1. Literature Survey……Beginning
of Research Study
PRESENTED BY:
Ms. Rewathi. R. Shiledar
GUIDED BY:
Dr. Urmila. M. Aswar
Sinhgad Institute Of Pharmacy , Narhe, Pune
M. Pharm Semester I
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
2. CONTENTS
• WHAT IS LITERATURE SURVEY?
• GOAL OF LITERATURE SURVEY
• PROCEDURE FOR LITERATURE SURVEY
• TYPES OF SOURCES
• WHERE TO SEARCH?
• HOW TO SEARCH?
• IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE SURVEY
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3. WHAT IS LITERATURE SURVEY?
• Documentation
• Comprehensive review of published and unpublished work
• Evaluation of significant research materials
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4. GOAL OF LITERATURE SURVEY
• Bring the reader up to date with current literature on a
topic.
• Forms the basis for another goal, such as future
research.
• Basis for practical work. (Kothari, 2004)
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5. PROCEDURE FOR LITERATURE
SURVEY
1.Select the sources.
2. Search for the existing literature in your area of
study.
3. Review and analyze the collected literature.
4. Organize them in a logical sequence.
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8. PRIMARY SOURCES
CONSIST OF:
• Original studies and reports in journals, monographs and
published conference proceedings and symposia.
WHEN TO SEARCH?
• When current information is required.
• Newly published data are needed.
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9. SECONDARY SOURCES
CONSIST OF:
• Bibliographies, abstracting services and indexing services.
WHEN TO SEARCH?
• Topic is new enough.
• Extensive or detailed information is needed.
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10. TERTIARY SOURCES
CONSIST OF:
• Books, Dictionaries and encyclopedias.
WHEN TO SEARCH?
• When basic information on topics such as pharmaceutics,
analytical methods, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology, or
drug interactions is required. (Bowman et al, 2006)
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14. BOOKS
• Central part of any bibliography.
• Provide authentic and time tested facts about the subject.
• Limitation: Latest information only superficially explained.
EXAMPLES:
1. Remington: ”The science and practice of pharmacy”.
2. Goodman and Gilman’s ,“ The pharmacologic basis of
Therapeutics”
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15. Is a comprehensive guide to
the uses, properties and
safety of pharmaceutical
excipients
"Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients"
http://www.freeebook4u.net/2011/03/handbook-of-pharmaceutical-excipients.html
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16. Encyclopedia of
Pharmaceutical Technology
Presents up-to-date
contributions by leading
international authorities in all
areas of drugs and drug
delivery systems.
http://catalogue.informahealthcare.com/pjbp/products/10001040598
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17. OFFICIAL BOOKS
• United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)/National Formulary
(NF)
• British Pharmacopoeia
• Indian Pharmacopoeia
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18. United States
Pharmacopoeia: (USP)
Official pharmacopoeia of
the United States,
published dually with the
National Formulary as the
USP-NF.
http://just-free-download-now.blogspot.com/2007/07/usp-nf-2007-united-states.html
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19. “British
Pharmacopoeia”:
Is the authoritative
collection of standards for
UK medicines and is an
essential reference for
anyone involved in
pharmaceutical R and D,
manufacture, testing and
regulation.
http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/
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20. Indian Pharmacopoeia:
The set of standards for all
drugs are published under
the title Indian
Pharmacopoeia (IP) which
historically follows from the
British Pharmacopoeia.
http://bookwellpublication.blogspot.com/2010/09/indian-pharmacopoeia-2010-3-vols-set.html
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22. JOURNALS
• Primary sources of latest information.
JOURNALS IMPACT
FACTOR
1. CLINICAL RESEARCH 58.2862
2. ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY 49.5093
3. NATURE 27.0741
4. ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY 19.0020
5. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 8.20570
6. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 4.75217
7. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 0.9380
8. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 0.3030
SCI® Journal Citation Reports®: A Bibliometric Analysis of Science Journals in the ISI®
database. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information, Inc.®; 1993.
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23. •Official publication of the Association of
Microbiologists of India.
•Publishes full-length papers, short
communication reviews and mini reviews
on all aspects of microbiological research.
•Areas of special interest include
agricultural, food, environmental,
industrial, medical, pharmaceutical,
veterinary and molecular microbiology.
IMPACT FACTOR = 0.938 (2010)
INDIAN JOURNAL OF
MICROBIOLOGY
http://www.springer.com/biomed/pharmaceutical+science/journal/11095
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25. EXAMPLES OF ONLINE JOURNALS:
• International Journal of Medical Sciences
• Journal of Cell Biology
• Human Molecular Genetics
• International Journal of Pharmaceutics
• Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Indian Journal of Pharmacology
• Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
• Pharmacognosy Journal
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26. •Official organ of the Indian
Pharmacological Society.
•It publishes original research
articles, reviews, research letters and
correspondences.
•Is indexed with Abstracts on Hygiene
and Communicable Diseases.
IMPACT FACTOR = 0.303 (2010)
INDIAN JOURNAL OF
PHARMACOLOGY
http://www.ijp-online.com/
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28. DATABASE
• A database is an organized collection of data for one or
more purposes, usually in digital form.
