This document interprets patterns found in crop circles based on the author's knowledge of spacecraft that harvest energy from the perfield. Complex crop circle patterns can be explained by the geometric design requirements for objects responding to the perfield. Basic shapes like spheres and pyramids produce strong responses. Larger spacecraft connect discrete modules with wire frames to balance power generation, weight, and space. Later crop circles show increasing complexity that aligns with technological developments in constructing large wire frame structures for spacecraft. While crop circles cannot reveal all design details, their patterns provide some insights into the nature and evolution of perfield-powered craft.
2. ERIC
INTERPRETATION OF CROP CIRCLE PATTERNS
Brian Tunstall
Key words: Perfield
Abstract
Diagrams and images of selected crop circle patterns are interpreted in relation knowledge of
design requirements for the development of a strong response to the perfield.
Introduction
Many have addressed crop circles patterns and all attempt to interpret observations relative to a
favoured theory. While the theories have little substantive basis the observations are real.
Hoaxes aside, all involve geometric shapes, often in recurring patterns with scales changing
similarly to fractals.
This interpretation of crop circles is based on their being produced by spacecraft powered by
energy obtained from the perfield. This conclusion derives from the relationship between the
design requirements for devices that response to the perfield, and crop circle patterns and
descriptions of ‘flying saucers’. Many observed characteristics of crop circles and spacecraft
are essential to producing a strong response to the perfield.
Interpretations in this report are substantively based on information not available to others and
no attempt is made to justify what is presented. Comprehension of the information will largely
depend on details on the perfield and devices for its measurement to be presented elsewhere
which provides information of the nature of the power source.
Cautious Approach
Many crop circles are now man made and represent hoaxes. The requirement to only address
those produced by spacecraft can be partially addressed by considering ancillary ground
observations, as with magnetic fields. It can also be partially addressed by knowledge of the
shape constraints to objects that can harvest energy from the perfield. However, aspects of
harmonics associated with energy waves limit the ability to uniquely identify that a circle is a
direct consequence of a propulsion source of a spacecraft.
Fine structure in intricate crop circles can derive through harmonics. That is, while the power
unit directly produces a simple pattern this pattern can be repeated and otherwise modified
through a harmonic response. Separation of the main effect from the harmonics is invariably
difficult with intricate patterns as the causal effect can be geometrically split.
Fractal geometry is often applied to such patterns as it can provide a simple means of
describing complex patterns that recur at different scales. However, the reason for the
recurring patterns relates to physical processes. Fractals provide a simple a means of
mathematically describing the patterns but do not identify cause.
3. Given the constraints that arise due to harmonics the approach taken is to start with the simple
and progress to the complex.
Perfield and Spacecraft Design
Differences in responses of materials and shapes can be used to design structures having
particular responses to the perfield. With spacecraft the body is the source of power as it
harvests energy from the perfield1. The shape of the craft and the type of materials are
designed to produce desired responses where the amount of power depends critically on the
shape, arrangement and selection of materials.
Many basic geometric shapes produce strong perfielders such as spheres, cubes and pyramids.
With all shapes the proportions between different elements are critical. For example, the
height of a pyramid should be just greater than the width of the square base. Common
proportions are half, thirds, and two thirds, either being equal to or just bigger/smaller than.
The design requirements for perfielders depend on the structural form of the elements, which
can be conveniently but not accurately identified as comprising 1, 2 and 3 dimensional objects.
1D objects are rods or wire frames, 2D objects are flat similarly to plant leaves, and 3D objects
are effectively solid. Each has its own set of requirements or rules for construction.
Moreover, there are complex requirements when combining different structural elements into a
single structure. Trees, for example, have 2D leaves attached to 1D twigs which attach to 3D
trunks. They can also have 3D fruit attached via 1D stems.
Each element of a tree is responsive, and the combined response is much greater than given by
the sum of the components. However, achieving a high combined response depends on
appropriate connections between the elements. This has resulted in plants having well defined
morphological forms, and characteristic structures such as petioles.
Exact definitions cannot be given because things are relative rather than absolute. Whether
something is 1D, 2D or 3D can depend on size and/or the relative proportions of different
dimensions. The penchant for exact measurement that characterises current science is
inappropriate when addressing perfielder designs.
Most features of ‘flying saucers’ that relate to perfield associated propulsion will be addressed
elsewhere. However, one that is always mentioned is critical, the occurrence of a smooth
polished surface. As with other aspects of construction the rules are complex, but all surfaces
should be highly polished and, with simple designs, be flat or smoothly curved.
