2. 1.
1 Introduction
A design approach for a speculative LAB building to
optimize the green component related to MEP and
associated architectural components
2 Alternatives (slides 55-64) are also included to give
some flexibility on first cost and fast track construction
construction.
3. 1.1
1 1 Building Layout
The building layout is basically a combination of
office and open LAB with an approximate 50/50%
ratio.
5-Storey Building with 1000 m2 (GFA) per floor
4. 1.2
1 2 Building Base Assumptions
LAB load is 150 W/m2 all inclusive (except envelope load).
Office area is Conference Room intense (load shifting)
Max Energy Intensity
Biological Lab = 2500MJ/m2
Office = 500MJ/m2
5. 1.3
1 3 Life Cycle Costing
A major impact on life cycle costing will be the
Electrical Tariff and hours of operation and
p
corporate policy on Total Cost of Ownership
and Life Cycle p
y period to be included.
6. 1.4
1 4 BOD Assumptions
BOD Office LAB
Min 4
ACH code
Max 6
Min 20 20
T in C
Max 26 26
Min 30 30
RH (%)
Max 60 60
Selection for ACB on 26 C & 50 %
7. 3.
3 Design Approach Overview
Active Chilled Beams with Primary AHU on Roof
A ti Chill d B ith P i R f
Office Roof AHU with Total Energy Wheel (Sensible & Latent)
High Temperature Chilled Water (14 C for AHU @ 16 C for ACB)
Closed Circuit Cooling Tower with Free Cooling Option or Hybrid
Cooling Tower.
g
LAB Roof AHU with sensible HR only. Alternatively 3 A wheel for
non Fume Hood Exhaust
Chiller with VFD
Others
8. 3.1
3 1 HVAC Design Approach - Primary Air
Primary AHU – Office with Total Energy Wheel (if
sufficient return airflow is available based on
pressurization scheme) )
9. 3.1
3 1 HVAC Design Approach – Primary Air
Primary AHU – LAB (Heat Pipe should be controllable type)
Heat pipe control is achieved through the use of multiple solenoid valves Only
valves.
recommended if light load does exist occasionally that would require re-heat
otherwise.
10. 3.1
3 1 HVAC Design Approach – Primary Air
Primary AHU – LAB (Optional) 3A wheel with molecular sieve desiccant coating for non Fume Hood/BSC
and other special LAB Exhaust)
Independently certified wheel performance.
Equal latent and sensible heat transfer
transfer.
Highest effectiveness for given size equipment.
Virtually no cross-contamination (independently certified to be less than 0.04 percent).
Field adjustable purge section.
Wheel independently certified to pass NFPA 90A requirements for flame spread and smoke generation
based upon ASTM E84 fire test method.
Molecular sieve heat wheels have been installed in many laboratory facilities from a multiple-story medical
research f ilit to an animal virology laboratory to hospitals. Cooling requirements h
h facility t i l i l l b t t h it l C li i t have b
been reduced by h lf
d d b half
and heating and humidification requirements by more than two-thirds
NEED TO SEPARATE FUME HOOD AND GENERAL LAB EXHAUST – BENEFITS WOULD BE
HUGE
11. 3.1
3 1 HVAC Design Approach – Primary Air
Primary LAB AHU – Energy Recovery (evaluate bypass
benefits/penalty as it relates to added fan energy and
energy recovery @ outside air conditions) )
12. 3.
3 HVAC Design Approach – Primary Air
Primary AHU – LAB Exhaust
13. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – Lab/Office HVAC
Interior Zone Cooling with Active Chilled Beams (2-Pipe
and 2-way discharge)
14. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Perimeter Option 1 Zone Cooling-Heating with 4-pipe Fan
Terminals with integrated Slot Diffusers
Perimeter slot that automatically changes the air discharge pattern to the correct position for
heating and cooling, and allows 100% of the supply air to be utilized in either application. Auto-
changeover of air direction from cooling to heating can achieve room set-point significantly faster
than typical systems
systems.
15. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Perimeter Option 2 Active Chilled Beams 4-Pipe
One Way Discharge
17. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Humidification – Option 1
Ultrasonic (additional advantage of adiabatic cooling effect if high internal
load exists that requires cooling during humidification). Electric Energy
humidification)
consumption = 7% of electric steam
19. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Humidification – Option 3
Gas to Steam
20. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Heating – Option 1 (if no central hot water or steam is
available)
Gas or Oil Fired
21. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
Heating – Option 2 (if no central hot water or steam is available)
Air to Water Heat Pumps (can also be stand-by for cooling in case of 1 Chiller out of order).
Normally heating will not be an issue in the LAB (except warm-up after shut-down)
22. 3.2 Design Approach – Fume Hood Options
g pp p
Option CAV VAV HP
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Fume High Performance Low
Type Conventional Fume Hood
Hood Flow Fume Hood
0.2/0.3m/s (40/60fpm)
0.5m/s (100fpm) @ all sash 457mm (18") sash
0.5m/s (100fpm) @ full open sash
Working Principle
position
positions with help of opening using
sophisticated control system
ad a ced
advanced
aerodynamic designs
Initial cost Low High Medium
Running Cost Very High Low Low
Ease of installation,
commissioning and Easy Difficult Easy
maintenance
25. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
LAB Option 3: High Performance Hood (CAV
recommended for LCC)
26. 3.2
3 2 Design Approach – LAB Office HVAC
LAB Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)
The design of the BSC exhaust system must consider the static pressure of the cabinet with
dynamic filter loading over time. This static pressure value, generally assumed to be twice the
initial pressure drop for the new (unloaded) HEPA filters provides for a reasonable life of the
filters,
HEPA filter(s). Therefore, the initial balance point for the exhaust is set at twice the initial
pressure drop that is actually required.
The same exhaust air system can be used for laboratories, chemical fume hoods, and BSCs.
This provides an energy-efficient cost-effective installation of back-up exhaust fans. Exhaust for
energy-efficient, fans
these cabinets may be singly vented or manifolded with other biological safety cabinets.
However, when biological safety cabinets are ducted into manifolded constant-volume or VAV
systems, the cabinets must be isolated from system airflow fluctuations and static pressure
changes.
30. 3.3
3 3 Design Approach – Solar Radiation
East-West Side
Up to 50% Electro-chromic Windows
SHGC (tinted): 0.09
U-Value: 1.6 w/m2 K
VT: 62%
31. 3.3
3 3 Design Approach – Solar Radiation
North-South Side (recommended as “long” side)
long
glazing unit combines two optically clear films internally suspended between two lites of
clear, tinted or reflective glass to create three insulating air spaces. This results in the
highest glazing unit R-values (between R-4 0 and 7 1) without reliance on inert gas fills
R-4.0 7.1) fills.
eliminates perimeter
heating
h i
32. 3.3
3 3 Design Approach – Solar Radiation
South Side
Architecturally integrated design options (examples)
Overhangs & Setbacks
Vertical fins
Exterior Blinds
33. 3.4
3 4 Design Approach - Roof
Roof (Extensive Type)
Green Roof
U-Value: 0.2 / 2
U V l 0 2 w/m2 K
34. 3.5
3 5 Design Approach - Cooling
Part Load Selection COP
Chiller COP Chilled Water Leaving 14 C
Condenser entering water 32 C
Chillers with VFD 100% 7.01
7 01
(2 x 500 kW Part Load
50% 7.69
indicative) Chilled Water Leaving 14 C
Condenser entering water 28 C
COP: 7 to 15 100% 8.28
Part Load
Condenser water 50% 9.69
reset Chilled Water Leaving 14 C
Condenser entering water 24 C
100% 9.91
Part Load
50% 12.77
Chilled Water Leaving 14 C
Condenser entering water 20 C
100% 10.44
Part Load
50% 15.85
35. COP
14 C
Basis of Typical Screw @
Design 6
32 C
100% 7.01 5.34 0.76
50% 7.69 7.68 1.00
3.5
3 5 Design Approach - Cooling 14 C
COP
Basis of Typical
28 C Design Screw @ 6
100% 8.28 6.12 0.74
Chiller COP Comparison 50% 9.69
COP
7.75 0.8
(
(recommendation to run 14 C
Basis f
B i of Typical S
T i l Screw @
Chillers in parallel is more
Design 6
24 C
100% 9.91 7.00 0.71
efficient than using one large
g g 50% 12.77 7.83 0.61
Chiller – compare 1 x 100 and 14 C
COP
2 x 50%.
