3 Sta t

Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
Headline Copy
 Body text
 Body text
 Body text
– Body text

Removing logo from slide
 It is recommended that the logo be removed from slides
when the information on a slide needs the maximum amount
f t b t d l d ith i
of space to be presented clean and with maximum
readability.
– You can do this by accessing the “Format” menu selection, scroll
y g
down and select “Background”, then click in the box next to the
statement, “Omit background graphics from master,” and select
“Apply”.
– You can reinstate the line under the title by drawing in a line using the
line tool and coloring it blue.

Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
Color Palette
 This slide represents the Emerson color palette
R 15
G 36
B 95
R 150
G 150
B 150
P f d di t
R 225
G 225
B 0
R 225
G 204
B 0
R 153
G 225
B 51
R 0
G 153
B 0
R 224
G 158
B 50
R 225
G 0
B 0
R 71
G 186
B 214
R 0
G 153
B 204
R 204
G 0
B 102
R 153
G 0
B 51
R 102
G 153
B 255
R 102
G 0
B 102
Preferred gradient use

The Emerson Color Palette
 The Emerson color palette was designed to bring color
consistency to various applications — from web design to
presentations to brochures It is strongly recommended that
presentations to brochures. It is strongly recommended that
the bright and vibrant colors in this palette be used in graphs,
text and charts to highlight your PowerPoint presentations,
thereby showcasing our “world in action.”
 A selection of colors from the palette have been embedded
into this template for your use. In order to use the other colors
available to you from the palette, please use the following
instructions:
instructions:
– Select the word or graphic element you wish to color and select either
the “Paint can”, the “Brush”, or the “A”, depending on the item you are
coloring, choose “More (fill, line, font) colors”, click on the tab “Custom”
and enter the correct R G B numbers for the color from the palette on the
and enter the correct R G B numbers for the color from the palette on the
preceding slide you are creating, click OK.

Using the Emerson Color Palette
 The extended color palette brings bright, vibrant colors to
be used in many ways — from highlighting words to
ki iti h t d h
making exciting charts and graphs.
 A selection of colors from the palette have been
imbedded into this template for your use. In order to use
imbedded into this template for your use. In order to use
the other colors available to you from the palette please
use the following instructions:
Select the word or graphic element you wish to color and select
– Select the word or graphic element you wish to color and select
either the “Paint can”, the “Brush”, or the “A”, depending on the
item you are coloring, choose “More (fill, line, font) colors”, click
on the tab “Custom” and enter the correct R G B numbers for the
color from the palette on the preceding slide you are creating,
click OK.

Valve Basics & Automation.pdf

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