1. The document discusses the event matching problem in event-based systems and proposes a solution using event specifications. 2. It introduces a new event model called iETM that allows complex event types to be specified and matched efficiently. 3. The iETM model is more expressive than previous approaches and allows complex relationships between events to be defined and matched.

1. ž
Copyright 2001 ACM 1-58113-332-4/01/05 ... 5.00.
& " # 1V © 1 9 3 G # P ” i ´ P© ´ 6 A ² ® ² b 1 P© p p ²
p F%Hhtp ¨c7F07¨CE1 I%# ³ C43 ³ o}d™yw'7F%# ´ 'hV ACM SIGMOD 2001 May 21-24, Santa Barbara, California, USA
) 3 6 # 1 A P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 » º ¹ ¸· ¶ µ b³ p³ ²V 3 1 ) A f A
%4YI%Œ7%%F¨£ˆ$¨5v7c‡qT´ v!h}™#7i!FgIkmf permission and/or a fee.
i ) A f A 3 b P 6 P p # ) 3 )V p
YTIgIi4tuA IH!¨YF%Y¨%qs$b republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
ž bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
’ 7I%hŠ$¨I¨—7¨H¨7%7¨p HchŽp ¨c7Fm7Di %%43
p # 1V p b “ 3 6 8 P 6 A ¥ P # 8 f P 9V © 1 9 3 G # P ” ) ¥ § # ) ) not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
9 3 ) f3 3 1 P B)
c7%2¨%—gY0%™#4’ux˜P ƒ i ¨43 eC7(%%4E7d7P ¥© f 3 6 A 3 ) ¥ § # ) ) 3 A 3 y personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
) A P 3 1 3 # B p 3 1 y P A P ) A ¥ v A P 3 ) A f A
%U¨7IŠ™#4–$4Yd%$¨DI%™#77–7%$¨¨x77Iƒ–ŽTIgFWmf Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
i b ± ¬ ° ¬ ® ¯ ¬ ® ¬ ­ ¬ « V # P ) 3 # P © 3 P ) 3© # 3 6 A
$m$WIw!Iw%WFWUw7%45$'1 Š4A %F%wˆ¨73
p 770'p %H¨%4e472¨%U¨A F‰%hm˜$D4˜$4Y
¥© 3 f 3 ) ¥ § # ) ) 3 A 3 y P 8 A ) P © 1 # ) 3 B y P 3
) 3 6 # 1 y P A P ) © P 3 9 ) “ # P A ª A P ) 1 # § ¥
F%4YI%s7c7%FI© I€gI%UHU¥ hƒ—7%H%F¨Ef
1.1 The Event Matching Problem
i P ) 3 6 A P ” A © 3 P ) ) 3 )
sA %¨¥ ¨–F¨II!–7¨A %43 ƒ I%45T
i 8 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥
II7¨7¨$ˆA %%F¨ 6 A u ) yP  • ’ ‘‘ ) A3#8 “ § 6)#P 1 1 ¥ ©)#3 1 3 B 3 3
Y%™)¨md¨%7dg7œ 7’ 7!457WT–Y%7'¨–™“%4¨–7ut4!
y P ) 3 # 8 3 8 A ) # P 1 1 ¥ y P 9 © P # 1 ) # 6 P P © 3
7c%5‡ ˆi%4'¨D7©I§ %h¨%–FA I˜70†~ ihˆ7š%7dE¨u™•Y sHTA IIdg¨7¨˜h7—IcT`™)%Fg¨mu
› y P { # P B t i ¥ 6 i ¥ “ i ˆ 3 3 …© 3 9 p “ # f A
i$¨A FIˆ$'(%TIgF©Fh42HY%H¨¨!h’%!FgI„¨c7I¨w7P
b 6 P # 1 ) A f B A y P 6 # 6 A ¥ V ) A f 8 A 9 P A y { # P € B A © 3 ) 3 9 ) 3 | y P ) ¥ ) ) ) A 3 #
%4d—F ƒ 5IIIIH‡4Y%4—I%4iC4Œ%H%%UA ‚ T45¥ P ‹ £
) ¥ 1 8 P # ) 8 3 6 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ y P P©© 9 ) # P 1 1 ¥
¨ ¥ %H%w ¨†…¨7(¨A %H%$¨¨‰4(A c2%7'¨ i A P ) 3 6 A P ” A © 3 P ) ) 3 ) 6 ) A u
s7%¨¨¨¥ –I¨II!–4A %3 ƒ I%45TˆI%dW%)
yP •“ z”“ ‘ ) A3#8 “ § 6)#P 1 1 ¥ ©)#3 1 3 B
4iI!7YH’ W!457ˆ!˜Y%4'¨˜™“%4d7ƒm P „ 0d4˜%7dB i  yP {#P
) 3 ) 9 ) “ § # § ¥ © § ¥ 1 3 § # 6 B p # 1 3 1 )
4%kI%UHUd'%F¨4¨mu'%FFud7Y$'7Ž%WA ‚ t i ¥ 6 i 3 § 9 ¥ P i ˆ # { …© 3 9 p “ # f A u 3 § 9 ¥
usHY H¨w¨© I IId$3 kh7—I€Tx™)%Fg¨mE¨w¨© P ‹ ¢
i # ¥ 6 ) # ) A ) P ) ) A f ) 6 A 6 A
I%FˆY%UI%$%!€%h%ƒTIgId¨%ƒ¨I(¨73 i ¥ 6 i P ) P # P i 8 ˆ A P 3 v …© 3 9 p P ) P # P t y P “ ) # f A
sHY %TA %4%) IIFd'I§ I4sh4—I%TA %4Ž7—`%$g¨du ¡
) A f B A ) “ § 6 ) 3 9 A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) ) A 6 9
TIgI¨F0¨%eT’I¨5%4—–¨7%H%F¨0¨%€I¨™‘%!FxI%) i b© 3 8 ¥ ) # P ¤   
$7g%7ŠRV ‚ md ‚ mf „ Œ7577%¦7wDYI‚‡t mƒ t–T§
¤ 9 3 # 8 P # ¤ y P 1 B P©© y ‹ ‚ ‰ 3 “
Q “ ) p A P ) A f B A 3 A B p 6 A P i ) A f 6© 3
UHUw¨%ssdFc9 Id!FgIšF2‡I¨D's7IIHwI%TI I’77f 6 ) # P 1 1 ¥ © ) # 3 1 3 B 3 # ¤ i ‰ y P { # P B t i # i 3 # A i© f 3
Y%7'¨˜™“%4¨W7u25™#I%FŠsd7˜%4uhu0Yy !% RFgY5#
) ) A 8 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) ) 3 ¥© 3 f 9 ) “ ) p A 9 P
¨%tU¨73 7˜7%%F¨W¨%ƒI%77ISI%UHU€%•DIc7I Q 3 ˆ ‡ 3 # # p ) 3 § © p ) # § 3y † …© 3 9 p ) # P A ¥ p
Yd7g5F%F'1 Y4%™#© YF%4hY’R4—IuYH¥ II¨TYTP „ f tdxI ‚ „ ƒ‚
A %%F¨g$¨(‡IDsYU%™#Š‰II%™)77%F¨qi5!FcI¨1
P ) 1 # § ¥ B A 3 A B p ) ” … © 3 A P ) A ¥y “ # 3 ) A 9 ©
Q P P B ) 6 f P # 1 6 A 3 ) A f 6© 3 f 6 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ 6© 3
09 I˜dx–I!%e¨7wTIgIe77e¨7w¨A %H%$¨¨†77f ) A f 6© # P B ) A # # ¥ y P # ¥ P # ) ) § 3 P P 3 €  A P ) 3 9 # P
%TIgF0%4u¦TI%Fs4DI%7dF%$'€dWT¨4u–07%—%7‚y
) P § # P ) 9 ) “ § # § ¥ © § ¥ 1 f i 6© 3 f 6 # 6 A P
%7'—I%4%U@I%UHUi'%F¨'¨¨¦£•77EI%F¨7I Q A 8 A 8 A 3 P ) 6 ¥ ©© B © # 3© ¥ ) # 3 1 § ~ t i # 3
i ¨45i%eY%™)¨v™QIu’™“%4¨F%–eIe0¨uˆI%4Yg“
B 8 A # ¥ 6 © 3 f # ) A 9 ) 3 B 6 ) 3 P 3 ) A f
w™)„$¨Di%d77%F%Tcc%iC%™)D„Y%4IT40‰!FgI A ) A § ~ ) P § ©© B A P ) 3 9 # Py A A 3 9 ¥ y P ¥
I%}}I†2¨%CA i'DDE7%—%7‚C7—¨!d7}$ˆ|
3 6 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 l i b ) A f # PV 9 ) 3 ) 3 6 8 A 9 P
$4Yˆ¨7eA %H%$¨¨˜57D$5%TIgFd4h‰cF%05¨—c7I PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 1.