Basis of Typical Screw @
Design 6
20 C
100% 10.44 8.03 0.77
50% 15.85 7.9 0.49
Screw Chiller is water cooled
flooded type. Air Cooled Chiller
COP will have a 0.4 to 0.6 factor
36. 3.6
3 6 Design Approach – Cooling
Free Cooling
Closed Circuit Cooling Tower. Free Cooling can be enabled at 12-
14 C WB. That is an additional benefit of HT Chilled Water Design
37. 3.6
3 6 Design Approach – Cooling
Cooling Tower – Option 1 – Closed Circuit
Cooling Tower with VFD Free cooling operation without the need for an
intermediate heat exchanger: Chiller turned off
Dry operation: Conserve water and treatment chemicals, prevent icing and plume
38. 3.6
3 6 Design Approach – Cooling
Cooling Tower – Option 2 - Hybrid
Cooling Tower with VFD Free cooling operation without the need for an
intermediate heat exchanger: Chiller turned off (Need to check load profile as it
relates to ambient to ensure dry operation meets load at any given ambient in
addition to increased Primary Air Capacity of ACB).
y p y )
Combined operation
Adiabatic operation
Dry
D operation
ti
41. 3.8
3 8 Design Approach - Interior Options
Interior Partitions (daylight)
Montage panels fitted with fluted glass make natural
daylight accessible to more than 90% of employees.
42. 3.8
3 8 Design Approach – Interior Options
Interior Partitions – Conference Rooms
E Glass™ panels mounted in hollow frame extrusions
to visually and audibly isolate the conference rooms
from the lobby or perimeter
44. 3.9
3 9 Design Approach - Noise
Noise
Approach
- Envelope by others
- No sound creating components (fans/pumps etc) in
building except Perimeter Fan Terminals
- Proper duct design (sizing, sound attenuation/regeneration)
(sizing
- Interior Design
45. 3.10
3 10 Design Approach – Control Optimization
Controls Optimization
- Supply Air Reset in airside “free cooling” season Possible
free cooling season.
down to 10 C with ACB is an additional benefit of ACB.
Primary air capacity will double at 10 C (basically a free
cooling effect)
46. 3.10
3 10 Design Approach – Control Optimization
Controls Optimization
- Condenser Water Reset (4-5 C above WB) Important for
WB).
VDF Chiller to achieve maximum efficiency benefits. On
Standard Chillers there will be limits on how low to reset
(minimum lift).
47. 3.10
3 10 Design Approach – Control Optimization
Controls Optimization
- Chilled Water Reset (up to 16 C)
48. 3.11
3 11 Design Approach – Electrical
Power Factor Design
- VFD Screw Chiller can have factory installed Power Factor
Correction Capacitor (0.95)
50. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Typical Usage in LABS Office
51. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Laboratory Equipment Water Use
Use closed-loop cooling water for equipment cooling instead of open-loop
p g q p g p p
(once through).
Use non-potable water sources.
non potable
Use vacuum pumps instead of aspirator fittings at cold-water faucets. One
way to discourage this is to specify the use of non-threaded faucets, unless
faucets
threaded faucets are required for other laboratory functions
52. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Process Water Efficiency
Treat process wastewater so that is can be down-cycled for use
down cycled
in cooling towers, etc (example AHU condensate)
Work with scientists and researchers to modify process to
reduce water use (if feasible and does not interfere with
science).
53. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Process Water Efficiency
Autoclave
Autoclaves use the steam of water to sterilize and heat-treat laboratory
equipment in many labs. To produce the steam, water is raised to extremely high
temperatures. This leftover water is condensed at very high temperatures.
However, water cannot be discharged at 80C. Thus, chilled water should be used
to mix with the hot water so the final water temperature is at 50 C. Chilled water
should not run continuously through the system, regardless of whether or not the
autoclave was on and producing hot water. The system should be designed and
programmed so that the chilled water only enters when needed.
54. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Process Water Efficiency
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) water is used f many llaboratory experiments. T
R O i (R O ) t i d for b t i t To
make the R.O. water, each laboratory that has its own R.O. water system is very
water intensive. The R.O. purification process is very wasteful; for every liter of
R.O.
R O water made 9 more liters are wasted To conserve water the system can
made, wasted. water,
be looped so that the discarded water is recycled back into the machine, and
processed again.
Another R.O. related conservation effort can be to use the discarded water as
non-potable water in other laboratories. Uses for non-potable water include the
taps within the laboratories or as cooling water for the autoclaves. This water can
also used to flush toilets.
56. 3.12
3 12 Design Approach – Water Conservation
Others
See Supplement 5
57. 4.
4 Design Approach – Next Steps
Customer to confirm period to be considered for TCO evaluation
Finalize Envelope Load
Finalize Plug-Load Summary. Customer to advise diversity to be used based
on their previous experience.
Finalize Min-Max Load profile for each room (zone)
Operating hours to be provided by customer in addition to any N+1
requirements.
Perform TCO calculation for the Basic Design Approach (including Energy
Modeling to include load profile as it relates to ambient DB and WB
incl de WB.
Review Value Engineering Options (example: deleting Green Roof, EC windows
etc)
Review Alternative Systems options
options.
58. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Office & LAB
Digital Hybrid System or Variable Refrigerant Systems
DHS (64 HP max) VRV (54 HP max)
59. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Office & LAB
Digital Hybrid System or Variable Refrigerant Systems
Cassette units were feasible (draft) and ducted units were air
distribution is critical for rooms with high loads (CR’s and LAB
Areas)
60. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Office & LAB
Digital Hybrid System or Variable Refrigerant Systems
Optional Heat Recovery (3 pipe) (suitable for LAB with high internal
load and adjacent office with perimeter heating load)
61. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Office & LAB
Digital Hybrid System vs. Variable Refrigerant Systems
Efficiency comparison (based on manufacturer of DHS - no
guarantee by the author of this document in its accuracy).
62. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 Option 1
1-
DHS or VRV with separate DOAS System. Packaged Heat Pump
Rooftop with Hot Gas Reheat for dehumidification and 0 return
Air. Only recommended if light load does exist occasionally that
would require re-heat otherwise.
Radial flow Diffusers
63. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Option 2
DHS or VRV with separate DOAS System for LAB and Office
combined. Packaged Heat Pump Rooftop with Wheel for total &
sensible recovery. Only recommended if clean exhaust is not more
than 50%
Max 30,000 m3/h
64. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1 – Option 3
DHS or VRV with separate DOAS System for LAB and Office
combined. Packaged Heat Pump Rooftop with Wheel for total &
sensible recovery. Only recommended if clean exhaust is not more
than 25%
Max 15,000 m3/h
65. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1
DOAS Control
Office/ Conference Rooms: Co2 LAB: VAV
66. 5.
5 Design Approach – Alternate 1
Energy Recovery – Office only (with option 1 separate LAB unit)
Office/ Conference Rooms DOAS Unit with Total Energy Wheel if
air balance (supply : exhaust) does warrant such feature.
67. 6.
6 Design Approach – Alternate 2
Air Cooled Chiller to replace Water Cooled System in Slides 30 -
35 optional with VFD
