Nucleic acid
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Frederic Miesher isolated an acidic compound from fish sperm cells in 1869. Nucleic acids are essential biopolymers composed of nucleotides, which contain a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The type of sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, determines whether the polymer is RNA or DNA. The phosphate group and sugar are connected by phosphodiester linkages, and the phosphate provides energy for muscle movement. Purines like adenine and guanine or pyrimidines like cytosine, thymine, and uracil can serve as the nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids provide permanent storage of genetic information through the sequence of nitrogenous bases that determine protein development
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Presentation1.pptx
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
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The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
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and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
Structure & types of rna
RNA has several important functions and types. It has a similar structure to DNA but contains ribose rather than deoxyribose. The four main types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and catalytic RNA. mRNA carries protein instructions from DNA to ribosomes. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. rRNA is the main component of ribosomes and helps in protein synthesis. RNA can also function as an enzyme.
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What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
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This document discusses nucleoproteins, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, polynucleotides structure and synthesis, decomposition of nucleic acids in the intestine and tissues, fates of nitrogenous bases, pentoses and phosphoric acids in the body, synthesis and regulation of purine nucleotides, inhibitors of enzymes involved in purine metabolism, hyperuricemia and gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, orotic aciduria, genetic disorders of purine catabolism including von Gierke's disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency.
Nucleic Acid
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
2. Structure of DNA, Watson & Crick Model.pptx
DNA is composed of nucleotides containing phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 5' phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl of the next, forming the primary structure of DNA. The primary structure twists into the familiar double helix tertiary structure, with the bases pairing between the strands and the sugar-phosphate backbones coiling around the outside. This regular double helix contains a major and minor groove that help proteins recognize and bind to DNA.
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Nucleotides are essential components of nucleic acids and participate in important biochemical processes. They are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups. Human milk contains several types of nucleotides, which cow's milk lacks. Dietary nucleotides promote intestinal growth, maturation, and healing. Supplementation with nucleotides in infant formulas can increase growth rates, iron absorption, and benefit the intestinal microbiome in infants.
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In this ppt presentation, what actually RNA is? is explained with its structure and function.
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Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1871. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA stores genetic material and is located in the nucleus. It replicates and transcribes into RNA. RNA has several types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). RNA is more susceptible than
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Quantitative genetics – study of inheritance of quantitative characters or polygenic characters in experimental populations.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound Pendulum
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
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Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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acanthocytes_causes_etiology_clinical sognificance-future.pptx
Nucleic acid
- 1. Frederic Miesher in 1869,isolated an acidic compound from fish sperm cells. These are biopolymers. Essential to all known forms of life.
- 2. They are composed of nucleotides. Nucleotides made up of three components. 1. 5- carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base
- 3. PENTOSE SUGAR: If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA If the sugar is a compound deoxyribose,the polymer is DNA
- 4. PHOSPHATE GROUP Sugar and phosphate group in nucleic acid are connected to each other by phosphodiester linkage. Phosphate group bound to four oxygen atom. Phosphate provide energy for moving our muscle.
- 5. NITROGENOUS BASE Large double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA known as purines Small singled ring nitrogenous base found in RNA known as pyrimidine Purines contain adenine and guanine Pyrimidine contain cytosine thyamine and uracil
- 6. Nucleic acid is a permanent storage place for genetic information Sequence of nitrogenous base determine the protein development in new cells Control regulation,transcription,translation and replication