Q A y P 9 3 # ) 3 6 A 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥ 8 A P A y P 9 3 # ) 3 8 A
Hd4o7I%U2e4W¨7%%F¨—¨c9 Id4o7I%U2(¨
Q 8 3 A 3 9 9 ) “ 3 3 9 ) “ § # § ¥ © § ¥ 1 3 © 6 P 9
47¨7—gI%UHUd7šF%UUƒ'%F¨'¨¨dHI!cd†~
i 6 f©Q ) # P § 6© P B a A P ) 1 # § ¥
sYgv7¨d'ˆ¨¥ d0¨7%H%F¨xX i P ) 1 # § ¥ A P©© 9 y 8 A A 3 ) P 6 3 P© { # P
IA %%F¨i7chc75TA Ii7g!%7dB
3 ¥ i z # 6 A ¥ # Py ) 8 § 3 ) 8 A 3 “© P ) ¥ § # ¥ P
ˆ5¨!D!z g• ž F¨¨t7‚D!7wmF7i7Yd¨¦™y2A DH¨D%7¨ © 3 1 “ ) 3 # Py 6 A P # 1 ) A f z y © 6 A 3 A 3 9 ) “ # ¥
7IHx(h7‚’7II‰F'W%TIgFˆz 7—H4e4YxI%UHU‰7P
• ” ) G A ) A 3 A # P ©
4ƒH$¨d%20¨%4q™y73 ‹ %h%7qwF ƒ 9 %w7w%uT4ƒ0I—9 P) {#P € B P #y P 8 P ) ) A 3 B “ 3 8 A P # 1 “ # ¥ p 1 Q A P ) 3 © 1 1 3 6 A 3 p © P 1 8 A 3
FIT%CFT‡¨™‘II'v7%Y¨¨4w4mIII7'„¨¨57I
# ¥ 3 p © 1 9 3 G # P ” i b A P ) 3©© A 3 6 A 3 # ¥ B A p P
$¨eD7c7F27š$5¨7%FI¨4Y£42%F¨¦FmIA %) ‘ 1 Q P ) 3 © 1 1 3 p # ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 y P P ) 3 A § P 3 8 A
¨FI'vA %Y¨4II%H%F¨%U–54¦72A %¨w9 I‰0¨mu
Q 1 # § ¥ B AV 6 A 3 9 6 # ¥ § B y P “ © ) 3© P f 8 )
H%F¨wFhmH7—Fƒ$¨—Iu•7—`™)%7g— ¨t¨%c%™)DB i•A %45TIcIcq%™)—¨7dc¨%™)%774—$•7—A %F%U¨A Fm%)
P ) 3 ) A 9 © 1 9 6 A 3 9 # P 8© 3 ¥ y P P ) ¥ # ) P
P © ) A ¥ 6 A 3 3y # ) A P ) 1 # § ¥ f # 1 G 6 A 3 ©
'1 Iw™“%!FFcFh¨7tI7qF%T0A %%F¨ƒgI%HHFh4D¨1 ) 3 ) 1 9 ) ) 3 A 3 § # 6 # 1 3 1 t i 9 ) “ § # § ¥
tcI%i7mI'%FIHmF'7¨tuIcI%UHU‰'%F¨'©
Q 9 3 6 f P # 1 6© ¥ P p P 6 6 3 i “ 3© 6 ) # P 3 © P #
0h€!4%Hˆ¨7¨D™)•A %™)¨7iA ‚ TYIHm7¨wˆ™“A tF%) Q § ¥ 1 A 3 9 # Py # 1 8 p © § 3© 3 # P 9 y P P ) 3 # ) © § 3 A
H¨¨DI7—%4qF'— 777It%4c•72A %4Y%$t%t7F
Qy 3 # ¥ 6 ) # ) A ) “ ) P A 6 A 3 b “ 3 6 # 1 # P 9 # P A P©©
4t%F¨(Y%UI%F%TW¨%2‚™y%7ˆ4u¨YmF'W%7ct7˜7c9 “ 3 9 P ) 3 ) A 9 © 1 9 6 A 3 # ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 © f P A P # 8 # )
I—dA %45TIcFc—¨7ƒF%%F%U‰5¨'I 4hDF78 %W3
3 # f V ) A f y P ) 3 # 8 © 6 A 3 6© ¥ P
©45FgIh(%!FgIm70I%5„ ¨24„¨7¨0) ‚ $5¨7%%F i b A P ) 1 # A 3 ) © 3 # A 8 © p # f B P r i b # § # § ¥ ) 8 A 9 # Py A
7%¦75$¨I7WI‰W™)sYFgIdYd0$$$'%$¨¨h¨%(c%7qH
Q § ¥ p iV P ) 3 ) P A # Py 6 A 3 9 6 # ¥ y P A P©© 9 8 3 A 3
H¨Hi hhW¨A %Y™‘%7ƒ7‚qH7—Fƒ$¨Š4u¨7cd77¨7—9 pT™“7h…A %F4„7C%™)D†Y%4IT4‡F¨Tƒ4A %™)¨A I‡Yg©
©© 3 ¥ ¥V P ) 3 A 3 B 6 ) 3 P 3 “ # ¥ p © 3 P 6 P 6 f
6© ¥ P p 6 6 i ) A ¥ 6 A 3 © § 3© 3 § ) ¥ 9 “ © 3 P
¨7¨c™)¦•II¨A ‚ Y!FFcF„4˜¨74Y('‰UhCx™)7¨A %) Q 8 P© 3 ) 3 ) A # 8 8 # ) 3 © § 9 # © P© A P ) 1 # § ¥
7A 0€€™)m4¨%edF 7%0mI¨wII%˜™“I Ie7%H%F¨
Q$¨¨‚0¨%w%TIcFcc4¨%t7T%¤£YFci%(F%F˜7¨%)
A ¥y ) ) A 9 © 1 9 ) 3 ) © P P ) f i ) 9 # 3 # 6 P f i ) 3 6 # 1 b ¥© 3 f p # P ) 3 # P P # 3 1 P ) ¥ § # ) ) 3V y
oIF%4YI%(77WY7%5F'1 nA %4¨c9 Idp %%Ri4P
8 A ) 3 9 9 A B 6 ) # © 3 # 3 “ ) 6 A 3 6 # ) ) 3
¨$%—qcI%™)—ID—Y%$4d%—F%h7uI%™#IuF¨%m%Y A P ) A ¥ v A P 3 y P ) P A P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 l # 1 8 A 6 ¥©
7%F¨U77Iim7w%UA IC7%H%F¨„$4q’i F%He¨¨F
Q™HcF%25¨Dc¢I%UHUd'%F¨'¨¨‰˜9 %‚q¨FI'§
6 A “ ) B A 9 ) “ § # § ¥ © § ¥ 1 3 P #y ) ‘ A Q A ) # P # 1 A 3 ) # B A 3© 1 3 A 3 y P # r P A 3 y P )
(I%F'1 %Hk45FI…%™)D‡7¨%™#7j4w7i$s7…7h7ˆU
6© P B # ¥ ¥ i 6 ) # © 3 § P ) ) A 3 B “ 3 9 P P ) i ) { # 3
¨¥ dƒ%F¨($HDsY%F7–'h%mT7u—Y—hT%€¨HdYF %4—9 Q A P “ 3 9 ) A f 6 © § ¥ 1 f # 1 A 3 ) # 3 6 G P ) ) P
7I˜I—€TI I˜Y¨¨¨gwi I%‡45FI—‡IIIHF2%€7A
) A A f P 3 A © § 3© 3 f 3 # 3 A 3 ) # A B # 6 A P
!FIg!A FiE2¨777Yˆ%0IFI¨5C45FI„IDhFH7uB p 'Hxe75FF(d707¨%™#7‡7‡WUI%F%T’7ƒ4–U¨A F˜I—9
1 “ ) A 3 ) # 3 y P A 3© 1 3 A 3 A ) # ) A A 3 y P ) P “ 3
“ 3 9 # f P© 6 P Py f i # 1 3 9 P § 9 ) ) A B 6 ) # ©