The design requirements for perfielders are very complex, particularly when composed of
multiple elements. The probability of those requirements being met by chance in crop circle
patterns and other features is highly remote.
1
This is a poor representation but an improvement depends on describing the likely associated physics
4. Patterns Within Crop Circles
The circular patterns in snow (Fig 1) are more detailed than provided in crops and are
consistent in scale with banding observed with the perfield. However, the banding with the
perfield is linear and three dimensional while the banding with the pattern in Fig. 1 is circular
with no information on the vertical dimension.
Concentric banding within crops is seldom as detailed as in Fig. 1 but can still be clear (Fig.
2). Banding is not apparent in the very small crop circle in Fig. 3, however, the pattern of
flattened stems is not random. An extreme of this situation is illustrated in Fig. 4 where the
bent stems are interlaced on a scale equivalent to the banding in Figs. 1 & 2.
Plant stems flattened within crop circles are characteristically bent at nodes (Fig. 5). The
stems do not break and perennial plants so impacted continue to grow. The change does not
eliminate their functionality. Impact at nodes can also be manifest as what have been termed
expulsion cavities as they are thought to arise through the rapid expulsion of gasses (Fig. 6).
Various physical measurements have been taken at crop circle sites. The most consistent
result appears to be the development of a magnetic field which is strongest within the circles
(Fig. 7).
5. Fig. 1 ‘Crop’ circle
produced in
snow.
Fig. 2 Concentric banding in a crop circle.
Fig. 3 Small crop circle.
Fig. 4 Interlacing stems
within a crop circle.
6. Fig. 5 Bent stems.
Fig. 6 Expulsion cavity at
stem node.
Fig. 7 Magnetic variation map
encompassing crop circles.
7. Patterns of Crop Circles
Key Shape Characteristics
For single objects the potential shapes are spheres, cones, triangles (tetrahedra), square
pyramids and octahedra, and vortex spirals. The shape described for flying saucers derives
from a sphere and this is by far the most aerodynamic of the appropriate geometric shapes. It
is basically a flattened sphere where the depth of top is slightly less than for the bottom (Fig.
8).
Effective shapes can be produced as solids, wire frame structures, or a combination of both. It
appears that the solid objects can be arranged at the corners of wire frame structures as well as
along them.
Basic pattern
Early observations of crop circles were for small craft and represented a single circle. Current
arrangements for small craft are as in Fig. 9 where there are two outriggers. A larger more
complex unit has four outriggers where the directions of rotation can differ between circles
(Fig. 10).
One explanation for the small outriggers is that ancillary power units are used to increase
stability with small craft. Another is that small power outlets arranged around the perimeter of
flying saucers needed for directional control have been disbanded in favour of the outriggers.
Outriggers can provide directional control as well as stability.
The pattern in Fig. 5 effectively represents three circles arranged on the corners of a triangular
wire frame. The interpretation of the Bradbury crop triangle (Fig. 6) shows a more complex
pattern of a central circle connected to three outriggers. Each outrigger has a different shape
but all are based on circles. One circle is likely a straight circle, one a segmented circle, and
the other effectively has a compressed helical vortex similar to with cone shells
Large Craft
There appears to be a physical limit to the size of single object relating to the power to weight
ratio. Large spacecraft appear to be formed by combining discrete units. Effectively, separate
craft are linked using a wire frame structure where the wire frame is integral to developing
power.
A wire frame structure gives maximum power for minimum weight but a solid shape is needed
to provide useable space. The design of large spacecraft connects several discrete solid
modules using wire frames to balance the power, weight, and usable space. Power is collected
by the frame connecting the solid modules as well as by the modules. As with trees, the
combined response is much greater than the sum of the component parts.
Currently there is no definitive way of knowing the extent to which wire frames produce crop
patterns. Electromagnetic readings indicate that the effect of a frame on the ground is much
less than for solid units, but the magnetic effect on crops can apparently still be large. Output
from the wire frame, other than from specific points such as corners, appears to be magnetic
and its effect on crops would then depend strongly on proximity.
8. Fig. 8 Vertical section for the correct
shape of a ‘flying saucer’.
Fig. 9 Crop pattern for a small craft, Fig. 10 Crop pattern for a small craft
Holland 2007. Single with four outriggers.
direction of rotation. Multiple rotations.
Fig. 11 Circular patterns at the corners of Fig. 12 Interpretation of the
a triangle. The circles are Bradbury triangular pattern
connected by straight lines
9. In Fig. 13 four lines of 2 circles connect back to a centre ring. With this structure it is cannot
be known whether it is two or three dimensional. The lack crop compression of in the centre
part of the ring indicates a different arrangement from the prior units. Fig. 14 is a variant of
the arrangement in Fig. 13 that increases the usable space by way of solid shapes but at a cost
of reduced power.
