The document provides details about the development, pre-production, production, post-production, and marketing of two films: Avengers: Age of Ultron and The Danish Girl. It describes the writing process, casting, filming locations, visual effects work, test screenings and editing changes for Avengers: Age of Ultron. For The Danish Girl, it outlines the decade long development process, director and cast changes, filming in multiple countries over 44 days, and a fast post-production period that included cutting the film during scoring.

1. Institutions and Audiences
Hamzah Ehsan

2. Institutions
• The word institution refers to the companies and
organisations that provide media content,
whether for profit, public service or another
motive. We need to talk about media institutions
in the plural and to recognise that it is possible,
through such distribution networks as MySpace
and YouTube, to be a producer and distributor of
content some time, and a consumer of media
produced by powerful corporations the rest of
the time.

3. Convergence
• Convergence describes two phenomena: First, technologies coming
together, for example, a mobile phone you can use as a still and
moving image camera, download and watch moving images on, use
as an MP3 player and recorder and access the internet with.
Second, media industries are diversifying so they produce and
distribute across several media—for example, a newspaper with an
online version and audio podcasts or the coming together of
videogames with films.
• We no longer live in a media world where television, videogames,
films, newspapers, radio, magazines and music exist separately. For
this reason it is essential that you study the impact of convergence
on the film industry — the focus here is on the contemporary.

4. Audiences
• This phrase is now commonly used by media professionals to
describe the ways in which people engage with media, and it
shows how contested the idea of audience is in the digital era.
The ways in which convergence, user-created content and
social networking have transformed the audience are often
thought about in terms of audience 'fragmentation'. In this
climate media institutions are desperately trying to provide
360-degree branding for their products—to surround us with
them across all the various converged media forms that we
come into contact with—a good example of this is Avatar.

5. How is a film made??
• Development. From idea to signing of contracts.
• Pre-production. All the technical matters that can
be settled before shooting.
• Production. The actual shooting of a film.
• Postproduction. The technical portion of
filmmaking that turns raw film into finished
product.
• Marketing. The process of getting the finished
product to its audience.

6. Avengers: Age of Ultron- Development
In October 2011, Kevin Feige, president of Marvel Studios said the studio was
beginning to look at their Phase Two films, which would start with Iron Man
3 and would culminate in a second Avengers film. At the 2012 San Diego
Comic-Con International, Whedon said he was undecided about directing
However, in August 2012, Iger announced that Whedon would return to write
and direct the sequel. Later in the month, Disney set a May 1, 2015 release
date. In December 2012, Whedon stated that he had completed an outline for
the film.

7. Avengers: Age of Ultron
Pre-production
• By April 2013, filming was scheduled to begin in early 2014 at Shepperton
Studios in England. At the Hollywood premiere of Iron Man 3, Whedon said that he had
completed a draft of the script, started the storyboard process, and met with actors. At
the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Whedon announced the film would be
subtitled Age of Ultron.Despite the subtitle, the film is not based on the 2013 comic
book miniseries Age of Ultron. Feige explained that they simply just liked the title Age
of Ultron but the plot was taken from decades of Avengers story arcs.The title of the
film came as a surprise to many fans who were expecting Thanos, the mastermind
behind the events of the first film, to be the main villain in the sequel, with Whedon
saying, "Thanos was never meant to be the next villain. He's always been the overlord
of villainy and darkness. Casting continued into August 2013, with the announcement
that James Spader would play Ultron.In November, Marvel confirmed that Elizabeth
Olsen and Aaron Taylor-Johnson would play the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver,
respectively. By the end of the year, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Samuel L. Jackson, Chris
Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson Jeremy Renner and Cobie Smulders were confirmed to
be returning to their roles from the first film. On January 24, 2014, the Forte di Bard
Association announced that filming would take place at Fort Bard in the Aosta
Valley region of Italy in March 2014, as well as other locations in Aosta Valley
including Aosta, Bard, Donnas, Pont-Saint-Martin and Verrès

8. Avengers: Age of Ultron-Production
• Filming began on Tuesday, February 11, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa,
having been postponed that Monday. Second unit crews shot action
sequences without the main cast, to be used as background plates for scenes
featuring the Hulk, in the Central Business District of Johannesburg for a
period of two weeks. By mid-March, principal photography had begun at
Shepperton Studios near London and was scheduled to film there for at least
four months. On March 22, production moved to Fort Bard, Italy and
continued in the Aosta Valley region through March 28. The region doubled as
the fictional Eastern European nation of Sokovia. On April 8, shooting began in
the Hawley Woods in Hampshire, England. In mid-April, Hayley Atwell, who
played Peggy Carter in previous MCU films, was on set at the Rivoli Ballroom in
London to film a 1940s flashback sequence. In mid-June, scenes were shot at
the University of East Anglia in Norwich and at Dover Castle in Kent, with
Dover Castle used for interior shots of Strucker's Hydra base in Sokovia.In July,
filming took place at a training facility for London's Metropolitan Police
Service, which doubled as a city in Sokovia.[ Additional filming took place
in Chittagong, Bangladesh, including the Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard and
in New York. On August 6, Whedon announced on social media that he had
completed principal photography on Avengers: Age of Ultron.