Y—€Fg’!T‚g€YF'7I¨5dIc7II'oF%‰¨%˜IDeI%F73 A %%F¨–F2•p c7FW4¨‰I%TIgIw ¨%ˆ!’YU%%
P ) 1 # § ¥ # ¥ 3 © 1 9 3 G # P ” i ) A f P ) “ § 6 ‘ ) 3
§ P ) ) A 3 B A ) “ 3 9 r f A 1 G P P ) ¡ 6 6 ) ¥ § p §
'w%d!4ƒ—I¨%wI—ddŠi g¨I'HFwT%d Y™)dIFƒH¨HsFuB A P ) 1 # § ¥ y P # A B P ) P ) ) A f 6 A P ) # 3 B )y P
¨7%%F¨‰7ˆ%$¨DY‡%†%2%TI I…I„%2e%4ƒ`‚4
) P 8 A ) P # Py # 3 “ 3 9 # ) A ¥ Q A 8 # 3 § 3 © 1 9 3 G
¨%—A ‰¨¨%$c9 D7‚25%4IcI—ƒF%T¨!v73 %4¨‰Hp c7F § # § ¥ © § ¥ ¤ y P P v t i b # r P pi V ) A f a
'%F¨! '¨€7C§ xwuC$5%Fs7q i8 h(%!FgIeF¨©
# P ” i ) A f 8 A ) # ) A y P # ¥ 8 A “ ) P A “ § P ) 3 9 # Py A 8 A
4¨¦I%TIgFw%UF%F%Ts7d%F¨‰¨H‚™y%70T2A %4—%4q‰¨ Q § ¥ 1 X ) A 8 3 P 6 A 3 b a P ) 1 # § ¥ X V ) # ) A 9 # )Q 8 A P
H¨¨`2!F 7dc9 27DTA %%F¨`YW%UI%F%TS%F%R7¨7©
Q 8 A 3 ) # ¥ ) 1 3 P ) 9 ) “ # Py 6 A 3 # ) b Ÿ A )
4¨45d¨%D%%H7Y‰%cF%UUu7q0YF¨Wƒm%$¨%‚ euH¥ P # 1 G # ¥ B A 8 6 3 # 3 1 ) § # § ¥ © § ¥
I%HHF0%FE5¨DC@9 7542¨%0('%$¨¨! ¨¦¤
ABSTRACT
6 ) A P 1 3 6 A 3V A P 3 # ) # P ” i # 1 3 1 B A 6 ) A # 1 A 3
Y%T '‰7†¨7R…77Y%W¨%‰7¨iI%F'7¨DF¨’Y%T%†4%)
Dennis Shasha Kenneth A. Ross
£ ¢
Joao Pereira
˜ Francois Llirbat
¸ H. Arno Jacobsen Francoise Fabret
¸
¡
Publish/Subscribe Systems
Filtering Algorithms and Implementation for Very Fast

2. ) 3 ) 9 # 8© 3 8 6 P ) 9 3 9© P ) “ 3 B # )
4%uc%™)%7P 4iA IH0%uƒIc€$4Yƒ™)cw%cIƒƒF%7P i 9 3 ) # 3 # 8 # ) y P “ )© § 3© 3
7c7%W¨%€%d%$ 8 %Š4i`¨47YW%)
Q A f # Py § A P ) ¥ # ) A B y { P© § 3 ) 8 A ) y # 1 “
mui %7‚F'D¨7%$¨%U¨nFq—5TW¨57YW%h¨$%F‚F%2T§ 8 A # ¥ A y P © 3 ) A ) ) ¥ § © § P 1 # 3 3 9 # )
¨%ID7‰7%TII0%€27'c%4–4—I¨5–F¨%m¤ Ó
9 3 3 6 P f 3 A 3 ) p 3 # P ) 6 A ©© B { P© § 3
cc$4Yˆ‡7gY„7I–Š•6 I%(%’II¨qD–™)e$T¨c$4Y
B A f 3 A ) 6 # 1 A 3 9 3 # P # 1 ) p ¥ t ¥ A
5DcI¨43 H6 „‰FY%H„7Y 4578 %Hc¨%ƒ™y¦I¨!uˆi ¨!%) i 47¨7i7%%F¨W¨%Š42x™)HF¨1
8 3 ¥ 8 A 3© A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) y P “ G ©
Q P P ) 6 B P©© 3 A P ) 3 ) ¥ 1 P B p “© P P # A “ 3 A 1 1 3
HA I—%iYd7e7%45c9 I˜%™)DT¥ A %5¨HU4dI'¨4 Q 9 P ) P ) 6 # P© 3 ) # 3 ) 3 ) # ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 ) 3 # i
07ID¨%€%0Y%775D%4q%¦I%%F%U€54uI%Y%Fq) ‚ 7“
) y # 1 © 3 ¥ ) 3 t i  “Ÿ |
5%FqF%Hm4%F4iu…RYedf „ ¨%CwA %™) 'CY™‘IF'‡3 ) A P P 1 6 1
9 %‚†5T¨(¨57Y’€4E5%Fq2¨%ˆF%7qe%@4578 %He¨¨¨%#
P #y { P© § 3 3 y P ) y ) # Py P ) 9 3 # P # 1 8 A A A ¥ … ) #
IF%$
3 9 # 1 ) 3 ) 6 A 3 9 P © ) B P A 6 f P # 1 # P
ˆ%™)c%F'ˆ4¨%E4—c9 I…'%¨%oY‡H!%ˆ%7 Q 1 P # 1 A 8 A B P©© Py ) 3 9 # 8© 3 # ¥ ¤ i b 6 P # 1
7%‰I¨(¨DY7q–¨%m4©%™)%7P 4€Hd¦$¨A IF€F'm%)
Q P # 1 A # 6 P 9 p # f B P r i b P 3 # ) P 8 A P # 1 ) A 6 f
UIFT%˜%FH!c'YFgIdYd€$5A 4Y%€U F(FIT%mTI!I QHIgI7sI%H!hqcI%™)D54D¨c9 I¨4ŽI%5–7¨Š4'¨
A f y P 6 # 6 A ¥ V 9 3 ) 3 6 8 A P A y P ) 3 # 8 ) # P 1 1 ¥
# PyV © 1 9 “ # f # 3 P 1 ) A 9 8 3 A 3 9 3 # P P #
4qq‰¨ccFgm%4tII© 'qTIcI 44—d¨57ID7IIT%–¤ 6 A 3 b P©© 9 © 3 # f V A P ) 1 # § ¥ © ) 3 P f y P # § 9 ¥ A 8 # 3
7q5¨A c'75FgFh€¨7%H%F¨d%4© gŽ7F'w¨!€ %©
i # P f 3 § 3 # P P # 1 P ) f A # P 9 6 A
Y7!YI'W$4Ym7IIT%H0%€g%™)¨IW%4c(¨73 3 © 6 A 3 A 3 B P ) 1 # § ¥ 8 A ) 3 9 # P 9 # 8©
’¨7¨…7Y…5¨D(A %%F¨„$%—i4qy %™)%7P 43
# P 9 P § ©© B 9 # 8© 3 “ # P 9 9 A 3 9 p ¥ t i “© # 3 A
%7c‰c9 IF'–Ddc%™)%7P 4i4cIc˜7—sI¨!u€T%Y¨© 8 A ) 3 9 “ # P 9 9 A 3 9 ) A ¥ A 3 ) A # 1 # 1 3 1
¨¨5%4—’4cIc†7—‰TIIcF„4‰%!FI%wF'7¨wut
1.3 Contributions
A 3 ) # P 9 3 # A ) P A P 6 ¢ 3 # P P # ¤ b ”V # # 3
7¨%€%7c–7I%F¨t7mITH‰I£‰$4Y€4IIT%–t7vŠ$%YT“
) G A ) A B “©© 3 ) A P 1 G B P # 8 6 1 # P P # 1 6 A 3 ¢
H$¨ƒ¨%c¨%™)Dw4%TIA 'HF£%40YI'ƒ4IIT%H07mI£
