This document discusses vaccines used to control diseases in various animal species in the UK. It provides lists of the specific diseases controlled by vaccines in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and fish. It then discusses how vaccines work to produce an animal's own defenses without causing disease. The document also covers how vaccine safety and effectiveness are regulated. Several case studies are presented on the use of vaccines for diseases such as clostridial disease in sheep, Aujeszky's disease in pigs, Newcastle disease in poultry, and others. Vaccination protocols are also summarized for dogs, cats, and rabbits.

1. Vaccine and Application for
Animal infection

2. SPECIES DISEASES CONTROLLED BY VACCINES IN
THE UK
• Cattle Blackleg, tetanus, 'husk' (lungworm disease),
rotavirus, infectious bovine rhinotracheictis (IBR),
respiratory syncytial virus, pasteurellosis, enteritis,
leptospirosis, mastitis, ringworm, BVD, PI3, coronavirus,
salmonella, E Coli.
• Sheep (& goats) Clostridial diseases (8 different species
including tetanus), pasteurellosis, ovine abortion
(chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis), louping ill, contagious
pustular dermatitis (orf), footrot

3. • Pigs Erysipelas, parvovirus, colibacillosis, clostridial disease, atrophic
rhinitis, enteritis, porcine pneumonia, PRRS
• Poultry Avian coccidiosis, avian encephalomyelitis, avian infectious
bronchitis, avian infectious bursal disease, avian reovirus, chicken anaemia
virus, duck virus enteritis, egg drop syndrome 1976, erysipelas, infectious
laryngotracheitis, Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, pasteurellosis, post-
natal colibacillosis, salmonellosis, swollen head syndrome, turkey
haemorrhagic enteritis, turkey rhinotracheitis
• Fish Enteric redmouth disease, furunculosis, vibriosis (vibrio anguillarum,
vibrio salmonicida and Vibrio viscosus (now named moratella viscosus))

4. How do vaccines work?
• Vaccines stimulate the body to produce its own defence
against infection.
• Mimicking what happens when an animal has been exposed
to disease, the body and its defensive system will
"remember" the identity of the invading organisms.
• So, when the animal comes into contact with a disease, its
body is ready to fight it and the animal will not fall ill and
suffer.

5. How are vaccines controlled?
• In the early days vaccination was risky.
• Vaccines were crude, using cultures or suspensions of
diseased material treated to reduce infectivity
• But now, through much development work by vaccine
manufacturers, risk from the immunising agent has been
decreased while its efficiency has been increased.
• Present day vaccines are safe and effective, having been
designed specifically to avoid side effects and any
remaining ability to cause disease.
• The advent of biotechnology has opened new doors to even
more exciting developments

6. CASE STUDIES
Case Study 1: Clostridial disease in sheep and lambs
• Clostridia are soil dwelling bacteria that can enter sheep even as they
graze.
• They pose a constant and serious threat to flock health: before the
introduction of vaccines they were causing losses of up to 50% of lambs.
• The potential for this remains.
• Onset is sudden, death is rapid and there is often no opportunity for
successful treatment - flock vaccination provides the only method of
control.
• Clostridial vaccine manufacturers report that farmers who make mistakes in
their vaccination regime - or are prevented by organic production contracts
from using the vaccines routinely - can find that sudden and large-scale
losses with clostridial diseases such as pulpy kidney or braxy occur.
• Luckily clostridial vaccines make this scenario much less common.

8. Case Study 2:
Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies)
• A serious, frequently fatal, viral infection in pigs, Aujeszky's was a disease
that European vets and farmers were determined to eradicate
• Pigs that do recover can still carry infection, acting as a risk to others
• Because they have had the disease, they bear residual antibodies.
• Early vaccines contributed to a reduction in disease.
• However they left vaccinated pigs with antibodies indistinguishable from
those in an animal which had recovered from the disease but remained a
carrier.
• So it was impossible to distinguish a vaccinated animal from an infected
one.

9. • One option to eradicate the disease involved removing all pigs with
antibodies - this was actually used in Great Britain.
• But the vaccine was redesigned to remove from the vaccine virus the 'gene
message' for a non-essential glycoprotein, which is found in all known
infective strains of the virus.
• In parallel, a serological test was developed to accompany this. Now
vaccinated animals could be differentiated from those naturally infected.
• This meant that there was no longer a need to slaughter all pigs with
antibodies, and vaccination could play a role in the eradication schemes.

