Class 9 Classification ppt

1. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Classification Of
Living Being

2. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Introduction to classification of living
organisms
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
In biology, classification is the process of
arranging organisms, both living and extinct, into
groups based on similar characteristics. The
science of naming and classifying organisms is
called taxonomy. The term is derived from the
Greek taxis (“arrangement”) and nomos (“law”).

3. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Why are Living Organisms Classified?
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Living organisms are classified mainly to avoid confusion, to make study of
organisms easy and learn how various organisms are related to each other.
Scientists classified living organisms into different kingdoms, phylum, class,
etc and are based on different criteria.
Let’s explore more about why living organisms are classified?
Our mother planet is a home for millions to billions of living species from
small microbes to huge animals and humans. In our surroundings, we can see
different types of plants, insects, birds and animals. Based on certain
specialized features, these living species have been classified into their
respective categories.
There are several different species of animals, birds, insects and plants, which
vary in their mode of nutrition, their habitat, life cycle. Their names also differ
from place to place, even within a country. To avoid this kind of confusion,
scientists have classified and named them according to their characters.

4. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
It is necessary for any organisms because,
(a) It take It supports in favor of evolution.
(b) It takes short period for better understanding of organism.
(c) It makes the study of organism easy and scientific.
(d) It helps in understanding the similarities of a group of organisms.
different levels of classification?
The organisms are classified according to
the following different levels- Kingdom,
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
Species.
continu
e

5. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Binomial system of
nomenclature
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
The system of giving scientific name to organisms by using two Latin
words is called binomial nomenclature. For example Rana tigrina (Frog).
The first word represents genus and the name is called generic name. The
second word represents species and called specific name. Some of the
scientific names of organisms are given below.
Man Homo sapiens
Lion Panthera lio
Onion Allium sepa
Garlic Allium sativum
Potato Solanum tuberosum
Rat Rattus rattus

6. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Living Organism
Kingdome
Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantee
Phylum
Division
Porife
ra
Platy
helmi
nthes
Coel
ente
rata
Nemat
helmin
ths
Ann
elida
Mollu
sca
Arthrop
oda
Echinode
rmata
Chordata
Hemichordata
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Vertebrata
Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Algae Bryophyt
a
Trichophyte
Pteridophyt
e
Gymnosper
m
Angiosperm
Sub Phylum
monocotyledons dicotyledons
Sub Division
Class
Class

7. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Rules of binomial nomenclature
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
 Scientific name should be in two Latin words.
 The scientific name should be italicized.
 Scientific name should be underlined in hand written script
 The generic name should be started from capital letter and the specific
name should be started from small letter.
 The scientific name of the two or more organisms should not be similar.
Plant Animal
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomic categories

8. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Species: Species are the basic unit of classification. The organisms that have the
same characteristics and can breed with each other to produce fertile
offspring are known to belong to the same species.
Genus: The group of two or more species having similarity in many characters is
called genus, for eg. Rana is the genus of frog.
Family: The group of two or more genus having similarity in many characters is
called family, for eg Ranidae is the family of frog.
Order: The group of two or more family having similarity in many characters is
called order, for eg Anura is the order of frog.
Class: The group of two or more divisions/phylum having similarity in many
characters is called class, for eg Amphibia is the class of frog.
Phylum: The group of two or more classes having similarity in many characters is
called Phylum, for eg Chordata is the phylum of frog.
Kingdom: The group of two or more phyla having similarity in many characters is
called kingdom, for eg Animalia is the kingdom of frog.

9. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
two kingdom classification
The two-kingdom classification was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. He classified the
living organisms on the basis of nutrition and mobility. The living organisms were
classified into Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
What was the drawback of two-kingdom classification?
In the two-kingdom classification, the plants included photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species.
Fungi, which feed on dead organic matter, were placed under photosynthetic plants. Therefore, there
arose a need for another system of classification where the organisms with the same characteristics
were clubbed into one kingdom.
On what basis are the living organisms divided in the five-kingdom
classification?
The living organisms are divided into five different kingdoms – Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia, and Monera on the basis of their characteristics such as cell
structure, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction and body organization.

10. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
What are the reasons that five kingdom systems is more useful
classification system?
Following are the reasons that make five kingdom systems
suitable:
(i) There is the separation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(ii) Separation of unicellular organisms.
(iii) Grouping of plants having chlorophyll and without having
chlorophyll separately.
(iv) This system is based on the evolution of organisms. So, it
clarifies the life style of the organisms.

11. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Two Kingdom System of Classification
Carolus Linnaeus divided the organisms into two kingdoms, the plant
Kingdom and the Animal Kingdom. This system was based on the
characteristics of animals and the plants.
Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom
The organisms of this kingdom are autotrophic i.e.
they bear chlorophyll molecule
They have cellulosic cell wall around the cell
The body is fixed at one place
They are less sensitive due to absence of nervous
system
Their reserved food material is starch
Centrosome is absent in the cell
Large vacuoles are present in the cells
The body is branched having definite shape
The organisms of this kingdom are heterotrophic
i.e. they do not bear chlorophyll
They don't have cellulosic cell wall in the cell
They show locomotion, not fixed organisms
They are highly sensitive due to presence of
nervous system
Their reserved food material is glycogen
The centrosome is present in the cell
Vacuoles are very small or absent
The body is compact having definite shape

12. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
Five Kingdom System of Classification
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
To include all the organisms, Robort H Whittaker in 1969 proposed a new
system of classification. In his system, the organisms are included in five
kingdoms. They are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. This
system is based on cellular complexity, body structure, and mode of
nutrition.
Monera
The cell type is prokaryotic.
The cell wall is present and it is non-cellulosic.
The nuclear membrane is absent.
It is a unicellular organism and the mode of nutrition
is autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Bacteria are an example of an organism in the Monera
kingdom.

13. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Protista
The cell type is eukaryotic.
The cell wall is present.
The nuclear membrane is also present.
It is a unicellular organism and the mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
Example: Euglena, Volvox, Paramecium, Amoeba
Fungi
This kingdom includes all the multicellular few are unicellular eukaryotic organisms,
which are: Heterotrophic that grows on decaying organic matter, achlorophyllous,
branched body, do not show locomotion, cell wall is made up of chitin, reserve food is
glycogen. The cell type is eukaryotic.
The cell wall is present.
The nuclear membrane is also present and it is a multicellular organism and the mode
of nutrition is heterotrophic. Example: Yeast, Mucor, Mushroom.

14. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Plantae
This kingdom includes all the multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are: autotrophic due to having
chlorophyll molecules for photosynthesis, cellulosic cell wall is present, reserve food is starch, do not show
locomotion, body is branced.
• The cell type is eukaryotic.
• The cell wall is cellulosic.
• The nuclear membrane is present.
• The organism is tissue or organ.
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic. Examples are plants, trees, and a bush.
Animalia
This kingdom includes all the multicellular eukaryotic organisms, which are: heterotrophic that feeds on
autotrophic organisms through different way, show movement, no cell wall is present, reserve food is
glycogen, body is compact.
• The cell type is eukaryotic.
• The cell wall is absent.
• The nuclear membrane is present.
• The organism is a tissue or organ or organ system.
• The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.

15. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Algae
Algae are unicellular or multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes with
photosynthetic ability. Algal cells have membrane-bound organelles like
chloroplasts, mitochondria, and nucleus. They are ubiquitous inhabiting
different zones of the globe.
Characteristics of Algae
•Algae are photosynthetic organisms.
•Algae can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms.
•Algae lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or
leaves are absent.
•Algaes are found where there is adequate moisture.
•Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms.

16. Sitaram Neupane
Hanumanteshwar SS
5/21/2023
kabrekositaram@gmail.com
Bryophytes
Bryophytes have distinguished plant bodies like leaf structures, stems. But
they lack a vascular arrangement for carrying substances through the plant
body. Bryophytes originate in both land and aquatic environments, therefore
are called amphibians of the plant kingdom. Mosses and Marchantia fit this
subcategory.
Characteristics of Bryophytes
•Plants in this group do not have roots but contain crude stems and
leaves.
•They contain “rhizoids” in their place of roots which helps the plant to
anchor to the surface.
•These roots do not absorb nutrients like other typical plant roots.
•Mosses release spores from their leaves which pass by water and create
new mosses in new sites.
•Water is very vital for mosses to grow and spread. They can completely
dry out and survive. When touching base with water, then again wake up
and continue growing.