| b “ V # 3 6 A # ) A 3 9 ) p # f P # P | i # P f 3 § 3 P
€f „ YUu… %F%w7—ƒ%gYFgI%4ˆY7!YI'ƒ$4Y€%) i ) A # 6 # ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 ) y P # ¥ ) 3 A ) 3 G ) 8 P
YTI%Fs™rHmƒI%H%F¨%Uw54¨–%Š7d%%4¨tF7F€%ˆ ¥ %)
P © 3 ) ¥ § p 6 9 # Py # 1 P ) ¥ # ) A y P # § 9 ¥ A ) P ) f ) A
4m¨•Yc%4qF'm¨A %F%U¨7tF'w¨!–¨%0%–g%I pII%H%F¨%U˜54’7cIcvH4—0I7'1 %w™)h%†}7i$F78
# ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 “ # P 9 9Q A 3 9 P P # 1 ) 3 ) A A 3 | #
™“A –4¨ŠdF¨7—%4qF'g%™)%7P 4€4cIcw4—9 •A 7I%Ž¨%)
© P ) P A A 3 9 # Py # 1 9 # 8© 3 “ # P 9 9 A 3 p P 3 # Q 8 # t y P 1 ) P ) P© P ) ¥© P # ¥ ¤ i A P ) ¥ G #
7%st4h™)%™#¨c%i%27FwCA %7wHd¥I¨7%IIHFwF78
# P ” A 3 9 # Py # 1 9 3 # P # 1 6 1 9 © # f 9 3 P
4¨i I7—%4qF'S4578 %H€I'c2™“I%F IDIcW¨57YwH Q 8 # ) # Py ¥ p A ) A P ) 3 ¢ 9 ) 1 P © 3 P 8 P P # 1 Ÿ
7%t7‚DF¨T¨¨5I%ˆ7%4Y£c%7Ž7¨§ © –7'1 %Ž7• ¦Û ‹ 543 8 3#
isYc%7‚F'u2$%F‚ƒ¨%¨%T¨mH¨™“4—%7hdD7IFT%t¨%)
6 9 # Py # 1 ) y ) © ) A ¥ © 6 b ©© 3 9 # P AV # P P # 1 Q3 6 A 3 A 3 | # 8 8 # t ) v P # ¤ i A P ) ¥ G # 8 8 # ) # P
4 ƒ 7W4 Ÿ’ 4i$F 7%s˜%FIx4%–¨I¨7%IIHFiF 7%(7‚y
# ¥ P 9 3 3 A ~ i b © “ u
%HIITcm$4YW—I¨…–$5FF$k¦¤ ‹ 7¨I%qdU IdF¨7¨ y P A )V ) P # 8 ¥ p A ) P ) 3 ¢ 9 ) 1 P ) A 9 © 1 9 6© ¥ P 9 ) “ 3 § 3 ) 3
F¨T¨¨5I%‰A %4Y£c%7ŽTIcFc‰¨7¨ŠcF%UUd74546
¥ 9 3 ) 3 “ # P 9 9 A 3 9 ) P #y { P© § 3 8 A 6 P 1 # # P
5¨wm4W7cIcw4—u¨%n9 %‚–5Tu¨57I€¨¨A 'I%4I p ¨74Y‡7%© €%– 7—2Ž‰I%F 7%q4€¨7cd4‡7%)
© § 3© 3 A P ) ¥ P ) { 3 9 P t i # 8 8 # ) y P A P©© 9 y P A P
) y P ) y ) ¥ p # p 9 6 ©© 3 3 ) A 6 A ¥ P
¨%t7C5%Fq—¨%—%™#¨TY%IIc}Y7Idp $4Y2¨%„C¨¨7qy QHIIHF2¨%(7Y‡I—@I%™)˜54e€4}7%F¨i© }57I
¥ G ) ¥ 3 “ 3 9 9 3 ) 3 6 3 y P A P ) # A 8 A 3
) P A # 3 ) 3 ) A # y
7¨ˆ%4—%0III%F‚F „ •II'27IIT%Hc4£YIIT%Hˆ'§ i 6 1 #P P# 1 )3 6 P# 1 6 A 3 b A P ) 1 # § ¥ # 1 A PV # 8 # ) y P P©© 9 ) # P 1 1 ¥ ) ¥
7'7%H%F¨dF't¨7h€%F78 %s7dA cq7'¨qU¨w9
A 3 A # y # “ # P 9 9 p “ # P 9 9 3 3 6 i 9 3 # 8 P #
7Y‰III%F‚F%e7cIc•T7cFc2$4Yi—A ‚ Ic4577%1 9 ) “ 3 § 3 ) 3 6 ) A P ) 1 # § ¥ y P A P©© 9 8 3 A 3 9 P
F%UU–475¨‰¨%D¨7%%F¨¦7t¨7cW 47—cst
8 A A A ¥ # “ § 6 A # y # © ) A # # B ) 3 ) 3 ) 3 6 6 P
¨¨¨%‡T}YF¨I%F‚F%†™“%TIII%2%Fuw4¨%˜5¨}© ¨C5¨DB
# P 9 |
I%7cIc9 €f „ %45U0%€I%4cIcw$4Y‰7IFT%¦€II%7P ) 3 ) # 3 # P 9 9 3 # P P # ¤ … # ìê
IYà
9 9 3 ©© 3 9 f 3 ©© ) # P P #
Q0Ic—¨57Yd4—cgYu%U0%4IIT%1 ‹ YFgIdm’vY™“Ÿ ¤ p # f B P r i œ æó ÿ ç î þý è ê à ñ
¡ù x!4I%4†YIâ
ù ü˜ûeøIå4qõ•ðFï4vóúìIêY—ù ’i74q•F4vôã
á î á ø ÷ ö å áõ ð ï îó é
“ # P 9 9 “ # 3 6 A P P ) 3 “ A 3 ) P B “ # P 9 9 A 3 9 A
7cIc‡47IIˆ%WIFI7‡T7‰H¥ ¨%™)Di4cIc’4—e êãä
%gYà ò
A ¥ # ©© B 9 ) # 8© 3 # P 9 6 A 3 # P 9 p “ # P 9 9 3 9 P 6 A 3
¨%sDtc%%4P 7d%7c27€%7c!T7cFctFII7¤7¨75# íëß ñÞáà ßë
$7eFY’$7é
8 # 3© “ # f 8 A f 3 # ) ¥ 1 P 1 3 y P A 8 # 9 )
7%4‰Fgm¨!¨¦%F%c9 Iw7Y$s4ƒI¨I7%FcIƒ%w%™)…~ ð Fï4îi搒$7’IY‡Y%㠐YIIß
á íëß íàê äê Þêàßàéà
2.1 Main memory algorithms ì êë âßàæêã ßàâé
eFeII%CIYIá
èç æåâ ßàääãßâ àâáàß
4eI4eIYY%TI’YYYFÞ
2. SOLUTION OVERVIEW
… # 8 8 #
‰F 7%)
Ü Û 8 A B P©© Py ) ) B 6 ) A 9 © 1 9 b y ± Ý ÐV ¬ œ ® Ó ÐV
€¨w¨DY7qu%0%DWY%TIcIc¦b EddRY$b jd–RV
i 6 ¥© A P
IIHI¨7I Á P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 © 1 9 3 G # P ” i # 8 8 # ) Ü Û 3 6 A ‘ 6 #
‡A %%F¨0p ¨c7Fm7tI%F 7%e€€4iYFHh%3
! P ) p “©© 3 A ” i 6 ¥ ) A 3 9 # Py # 1 ) A # 1 y P )
A %FFHT™7¨ŠiII¨%U2F¨7—%4qF'–%TII%HˆCA %FFH P ) 1 # § ¥ i ) ¥ § # ) ) 3 © § P 1 ©© 3 # 3 b Ú Ù Ù Ù “ Ø ×V ¬ Ö
A %%F¨H Ó II%%4i7'ƒ7i%wsIY¦g0hYUmÐ
iIc%%4P 7w4¦I¨573 %¨40Y%F%Ž%TII%Dc7%$IHI%F%)
9 ) # 8© 3 6 A 3 P # 1 1 3 6 ) 3© # ) A # 1  A P ) i A # # B b Õ Ð ¬ÔÔÔ ¬ Ó ÐV Ò 9 # Py ) y P © § 3 ) © 3 # f A ¥ © 8 A 3 A
