5. Renal Toxicity
Distributed in the tissues having
high water content, high conc. Is
found in vitreous body and optic
nerve, hence causes optic neuritis.
6. General signs of poisoning
Odour present in breath.
Effects on CNS is well marked
7. Urine is strongly acidic and contain
acetone and trace of albumin.
Metabolic acidosis: Due to excess
of lactic acid and respiratory
depression
8. Retinal ganglion cells and optic disc
shows degenerative changes.
In fatal cases: Convulsions
Death may occur from respiratory
depression
9. Cause of death:
Death is mainly due to metabolic
acidosis resulting from production of
organic acids mainly, Formic Acid.
CNS depression leading to respiratory
depression.
10.
11. Also known as alcohol or ethyl
alcohol
Considered the same whether
beverage is wine, beer or hard liquor
Classified as a food but contains
empty calories
12. Not digested like other foods
It can go directly into the
bloodstream
Alcohol absorption throughout the GI
tract
It is quickly distributed throughout the
body
13. Can be absorbed into the
bloodstream at:
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
14. About 20% to 25% is absorbed
Factors that influence absorption:
the rate of intake
presence of food
the rate of gastric emptying
15. 75-80% is absorbed.
This absorption is extremely rapid.
17. In the cytoplasm, ADH converts
ethanol to acetaldehyde
CH3-CH2-OH + NAD+ CH3-CHO + NADH + H+
Ethanol ADH Acetaldehyde
18. In the mitochondria, acetaldehyde is
converted to acetate and in turn acetate is
converted to acetyl CoA which leads the
two-carbon molecule into the TCA cycle
CH3-CHO + NAD+ CH3-COOH + NADH + H+
Acetaldehyde ADH Acetate
19. Alternate pathway used, in addition to
ADH, when alcohol intake is excessive
End products include:
• Ethanol acetaldehyde
• NADPH + H+ NADP+
No ATP formation = Energy Wasteful
21. Central Nervous System
When intoxication occurs it affects emotional
and sensory function, judgment, memory and
learning ability
Smell and taste are dulled
Ability to withstand pain increases
Long term effects include tolerance,
dependency and irreversible damage
Brain is most affected
22. Blood
Blood-Sludging
Anemia
Weakness of bone structure
Decrease resistance to infection and
inability to fight off infections
23. Muscles
Reduced blood flow. Causing muscle weakness
and deterioration
Irregular heartbeat, sluggish heart, and muscle
aches
24. Endocrine
Sedates glands
Sexual functioning
-Low doses decrease
inhibitions
-High doses decrease
sexual functioning for
men and women
25. Acetyl salicylate
Acetylsalicylate inhibits prostaglandin
and thromboxane production by human
platelets suspended in plasma or buffer.
Acetylsalicylate inhibits arachidonate-induced
aggregation of human platelets
suspended in plasma
This compound belongs to the
phenol esters. These are aromatic
compounds containing a benzene ring
substituted by an hydroxyl group and an
ester group.
26. Absorption
Absorption is generally rapid and
complete following oral administration but may
vary according to specific salicylate used,
dosage form, and other factors such as tablet
dissolution rate and gastric or intraluminal pH.
27. Mechanism of action
Acetylsalicylic acid's antirheumatic ( anti-inflammatory)
actions are a result of its analgesic
and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
the therapeutic effects are not due to
pituitary-adrenal stimulation.
The platelet aggregation-inhibiting effect of
acetylsalicylic acid specifically involves the
compound's ability to act as an acetyl donor to
cyclooxygenase.
the nonacetylated salicylates have no
clinically significant effect on platelet aggregation.