9. Avengers: Age of Ultron
Post-Production
• In June 2014, the IMAX Corporation announced that the IMAX release of the
film would be converted to IMAX 3D. Following the completion of principal
photography several more cast members were revealed including, Stellan
Skarsgård, Anthony Mackie, Idris Elba and Tom Hiddleston, who all reprise
their roles from previous MCU films. However, Hiddleston's scenes did not
make the theatrical cut of the film. In May 2015, Whedon revealed he was in
conflict with Marvel executives and the film's editors about certain scenes in
the film. The executives were not "thrilled" with the scenes at Hawkeye's farm
or the dream sequences the Avengers experience because of Scarlet Witch.
Also, Whedon had originally shot a much longer scene with Thor and Selvig in
the cave, compromising with including a reduced amount of the total footage
shot, as test audiences did not respond to it. The film contains 3,000 visual
effects shots, completed by ten different visual effects studios. Method Studios
created the interior of the new Avengers training facility by digitally designing
the training facility, extracting the characters from the original set and placing
them into the new CG environment. Method also contributed to Iron Man's
new Mark 45 suit and played a key role in creating Scarlet Witch's CG mind
control effect

10. Avengers: Age of Ultron- Marketing
• At the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Whedon
introduced a teaser trailer for the film, which included a
look at an Ultron helmet and a title treatment. Footage of
the teaser, as well as a brief interview with Whedon, was
made available as part of Iron Man 3 '​s second screen
companion app for its Blu-ray release on September 24,
2013. On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour television
special titled, Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which
included a sneak peek of Avengers: Age of Ultron. The
special debuted concept art for Quicksilver and Scarlet
Witch, as well as art of the Hulk fighting the "Hulkbuster"
Iron Man suit. Harley-Davidson partnered with Marvel to
provide their first electric motorcycle, Project LiveWire, for
use by Black Widow in the film.

11. The Danish Girl- Development
• Screenwriter Lucinda Coxon worked on the screenplay for a decade
before it was produced. She told Creative Screenwriting, "I started
in 2004 and within a couple of years we had a script we were happy
to send out.” In September 2009, Tomas Alfredson revealed that
production on the project would precede that of his
upcoming Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy adaptation. He added, "We have
been in talks for close to a year, and we are soon going into
production". In December 2009, Swedish newspapers reported that
Alfredson was no longer attached to direct The Danish Girl and
would begin work on Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy next. Alfredson said
he regretted that reports of him working on The Danish Girl spread
before the deal was finalised. He also said that he still wanted to
make the film and might return to the project. On 12 January 2010,
Swedish director Lasse Hallström told Swedish media that he had
been assigned to replace Alfredson as director.

12. The Danish Girl
Pre-production
• Charlize Theron was originally slated to play the role of Gerda
Wegener but was replaced by Gwyneth Paltrow after leaving the project.
Paltrow left the project due to location changes. Uma Thurman was also a
rumoured replacement. In September 2010, Marion Cotillard was
rumored to be the lead candidate for the role of Gerda Wegener. On 11
June 2010, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that the film had received
€1.2 million ($1.5 million) in subsidy financing from Germany's NRW Film
Board. The conditions of the deal include the planned 19-day shoot in
Germany. In February 2011, Screen Daily reported that the film would
begin shooting in July of the same year and that Rachel Weisz would play
Wegener. In May it was revealed that both Weisz and Hallström had left
the project. On 28 April 2014, it was announced that Tom Hooper would
direct the film with Eddie Redmayne as the lead. On 19 June 2014, Alicia
Vikander was announced in the cast.On 8 January 2015, Matthias
Schoenaerts joined the cast.

13. The Danish Girl- Production
• Filming was projected to commence in spring 2010 in Berlin. Coxon
revealed to Creative Screenwriting that when filming finally begun with
Tom Hopper he actually filmed an older version of the script. "We had
probably gone through twenty drafts before landing Tom Hooper. In fact,
the one we shot was actually an early revised draft that Tom had read
back in 2008. I did a fairly large rewrite for Tom, but in the end, we used a
version with little revision from the original."
• Filming began in February 2015, where Redmayne was spotted on
set. Filming also took place at Nyhavn, where the iconic waterfront was
transformed to look likeCopenhagen in the 1930s. On 31 March 2015,
Redmayne was spotted filming a fight scene. Sets for the Danish and Paris
flats were built in the Elstree Studios in London and additional shooting
took place in Copenhagen and Brussels. Production on the film concluded
on 12 April 2015. Filming took place for a total of 44 days for the 186
scenes in four countries.

14. The Danish Girl
Post-production
• Post-production ended in September 2015. Post-
production according to composer, Alexandre
Desplat was very fast, with the film being cut as
Desplat was writing the score, which was recorded
only a week prior to the film's premiere at the Venice
Film Festival. In an interview with MTV International,
Alicia Vikander revealed that two scenes
featuring Amber Heard dancing were cut from the
film, as well as stating the first cut for the film was
over 2 hours.

15. The Danish Girl- Marketing
• The first image of Redmayne as Lili Elbe was revealed on
26 February 2015. A pair of posters of Redmayne and
Vikander were then released in August, On 1 September
2015, the first trailer was released. on 19 November
2015, The first clip from the film was released. Just the
one poster was created and released. It shows Redmayne
as Liki, not Einar, in front of Vikander. So it’s an image of
two striking women who are obviously close. Choosing to
show Redmayne as Lili means they’re going all-in on the
major selling point of the movie, which is not only that
performance but also the conceit of the gender identity
issue. The whole image is kind of washed out, giving it a
nice classic touch.