%FDtd5FY‰Rix%4qw%u7h75–7%%$g¨¨h7¨(e
Q ) 3 1 ) A f 6 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ A 8 A 3 B © 3 6 P 9 #
qTIgIc42A %%F¨—uI 7¨$—%™)D7YH‰%) ¨%™)%4P 8 6 # P ) § ) 8 9 9 3 ) 3 6 6© f ©© 3 ) ” i A 9 P 9
I%7%U—'hT7c‰cI%™)i54C43 u4cU%™#Š‡shIc7II%™)
™Q7‰g%H7¨7’7€%TIF%—eA %FI!–%F%U¨IŠ4—%1 –%H¨1
© 3 f ) 1 3 6 3 A 3 ) A # 1 • P ) i 8 A # ) ¥© © 3 9 ) P ) ¥ B A 3 A B P ) 1 # § ¥ { P ) 6 ¥ § A 3 ) 3 ) “ © 3 A P
FmhI¨DŠA %%F¨W5I¨5m%WYu'w4Y¦4¨%–x™)77%)
Q09 I2%˜$4g%7eY4vU Id7d%TII%H—‡A %FFHdi¨%™)%#
P P ) 3 P # 1 1 3 6 3 §Q ) P # ¥ P ) A # 1 œ P ) i 9 Q A ¥y # 8 # ) # r P P © 3 “ t i ) 3 ) 3 6 6 # P ) ) A 8 3
F¨q‰F78 %–Fs7˜7eFuiI%F(54¨„I%7%UwU¨73 7wI%#
Q 8© 3 8 A ) 3 9 # ¥ P y P P ) 1 # 6 © 3 # A 8 3 f 8 ” P )
4P 7d¨¨5%4—7'7hA %%FIH45F¨I7dIg tcA %FFH Q ¥ p y P P ) 3 ¥© f ) 3y # Py 6 A 8 6 # 3 9 ) “ 3 § 3 ) 3
FT¦7(A %4¨43 FDU7hD4qcY¨7F–%4ucI%UHU€7¨754€›
i 8 A 3 P
II7¨45iA %) i ) ¥ 1 8 P # ) ) A f 8 “ # f 6 A 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥
Y¨ ¥ %%ƒTI Iˆ72Fg(¨7m¨7%H%F¨
QH%F¨¦7tI%45ˆ7¨(¨7ƒ¨A IFm$'t%TI I–7ƒHY%H¨¨!hV
1 # § ¥ y P ) 3 # 8 6 A 3 b 6 P # 1 ) A f y P 6 # 6 A ¥ y P A P©© 9 P ) ©© B © 3 ) P A P 6 9 ) “ 3 § 3 ) 3 6 © 3 P 6 3 #
4u¨7c‰%sIdd7Yu7¨–HucI%UHU€475¨•7¨A %™)75)
%!FgI7ŠI%5‰7¨7I¨A %H%$¨¨7Ž¨A cH45FgIŽ7'¨
) A f y P ) 3 # 8 p P ) 1 # § ¥ y P P©© 9 © 3 # f ) # P 1 1 ¥ p B P A © ) A u i © ) 6 8 A ) 3 9 P ) 1 # § ¥ 9 # Py # 1 P ) 6
WY¨•%TmƒT™“%FI%™#c¨5%4—˜A %H%$¨¨¦%7‚F'c%ˆY¥
A 3 B ) 3 ) B P 9 # P 8© 3 ) 8 A ¥ ) A 9 # 1 G # ¥
7YDd%}Y¨c¨%™)%774tI¨%€–%TIc%F'HFd¤ § A 3 9 ) “ 3 § 3 ) 3 6 B P A 9 3 G B p P ) )
'(7YƒcF%UUW4454¨kYd¨c4¨$WuHsA %FFt%2A ‚
1.2 Trigger approach
i A#))3 1 9)
I¨%$%4SF%
3 ) 3 6 6 A 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥ A 8 A 3 P ) 8 A # ) ¥© © 3 9 )
54c7—7%%F¨cdI7¨7¨$W%W%$%U¨I¨4—%1 P
) ) 1 3 6 3 ©© 3 ) A 9 # A 6 A 3 ) ¥ 1 P P ) © § 3 # 3 9 )
¨%–H7¨7‰™“45TIcI%F–4u%H¨c9 Fd%d¨4D%4–cF% f P 9 ® b ªV Ð 6 A 3 b ® p “ 3 6 8 P 6 A ¥ P # 8 f P 9
i ž HcÑ–vwi¨7ž uW¨TI¨c7¨H¨7%7Hp !chV
3 ) 3 6 8 A P A P ) ) 3 ) 6 A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ y P 8 6
54c¨c9 F¨iA mI%U%45Uˆ¨7m¨A %H%$¨¨¦4– I© ® b ªV Ï b ° p p # 1V p b ­ p z
€v0€mƒT 7I%hu$mƒ!Y“ p I%Hhu$W¦TI˜8 ¥ %48 # 1V p b ® p “ 3 6 P 6 A P #
Q B P A { ) A f 8 ) 3 ) 9 ) # 8© 3 6 3 §Q ) P 6 f P # 1 ~ i
ƒYH¨%WI 7Š%Žc%%4P 7–Y4vU FqH!%†d• p !chhe£7%%F¨ˆ%07‚7c7Fc4¨Ci €7cI%Y
f P 9V ® ª A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) # Py p © 1 9 3 G # P ” ª y P ) 3
Q 6 # 1 “ )© 3 ¥ p ) A 8 A # # ¥ P ) ¥ § # ) ) 3 ) ©© 3 y P )
!Y%e`4TY‰¨%e2¨%HIIT€I%H¨%4w¨%–7d7€Fh%)
i•A %4¨c9 Im7¨–w¨cY%4¨77Im'—4YdI%H¨%43
P # 3 1 P © 8 A 3 8 A ¥ 6 ) 3 ¥© 3 f § A 3 ) ¥ § # ) ) ) A # 1 # b ªV Ð i b ªV Ï “ § ª y P ) 3 6 # 1 “ © 3 ¥ p y P )
%TII%HI%dvwD$v0ˆ!–d7tI%4YHY%ˆx™)7TY4dF–%)
A %%F¨H75F Id–IHFH€7¨q%H¨%4`™Q%™)¨h9
P ) 1 # § ¥ © 3 # f P G 6 A 8 A 3 ) ¥ § # ) ) 3 © ¥ )P A 6 B p# 13 1 ) yP )# )
%4¨IHWuHYF'4d%Š7DUF%m¨%—A ‚ ¦4‡—ƒ¨Ž'‚I¨I(Â Î Í Ì Å Ë Ê É È Å Ç ÃÆ Ä Å Ä Ã
¥ b ”V P # 3 1 P © 8 A 3 8 A ¥ 6 ) 3 ¥© f b “© ) # 3 1V
¨Ž7viA %4¨c9 Iƒ7¨md¨¨‰Y%4¨43 Fs¨%h€'§
A 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ “ A 3 9 P p ) 3 6 # 1 “ © 3 ¥ p y P A P
7YDA %%F¨2T7—0¨II%4YHY%(x™)7¨!I¦7i7%) i ¼ “ § 6 ‘ ) 3 # 3 ) 3 ) P ) 1 # § ¥ ©© 3 6 A ‘ Á A P ) 1 # § ¥
g(TˆY¨U%%W%4m4¨%ƒ¨A %H%$¨¨•7(†e7%H%F¨
Q A ¥ v A P A P 9 P 6 A 3 ¢ ) P 6 3 § P ) 1 #
$¨¨x77IE7cc9 I}4‡F¨—™#I%£A EY7¨2A %%F y P ) 3 6 A 3 ¼ ) A f A A f À … 9 © P # 1 8 A ) 3 9