• First choice to consult for locating pharmaceutical literature.
• Examples:
MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBM,IOWA Drug Information System,
IPA, Phytochemical and Ethno botanical Databases.
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29. MEDLINE
• Produced by US National Library of Medicine.
• Contains journal citations and abstracts for biomedical
literature from around the world.
• Coverage of 3900 highly regarded journals.
• Pub Med®, Internet Grateful Med (IGM) provides free
access.
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31. EMBASE
• Is highly regarded online medical database
• Provided by Elsevier
• Enables tracking and precise retrieval of drug adverse events
• Covers over 7,600 biomedical journals from 90 countries
• Available online through a number of database vendors
(Dialog, Ovid)
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33. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
• Produced by American Chemical Society’s Chemical
Abstracts Service (CAS) in Columbus, Ohio.
• Contains millions of abstracts from journals, patents,
technical reports, books, conference proceedings, and
dissertations.
• It is structure searching and allows one to draw the
chemical structure of a substance and to search from
that.
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34. BIOSIS Previews
• Is online version of Biological Abstracts and the
BioResearch Index.
• Produced by BIOSIS (Philadelphia).
• Covers the literature of the life sciences including pre-
clinical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
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36. The Merck Index is an
encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs,
and biologicals that contains more
than 10,000 monographs. Each
monograph in this authoritative
reference source, is a concise
description of a single substance or
a small group of closely related
compounds.
The Merck Index
http://www.chipsbooks.com/merck14.htm
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37. WELL KNOWN PUBLISHERS
• Wiley
• Marcel Dekker
• CRS Press
• Taylor and Francis
• Informa Healthcare
• Elsevier
• Pharmaceutical Press
• Springer
• Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
• Sage
• Mary Ann Liebert
• Dover
• Medknow
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57. HOW TO SEARCH?
STEPS:
1. Familiarize with the scholarly journal specific to a field.
2. Identify the key words of your topic.
3. Select and search appropriate databases. (Reed,1998)
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58. STEP 3: Review and analyze the
collected literature.
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61. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE SURVEY.
• Brings clarity and focus to your research problem.
• Reveals investigations similar to ones own.
• Reveals relation of study to historical research.
• Improves one’s methodology.
• Avoids sterile approaches that past research has shown to be
futile.
• Introduction to important research personalities.
• Novelty of one’s work is achieved.
• Revelation to various journals or resources where a researcher
can think of publishing his own work. (Borg and Gall,1989)
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62. REFERENCES
1. Best JW, Kahn JV, Research in Education. 9th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Education. Inc; 2003.p.32-5
2. Bowman LA, Adams MS, Christopher A . Information Resources in
Pharmacy and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. In: Troy DB editor.
Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy.21st ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.p.64-73
3. Borg WR, Gall MD. Review of Literature. [online] 1999 [cited 2011 Nov 2].
Available from: URL:
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/Ed690DR/Grading/LiteratureReview.html
4. http://www.serialspublications.com/journals1.asp?jid=559 [cited 2011 Nov
4]
5. http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0311/msg00072.html
[cited 2011 Nov 8]
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63. 6. http://www.world-newspapers.com/pharmacy.html [cited 2011 Nov 15]
7. http://jocpr.com/ [cited 2011 Nov 18]
8. Kothari CR, Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. 2nd ed. New
Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers; 2004.p.13,28
9. Muirhead B. Research Advise for Today’s Online Doctoral Students. United
States Distance Learning Association Journal [online] 2002 [cited 2011 Nov
26]; 16 (6) [5 screens]. Available from: URL:
http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/JUN02_Issue/article03.html
10. Randolph JJ. A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review. Practical
Assessment, Research and Evaluation [online] 2009 [cited 2011 Nov 28]; 14
(13) [13 screens]. Available from: URL: http://pareonline.net/pdf/v14n13.pdf
11. Reed, L. E. Performing a Literature Review. [report] California: Naval Air
Warfare Center Weapons Division at China Lake; 1998
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http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/JUN02_Issue/article03.html USFDA JOURNAL
Reed, L. E. (1998 November). Performing a literature review. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, 1998 (FIE '98). Tempe, AZ.
Ref:
Ref: Dr. Kirti Gupta, 2010, Research Methodology : Tools and Analysis, Nirali Prakashan, First Edition, p.1.27
Ref: Dawson, Catherine, 2002, Practical Research Methods, New Delhi, UBS
Publishers’Distributors
REF:
Saurez-Almazor ME, Belseck E, Homik J, et al. Control Clin Trials 2000; 21:476
REF Booth, Wayne C. and Gregory G. Colomb and Joseph
M. Williams, 1995. The Craft of Research. Chicago: The
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Ref: Robert Ferber and P.J. Verdoorn, Research Methods in Economics and Business, p.33-34.
Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1989). Educational Research (5th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman Inc.
Justus J. Randolph, A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review; Practical Assesment, Research and Evaluation, Volume 14, Number 13, June 2009
Leedy, P. D. & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merill/Prentice Hall.