Fig. 13 Four arms radiating from a central ring each having two
circles of reducing size.
Fig. 14 Crop circle involving two
groups of 4 circles
linearly connected to a
centre ring.
10. Fig. 15 illustrates a design constraint of wire frames whereby a thick wire will respond
similarly to a solid shape and thereby loose the benefits of a wire frame. There is a limit to the
diameter of the rods that can be used in a wire frame structure, and those in Fig. 15 are close to
the limit. The mechanical constraint associated with this maximum diameter limits the length
of separation of solid parts in horizontally aligned structures. Early development of wire
frames employed triangular sections to connect solid circles because of the mechanical
advantage, as with the crop circle image named the tree of life (Fig. 15).
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
Fig. 15 Crop circle image named the tree of life.
Distortions due to parallax make the structural form difficult to interpret but the core is a
modified square pyramid having a ridge rather than point at the top. The circles labeled 1 lie
at the corners of the square base, and the circles labeled 2 lie at the ends of the ridge.
The circles labeled 3 form the peak of tetrahedrons each having one ‘2 circles’ and two ‘1
2 1
circles’ at the corners of the base. The two unlabeled circles increase the power of the pyramid
while increasing the strength of the structure. From observations on models the height of each
tetrahedron would be around 1.3 times the base and the height of the pyramid around 1.1 times
the base.
Fig. 16 provides information on the relative sizes of the solid shapes and their separation
distance. The spheres progressively decrease in size in proportions of .36 to .375. This is just
slightly less than a 2/3 reduction in each step. The progression with the lengths of the arms is
less clear. The lengths of the segments are 0.33, 0.15 and 0.5 the diameter of the main circle.
The final segment is 1/3 the length of the preceding segment but the middle segment is only
0.23 the length of the first segment. A two third reduction is common to all but one step.
This configuration developed considerable power when constructed using spheres and rods.
11. The vortex arrangement in Fig. 17 is a 6 spiral vortex composed of 6 arms rotating through
360 degrees. The bases and tops of the arms attach to or combine to form circles but their
mode of attachment is not clear from the image. The diameter of the center circle is just less
than one third that of the large circle. Current knowledge does not allow speculation on even
the most basic aspects of this pattern in terms of the form of construction.
Fig. 16 Six linear arrays of crop
circles linearly connected to Fig. 17 Vortex comprising six spirals.
a large centre circle.
The most effective simple vortex spiral tested has 4 spirals. The vortex in Fig. 18 is close to
this with around 3.75 spirals in a single arm. The accuracy of the representation is unknown
but the spacing between spirals should decrease towards the centre and not be constant as
indicated. Reasons for the circles on the arms of the vortex are unknown.
Fig. 16 could represent a very complex arrangement of circular units in modified vortex spiral
given the linear arrangement of small circles about the large central circles (the circles on the
lines sum to 4 when the central circle is counted) but it may also involve resonance.
Fig. 18 Vortex arrangement of crop Fig. 19 Complex arrangement of spirally
circles with four spirals. linked crop circles.
12. DISCUSSION
Characteristic changes that occur within crop circles include the bending of plant stems when
there is no known means of implementing such bending. Also, areas containing such bending
develop a strong magnetic field. While circles can be formed in crops by humans they cannot
replicate the bending, and they would have considerable difficulty achieving the observed
changes in the magnetic field.
Despite the scant knowledge of the design requirements for devices responsive to the perfield
(perfielders) the crop circle patterns yield information on the nature of the craft. The limited
knowledge is sufficient for it to be clear that the shapes are responsive in allowing the
structures to derive energy from the perfield. However, while crop circle patterns can be used
to identify aspects of different forms of structures, they cannot be used to identify details on
the shape, construction or materials.
The rapid expansion of developments in the complexity of crop circle patterns around the mid
1990s appears to have arisen from development of the capability to construct large, structurally
strong wire frames. The options are the use of thin walled tubes and triangulated beans. The
first step in this development involved small outriggers close to the main body of the craft.
Craft were then produced using equally sized large solid shapes connected in a three
dimensional wire frame. The most recent development, apart from the use of more intricate
wire frame shapes, appears to be the translation of three dimensional wire frame shapes to two
dimensions.
Crop circles currently do not provide information on the design of the power delivery other
than form, number, and connection of shapes, and that information is not comprehensive.
However, it is likely that with a little more knowledge on the perfield they will yield more
information.
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