4WF—e7hWTIgIeI’Igd€I¿I§ %—$%—hut
QH¨‡¨¥ %4€U2I7YHe7—(ux‡A –™)¨¨‡7F%45Ui
§ ¥ 1 P # 8 b “ V … 3 6 A 3 9 P B ) P © ¥ § “ 8 ) 3 # ) 8 A ib
$m°
Q$%U¨IiY4h—I$0mI¿%%4P 70¨¨5%4—td§Hœ
# ) ¥© 6 3 § 3 9 3 ¥ 9 ) # 8© 3 8 A ) 3 9 # ¥ ¤ i p # 1Vp b ­ p z # 1V p b ® p “ 3 6 P 6 A P # 8 f P 9V ‘
! ž p I%h$mŠ!Y“ ž p I%HhŠž $WTY—8 ¥ %4¨p !chhI¨U
Q4%dA IH!•YF%4Y%q$ˆ’ p F%Hh¦$¨Yˆ7¨H¨7%7•p !chV
) 3 b P 6 P p # ) 3 )V p b # 1V p b “ 3 6 8 P 6 A ¥ P # 8 f P 9
i 6 A3 9 P © #P P#
•4—c9 I2 ¡4IIT%1 )TI I˜¨%u7c7F27Œg…(™#7˜c7}!CY$%—(˜ª
A f ) p © 1 9 3 G # P ” i ¼ A 3 1 9 P “ § 6 ) 3 9
) 8 A ¥ “ § 9 3 6 P f 3 ) 3 ) ¥ p A ) ¥
¨%d¨‰TqIcƒ$4Yh gY%–I¨T¨$F%u¨ƒuB A ) 3 6 # 1 “ # f ª P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 » ºž ¾ » ½ · ¶ » ¼ ) A f A
‰%4IHY%(FgFq™yW‡A %%F¨0t$uqh4Fž—m!FgIitf
# f P # P | i “ © 3 P© © 3 ) 3 1 6 A 3 © 3 # P 1 9 ) ¢ 9 G 3 9 )
$gI%7ˆhTx™)7IT¦4%e4–754'cI%mIF¨cH4—€ i ­ 6 A 3 ) ¥ § # ) )
HIžz “ (’ 4–%¨%ž3
) 3 ) A a P P 3 # P P # 1 X 9 # P 8© 3 # ¥ ¤ i
4%’˜¨¥ IA Ic$4Yw7IIT%Hxex¨%™)%777‰d§!” 93 ) #3 “ ) ¥3 § b ­ p z
c4%c¨%—%4¨eF%c¨7II'€mt!Y“ p I%h—I$%—W’’ # 1V ) 3 9 b

3. ) ‘ # ) A “ 3 # # 3 ± ° ¯ ® ­ ¬ ) 3 ) P A P ± ° ¯ ® ­ ¬ ¥© 3 f
¨DI%!FiI54ˆF¡²%0˜I7¨5m(F¡r¨77–¨ut ) y P ‘ ¬ Ÿ “ # ) A l i # ) A 6 P ) 1 # § ¥ A 3 ) P ) 3 ) º ƒ
%s4•7’%× ˜T¦I%F™‘%TIH2A %H%$¨¨d¨75TA Fu4¨%s0½ „
i 1 P P© P B ) P ) A 6 P ) # 3 1 A P ) 1 # § ¥ # f P 1 P P©
I¨7Thu`w%TˆYA %™)%4ƒD¨7%%F¨DFgi7Td¨ut ƒ ½· ½ s ¸ » € y » 3 6 ©© 3 “ 3 # # 3 © 3 P A 9 6 Q “ A P 6 A 3 # ) A
@hq 5XFFHEwnI4Y…I54–4A Ic`FC¨7w7iI%!F
i “ © 3 P© 3 ) 3 6 f P # 1 9 P ) P ) # Py A P 3 # t i “ 3
T`™)4YTh54€g%Hch%D–I $ƒ%m4qˆ77Y%€udIHI5# # P ) f § P ) A # y # 8 A A 3 ) A P ‰ ¶ s s ¶ » º · ¶ ¸½ u º s q 3 6 ©© 3
4%FIgm™)¨—%mIF¨I%F‚F%c¨¨45!7I‰@ˆ@h$`7%R7v%‡†‡Y7I
Q # 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) 3 # 3 1 # ) A # ) A 3 « A P ) 1 # § ¥
ˆ7%%F¨€%45ImI%%cuI%TIƒ4Wt7%H%F¨H “ 3 # # 3 © 3 A P A 9 6 Q Ú y P P ) © P 3 y P ) A P … B P© Py
HI5447Ic`'•72A %FI© I€s4d%U¨7Id) ‚ ID© ‚q43
i$Fq¦‡a!y EwY%7%U—%wA %%F¨c%W4%cI%4¨–YU%™#Š”
º »½ ª ƒ µ „  ¸ 6 # P ) # 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ ) ) 3 ) ) P A p ) 6 ¢ A 8 # P Ú ¢ y P P ) 1 # § ¥ # Py # ) ¥© A P ) 1 # § ¥
II£¨73 %7WC0I£ƒ4W¨A %H%$¨¨–4qWF%UIe7%H%F¨
i 9 ) # 8© 3 ) y P # ¥ ) 3 y ) A 3 ) # P 1 9 © 3 # f # 3 #
i%%4P 7(¨%–7ˆI%%Yq—T754'cd75FgF‡%‡%$¨ut f i { P ) ) 3 6 # 1 œ 8 A f 3 A P ) 1 # § ¥ # Py # ) ¥©
ks5I$†%—I%YY%He†!Y2¨7%%F¨27q2F%UF
§ A %%F¨07ˆA %%FIH˜Y75FH0tI!%Wc%7Š”
P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 y P P ) 1 # 6 6 © 3 ) 6 3 6 f P # 1 “ # ¥ 8
ù ì á à ñ á © ë ë ž •£ ¤ ¦£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –èó ¨™ ›
¡T¤ IY4IYX4'œ k$k$ç '” I7'ˆ¨ˆ@$ï ’ ï ” gå š i b ) 3 6 # 1 y P # § 9 ¥ AV ¢ ) P ) 8 A 6 # P 3 » s º
$5I%YY%H–7uF'hHhcF¨t™#I%h%0¨54II4ƒ5g`·
ù ì á à ñ á © ë ë ž •£ ¤ö£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –èó ¨™ ›
¡T¤ IY4IYX4'œ kExk$ç '” I7'ˆ¨ˆ@$ï ’ ï ” gå š … » „ ¸ ƒ ½· ½ s ¸ » € y » A 6 1 P # 8 # 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ p ) © # ) ¥©
g!y $£@‚hq $X$FHEEeY'¥ %7c%‰¨A %H%$¨¨ŠYU‰F%UF
ù ì á à ñ á © ë ë ž •£ ¤ ‘£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –èó ¨™ ›
¡T¤ IY4IYX4'œ k$k$ç '” I7'ˆ¨ˆ@$ï ’ ï ” gå š ) 6 i 6 ‘ ) 3 i © P 6 A 3 6 { § P ) 6
%0¨A ‚ sYU%%w„p™ye™“A ‡¨7t™yeY $I$c'ˆ%‡YIA
§ § œ œ  ï îý î ç ¡ ÷ ¤  ï îý î ç ï ð î
'‚2''$ 4è F‰k%†'$ 4è Fh£ ” 45è Fç Ÿ i P ) 6 ) 3 P 3 ) © # ) ¥© ) A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) 3 ) ) A
x%eY%FT7‰U–F%U¨Iw¨%‡WA %%F¨W%€II%T43