11. Case Study 3: Newcastle Disease
• Newcastle disease is caused by a highly contagious virus
that not only affects poultry (chickens in particular) but also
can exist in carrier state in wild birds.
• Although endemic in many countries of the world, the UK
has been free of the disease for some years.
• There is no treatment, but the UK's disease free status is
maintained by routine vaccination, usually via the
drinking water or by coarse spray, although sometimes
intranasal or intraocular vaccines are given

13. Case Study 4: Leptospirosis
• Leptospirosis occurs in 60% of UK dairy herds, is an
important bacterial disease of cattle and can lead to
significant economic losses through symptoms as varied as
abortion, reproductive failure and loss of milk production.
• Leptospirosis can also be transmitted from cows to
humans where it can cause a flu-like syndrome.
• Vaccination against leptospirosis will protect cattle from
developing the disease and thus economic benefits for the
farmer.
• Vaccination also has human health benefits as it will
prevent transmission to farm workers.

15. Case Study 5:
Bovine Respiratory Disease
• Calf pneumonia remains one of the most important causes
of economic loss to cattle farmers as well as being a cause
of suffering to the affected animals.
• The total cost to farmers in the UK has been estimated to be
over £80 million.
• Calves suffering from pneumonia can stop eating, lose
weight, suffer pain, and in some cases may die.
• They also require extra nursing and treatment with
antibiotics and some cases anti-inflammatory medicines.
• Even after they recover affected calves are often slow to
put on weight and grow properly.

16. • There are a number of triggers of calf pneumonia including
management and other facts but the actual causes are a
variety of bacteria, viruses and mycoplasmas.
• Vaccines are now available which will provide effective control
of the most common bacterial and viral causes of calf pneumonia.
• These vaccines are given before high-risk times such as
housing and the winter months.
• This means that there is an improvement in animal welfare as
pneumonia is an important cause of suffering in animals, as well
as obvious economic benefits for the farmer since the total cost of
pneumonia can reach in the order of £80 per affected calf.

18. Case study 6:
Trout Vaccination
• Enteric Red Mouth caused by Yersinia ruckeria, a gram negative
bacteria first entered British trout farming in 1982/3.
• From the first point of entry it spread rapidly around the country and
became an endemic problem causing up to 20 percent mortality even with
regular treatments.
• Immersion vaccination was introduced in 1983 and the severity of the
disease was contained but problems persisted particularly as the intensity of
production increased.
• In recent years an oral booster vaccine has been introduced which has
enabled trout farmers to produce their fish without significant antibiotic
intervention.

19. Enteric red mouth of Fish

21. Case Study 7:
Salmon Vaccination
• Furunculosis has been present in wild salmon since the 1800's.
• With the advent of salmon farming the disease became a serious problem
causing significant losses.
• In the late 1980's the viability of the industry was threatened by this endemic
disease problem.
• The industry invested very heavily with government backing and developed a
unique vaccine based upon special antigens linked to the infection mechanisms
of the bacteria causing the disease.
• This vaccine was introduced in the early 1990's and in conjunction with good
husbandry measures resulted in a dramatic turn around.
• Mortalities to the disease are now almost unknown and welfare of the farmed
salmon is greatly enhanced.
• September 2002

23. Vaccines against infectious diseases
Dogs
• Dogs should be routinely vaccinated against:
• Canine parvovirus
• Canine distemper virus
• Leptospirosis
• Infectious canine hepatitis.
•
If your dog will be spending some time in kennels they
may also be given a kennel cough vaccine.
• This vaccine is usually given intra-nasally (into a nostril)
and protects against parainfluenza virus and bordetella
bronchiseptica.
Dogs travelling abroad may require a rabies vaccination.

25. Dog Vaccination

26. Cats
• Cats should be routinely vaccinated against:
• Feline infectious enteritis
• Feline herpes virus
• Feline calicivirus
• Feline leukaemia virus*.
• *Current recommendations are that only at risk cats are
given vaccine against feline leukaemia virus. See our cat
vaccine factsheet (below) for more information.

29. Rabbits
• Rabbits should be routinely vaccinated against:
• Myxomatosis
• Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD).
• also known as rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) or viral
haemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly infectious and
often fatal disease that affects wild and domestic rabbits of
the species Oryctolagus cuniculus.

30. Rabbit HaemorrhagicDisease (RHD)