ù ¤ •£ ¤ ¦£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –
g$k$k$ç '” I7'ˆè Q # 3 8 t i i # f ) 3 ) ) A f ) 3 9 “© P A 3 ª © A P
4¨¥ D¨u¦swI™‘%Fgu4%q%!FgI2$%——A (7Yd™y—™“¨7€ª
¥ ¥ ¤ •£ ¤ö£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –è ¥ ¥ ¤ •£ ¤ ‘£ ¢ ” ç å ˜ –è
'–$kExk$ç '” I7'ˆe'4$k$k$ç '” I7'ˆó ’ ý A %%F¨c€4q–%4YHY%mIII4e7‰'˜7Y˜§%YY%HÑf
P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 # Py ) 3 6 # 1 3 A 3 § A 3 i ) 3 6 # 1
Ÿ ù œ ¡ ì ž ë é ê  œ • û ¡ ÷ ¡ ” “
ˆg'œ •kIX7I$$$7•t• {ó XF’
Ÿ ù ì ž ë é ê  ÷ œ •
TYX7Y$Y'‚Hè î “ g@vý ” ™ è 'ˆå X“ å ” 4@g'$‚t‘ Ieó XF’
ý›š ˜ –è ’ ï ˜ —– îû • ÷ • ”“ i ) © # ) ¥© ) A P ) 1 # § ¥ ©© 3 # Py º · ¶ ¸½ u º s q » » º ¸ ¶ A
YUW%$%U¨I‰¨%eWA %%F¨¦7–4qd`7%R7vtr%$55¸ £43
÷  ï îý î
t‘ Y$ 4è Fç i ) 3 ) “ 3 B 3 ¥ i # ) ¥© P ) 1 # § ¥ y P ) ©
ˆp%—I%€uHp 7Iˆ5¨2A ‚ I%F%U¨I(A %%F¨–4DUw3
P ) A # y # 3 B 6 ) 3 P 3 § P © 3 “ 3 9 i ) 3 6 # 1
%wII%Fq$%h‡%™)D˜Y%4IT4h'—7ˆI—e%YY%HÑf
i A )y P 6 ©© 3 § ) P A ©© B 6 P # A 8 ) P
•I%‚4iY4Y€'t7ŽD€!IW%FI W%h i DF¨%4hˆ¨7tTIgF
B # ) P z 6 A 3 ) A f
pII%YY%H–7qF'w¨!s4—‰dgYƒA %%F¨ƒU7cY$gI
) 3 6 # 1 y P # § 9 ¥ A ©© 3 9 3 f 3 P ) 1 # § ¥ ) P 9 p # f ) “ § 6 ‘ ) 3 ) 3 6 # 1 ) “ P ) ) i P ) 3 ¥© f
%ˆTeYU%4%mh%4IHY%–%q™ywe%mF€m) ‚ •A %4¨43 F
Q B P r i 1 P P© © 3 A P 6 3 A 3 6 A ) ¥ 3 § 8 A 9 ¥ P 9
ƒYmWs7T–47%™)H¨6 ’4€II¨dw¨4YI'—¨c¨A I–c%) ) 3 6 # 1 ) y P © ¥ # ) ) A # 1 # P ) f # “ # ) A
%YY%Hi¨%W4ˆ™)¨F%i¨%—TII%F%e%2Fg%F}TI(ut
# P 9 6 P ) 9 # A 8 f i ) 3 6 # 1 # P 9 8 A f 3 P
%7c2E!¨%$c’%FI ¦gII%YY%Hi%7ce¨!¨(A %) iY7%$IgD™)¨W%YY%H€¨%2—TI–© w˜%™)DˆY%FT7t
# P ) f § ) 3 6 # 1 ) A “ # ) A 8 A 3 B 6 ) 3 P 3
Q 1 # § ¥ B © 3 6 P ) 6 P ) 9 # A 8 A P # t i # B y #
H%F¨0%™)D7IW%–!¨%FcD%F¨F ƒ¨7qƒ%FuYFu$q7P A P ) 1 # § ¥ # P 9 # P P A # ¥ P ) 3 ) ) 3 6 # 1 6 G 6 A
¨7%%F¨–%7cW4wA ed%FIT€%w%YY%HiYHF¨
A ) p A P ) 3 ) A 9 © 1 9 ) A # # ¥ # P A p ) 3 6 # 1 y P # § 9 ¥
I%•s7%5TIcI¨c‰TI%I‰H¥ †¦II%YY%HD7€%F'w¨!A 3 l i ) A f ) # Py ) A 3 f © # # 3 B # ) ¥© y P )
$4qeYTIgI2¨%04q‰T77II%(%E5¨Dh%$%U¨Im70$(%)
©7—(7‚wYI£7II'cH!¨%Fc(4c–7jA %FI© F†egY
© 3 9 # Py 6 ¢© 3 1 6 P ) 9 # 3© 9 y P P ) © P 3 f 3 6 A p ) A f 8 A P A A f 8 3 “ § 6 ‘ ) 3 ) 3 6 # 1 y P )
73 YTIgIm¨c9 F¨hI 7mwTwY¨U%4%¦I%4IHY%7Fu%)
~ i ) 3 6 # 1 # ) © ) 3 G f 3 ©© 3 ) 3 ) P ) 1 # § ¥ y
†–II%YY%HwI%H%˜™“%F7F‰gY¦7–%dA %%F¨d7P ) ¥ 1 9 P P ) G 6 A ) ¥ 9 # 8© 3 t iQ h Y V R f Q R Y b V
%¨c7Ih%qIHF¨m¨%uI˜¨%™)%4P 7Wuqveg$F2@`ed c @a3
1 ¥ P # 8 3 # Py 6 ¢© 3 1 © 1 9 3 G # 3© ¥ ) # 3 1 t i B P©
¨7%7e—7‚EYI£7II'h2¨c4¨$—4¨I%0¨uEWYI'§ 6 ©© 3 p ) © # ) ¥© P ) 1 # § ¥ P ) A # y # y P # P ) f 3 6 A
I4Y!I%UqF%UF0A %%F¨W%¦III%Fq$%•47%FI €043
A f 8 9 ) # 8© 3 8 A ) 3 # ) ¥ ) y P © 1 9 3 G A
Ig72 %%4P 7’$%—9 F%U© ‹ ¨%€4(c7F}mf # P ) f § R W U T RQ I 3 p G 6 A y P ) 3 ¥ 9 # P 8© 3
4%FIgƒ™)D`Y XV $SPHIIHF¨Ž4ƒF–ƒI¨¢¨%™)%774€ut
Î Ë 6 ÄÆ Ì Ã )È Å ) ÇÆ 6 A Ä Å Ë Ì Ê Ä C 1È A Ê 6
}Š'‚40¨†BqŽ@'‡ˆHFIG•gŽŽxŠ i 3 1 ± ¥© 3 f p ) ¥ § # ) ) 3
I%™#7j7¨77¨7%¨%t«
i P ) 1 # § ¥ 8 A ) 3 9 ) ¥ 1 9 P
IA %%F¨‰¨¨5%4—d%¨c7I y4WF2W€TIgIethW7¨77ŽY4%45F'7‡7%4c7I•p %%)
P ) 3 ) A f A f i ± ¥© 3 f p # P ) 3 # 1 P A P # 3 1 9 P ) ¥ § #
P ) 9 # P 8© 3  ƒ½ ¹ ¸· ¶ s º · » „ ¸ ) © 1 1 3 6 A 3 # ) ¥© ) 3
%x¨%™)%7742•!5v70µ g`%!y $e¨%–I¨7†¨7hF%U¨Ic%¨6 Q4˜« %4q—¨%t70I%YY%H€40FeC70F™‘%TIHC4CT§
)3 9 # Py ) y P ) 3 6 # 1 y P ) 3 6 A 3 # ) A 6 A 3 “
Q™H7I…$4Y(%$¨7IwI%Uw¨A IIeugII%YY%HˆIIF73
6 A 3 3 # 6 A P 1 ) 6 P t i ) 3 6 # 1 6 A ‘ 6 ª P ) 1 # § ¥ 3 ) 3 ) ©© 3
Y¨¨Fw—„A %%F¨ˆw4¨%q7II „ i ˜%H¥ Š„eY%F1 “ # 8 ” A 6 )
6 ‘ # f 8 A f 3 # ) ¥© y P ) © ) ) ©© P 6 A 3 # P ) f
Y¨%$g‡HY¨c%F%U¨Im7—%U(%—%$I7IC7c7%FI c™)¨§ Q 6 # 3 # ¥ ) ¥ # ) 3 ) 3 6 9 # P 8© 3
FH€%4dI%%$¨%U–54¨˜¨%™)%774€ut Î HŽ$Ä GFIIEI¨27 C Ê Ì 1 A 1 Ì Ä CD Å Ä Å
) 3 6 # 1 ) A # ) A 8 A 6 A P 1 # # P ©© 3 “ P ) ) p ) 3
%4YI%–¨%idF%TI—H7'I%7I–4hi%t%F€™)sII%Y 2.2 The matching algorithm
Q™HY%’Y™‘%FgD4‰Fc¨%‰%¨c7I˜%€IHFHc¨%WI†I%U
6 # 1 6 # f y P ) ) ) ¥ 1 9 P P ) G 6 A ) ¥ 1 )
) # ‘ t i 1 ) P B ) y P ) P 9 # P 8© 3 ) A t i z P ) 6 ¢
U%¨qu¦I¨F%Umdx¨4–%U¨A Fg¨%™)%774d%‰F¨u¦!d%WYI£ i # P f 3 § 3 ) y P # 3 B
Y4!YF'W¨57Y€%–7–%4uI3
™Q7%™)¨d4%FIg™)¨D%4IHY%ƒ%TYU%™#Š¦s¦Ic9 FqTI I£$¨A
© 3 A # P ) f § ) 3 6 # 1 ) p ) ” i A P ) A f B 9 ) y P A P A p 8 6 © B P A { # ¥ P P ) p © ) # f i ” “ p y “ p
¤I¨%¦7‰¨7¨'7 IDYHd72%¨III¨%F I ƒ R–!Y–!y
3 9 ) 3 6 ) ¥ G 9 ) # 8© 3 t i ” # ¥ 8 ” A 6 )
0c%e$4Y’I%IIHFWx%%4P 70¨ucT—%7Š†’I%F¨1 p tH‘ †%H%45F%™)(%„CY7'1 %}II'2gYhc¨%™)%774e
“ p Ÿ # ¥ ) 3 # © ) A 6 P P # 1 A § f 3 9 # P 8© 3 8 A
Q 6 9 # 8© 3
$t¦%™)%7P 4wut }–'7¨0„ŒqŠF'¨‡hs'¡˜ŽxŠ Î Ë 6 ÄÆ Ì Ã )È Å ) ÇÆ 6 A Ä Å Ë Ä Ç Ê ‹ Ê Ê 6 Q ) 3 9 y P ) P© f i P A P 3 § P ) 6 8 6 ©© 3 1
H$%—–7t7ŒqI¥ I¨7IW¨57IW'0%(YA Ii™“4Y™‘IF'
B 9 # 8© 3 8 A ) 3 9 3 P 1 P # 1 B # 1 3 1 )
e5¨D©¨%™)%4P 7(¨¨5%4—(c '7%cuW$'7W%’A ‚
Ë 6 ÄÆ Ì Ã )È Å ) ÇÆ 6 A Ä Å Ë Ä Ç Ê ‹ Ê Ê 6 Š Î ˆ Ê Ì 1 )Æ
Š'‚40¨„BqŠF'‡w•H'¡˜Žx¦•‰Ž20D( i P ) ¥ # ) A f ) ¥ P A
IA %F%U¨Wg%IF¨A Fi
# Á A# ¥)
‡˜%H%F%# 6 ) 3© ¥ 1 A 3 9 3 ) 3 6 9 3 ) A B 6 f 3 “ © 3 P© © 3
Y%4¨¨4—€25¨wc7%‰¨%˜I¨DiY I¨57W’x™)7YT–45#
b i skR× Xi ˆ„ ƒ UXs0z i jeÁ
V † Ú … l² ¼lª ‚ } Á ® Q4'cIŽqIII%!¨6 c7cIc€ %HIIA I(2YI4W%4S%™)%#
P 1 9 t i # 6 3 “ # P 9 9 f ) ¥ P A 6 3© 1 # 3 9
h UT{Tk!² i i F%U¨Ii57Im4¨”
¼ l ² j× j Ú A # ) ¥© 3 # P Q P 8© 3 ) “ § “© f ) ¥ P 6 ¥ # 3 ) 3 ) 3 ) 3 6 A B 6 f
774t¨%‰!0Fg%IIA IwY¨t%4d4¨%W5¨—IDhYgI$43
—U s V Y W € — U Y IUQ V d c 
… ™ £@v'd h ˆ'£•@`d |” “ )© 3 P© © 3 ) 3 1 i “ © 3 P© © 3 ) 3 1 6 A 3 © 3 # P 1 9 ) y P # 3 B 3 #
0`4YT4%!qTx™)7YTH7%4¨h4457'cI%'4D%4ƒID%3
}
i z~qh T‚T|!² i kh UT{Tk!² i @FXY
¼l ² j× j Ú ® ¼l ² j× j Ú — R s
i zrUD%F%U¨©Ihd7‚€%4YHY%tIII4i4dii Ur
) © # ) ¥ 3 # Py ) 3 6 # 1 3 A 3
“ ® Ÿ g —Rs
¢Š$x 2y@FXY C Ê Ì 1 A 1 Ì Ä 9 Å Ä Å 7 Ë 6 ÄÆ Ì Ã )È 5 Î 3 Ê Ì 1 )Æ
Ž'Ä B@F•4F¨(8–$‚402¦4Ž20D(
g # P f ) § ) P) x A # y # 3 3
7%)FI DW¨%h%t¦I¨I%$qF%wt4ii Ur
hw׈7¨¥ %#H%)€ˆ“Tˆ6I¨57Y%ˆv%YY%H–@F$wh r
T 8 P ¼ § 3 # i ) 3 6 # 1 s V W R Q
h T e A × G 6 A s V W R Q
ut2F¨–F@$Gh r
—U Y d R Y R W U T RQ p
˜ ™ £ˆ’Xv`Y XV $SBq“
# o ® Á # o ®
r¦'¡rWh U¡T‚Tk!² i gwg
¼l ² j× j Ú # z ®
˜ n T
¡¡h m :
predicates lines
A P ) 1 # § ¥ y P ) 3 …
¨7%%F¨¦7tFhwÁ subscription line:
# ) ¥© y P ) 3 … ¼ l ² j× j Ú
%F%U¨I¦4m$h¢h T‚Tk!² i Bit vector
clusters lists
˜ d b d UQ W f b W V
$XR W •F$¡ bh reference to
h%#F%UFtA %)%F¨¦4m$hˆ¨73
) ¥© P 1 # § ¥ y P ) 3 6 A one cluster Vector of mapping
detail of 1 to 1
g7%FI fD§h¨f$–4tFh3
#P) ) 3 p e G 6 A y P )
˜ d b d UQ W f b W d
$XR ¡W •FFH bh ™
¼ A 3 ) A ) A f A
‰I¨45U¨ƒTIgIˆ73
˜ Y c I —
X'£U
i “ P ) © 3 ¥ p # 3 “ 3 # # 3 ) 3 6 # 1 ) y P ‘ A 9 ¥© P )
7ˆ%•4TYW%iI54tI%YY%HW¨%Š40Pc¨7It43 List of clusters
6 A # y # # ) A # P ) f § ©© 3 © A P 6 A 3 ) A f A 3 ) 3
YII%Fq$%¦F%TI4%FIg™)¨4•™yh™“¨7h4•™y¦!FgI0405%4—9
©D}7%H%F¨cuEi ¨E7%%F¨(%}e–A %™) '1
© B A P ) 1 # § ¥ t A© A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) A ‘ P P List of clusters ... ... ... ... ...
) 3 6 # P ) # ‘ ) A 6 P B A P ) 1 # § ¥ ) y P ) 3 6 #
wY%4%U22F¨%TIH’7¨D£7%%F¨˜¨%W4˜%4YI%1
”“ × ) P ) A # y # # P ) f ) § 3 A 3 ) P “ 3 # # 3 ) 3 6 #
•’2¨%e%ˆII%F‚F%07%$Igc™¨ec45TA ICI54—F%4YI%1 Indexes on predicates