DR GIRI PRASAD PETROLEUM GEOLOGY.pptx

ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
WELCOME TO BOS MEMBERS
DEPT. OF PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
OCTOBER 10TH 2020
DR GIRI PRASAD REMINISETTY
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Petroleum Technology
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: hod_pt@aec.edu.in

Petroleum Geology Dr.Giri Prasad R, Associate Professor& Head, PT
Course Outcomes
At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:
2
CO 1: To Identify different source rocks and choose better one
for oil formation.
CO 2: Apply the petrophysical properties of reservoir and cap
rocks for oil retention.
CO 3: Analyze the different factors for the mechanism of oil
migration.
CO 4: Build a geological model for ideal petroleum system
CO 5: Explain the types of sedimentary basins.

Course Contents
UNIT I : Introduction & Source Rocks
UNIT II : Reservoir Rocks and Cap Rocks
UNIT III: Hydrocarbon Migration
UNIT IV: Entrapment of Hydrocarbons
UNIT V : Sedimentary Basins
3

Prerequisite
Basic
Earth
Science
Petroleu
m
Geology
4

Text Books
1. Geology of Petroleum, A.I. Levorsen,2ndEdition.
CBS, Publishers, 2006.
2. Geology for Petroleum Exploration, Drilling and
Production, Hyne, N.J, 1984
5

Introduction to Source Rock
(UNIT-I)

Unit-1 Outcomes
At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:
7
CO 1: To Identify different Source Rocks and choose better one
for oil formation.
CO 2: Apply the Petrophysical properties of Reservoir and Cap
Rocks for Oil Retention.

Contents
Definition of source rock, Nature and type of
source rocks - Claystone / shale, The process
of Diagenesis, Catagenesis and Metagenesis in
the formation of source rocks, Evaluation of
petroleum source rock potential, Limestone as
source rocks, Subsurface pressure temperature
conditions for the generation of oil and gas from
the source sediments, Oil window.
8

Definition of Source Rock and Types of
Source Rock

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, Student will be able to:
LO 1 : Source Rock Formation and Types of
Source Rocks.
10

The Origin of oil and gas
11

Source Rock Definition
Petroleum source rock is defined as the fine-grained
sediment with sufficient amount of organic matter,
which can generate and release enough
hydrocarbons to form a commercial accumulation of
oil or gas .
12

Source Rock Generation
13

Source Rock
• The amount, type and composition of petroleum
generated is dependent upon the nature and
geological history of the source rock.
• The most important parameters are the nature
of the organic matter in the source rock and its
maturity governed by its time/temperature
history.
14

Source Rock Form
• They form one of the necessary elements of a
working petroleum system.
• They are organic-rich sediments that may have
been deposited in a variety of environments
including deep water marine, lacustrine and
deltaic.
15

Source Rock Form
Subsurface source rock mapping methodologies
make it possible to identify likely zones of
petroleum occurrence in sedimentary basins as
well as shale gas plays.
16

Source Rock Form
17

Source Rock Form
18

Carbon
• Carbon has numerous ways of bonding with many other
elements, particularly oxygen and hydrogen
• It forms “organic” and “inorganic” compounds. Organic
compounds are considered unstable in the biosphere because
they are in the reduced state.
• Inorganic compounds, principally calcite and dolomite, are
stable because they are in the oxidized state.
• Carbon is contained in most substances that are vital for the
development of life (“biomolecules”): Proteins, lipids,
sacharides, etc.
19

Carbon Pools
20

Requirements for High Organic
Productivity
• Light (for photosynthesis)
• Temperature
• Nutrients
• Low turbidity
• Phytoplankton (Photosynthesizing algae)90%
• of Organic Matter in Oceans
• + Bacteria, zooplankton, fish, etc.
21

Organic Matter
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates (sugars, starch, cellulose)
• Lipids (oils, fats)
• Lignin (in plants)
• HC generation is limited by available H (reducing environment)
22

Conversion of Kerogen
23
Organic matter: 1%
• Kerogen 90%
• Bitumen 10%

Types of organic matter (kerogen types)
• The type of organic matter (kerogen) is considered the second
most important parameter in evaluating the source rock.
• The kerogen type can be differentiated by optical microscopic
or by physicochemical methods.
24

• The differences among them are related to the nature of the
original organic matter.
• The organic matter in potential source rocks must be of the
type that is capable of generating petroleum.
• It has been established that the organic matter is classified into
three classes .
25

• (types I and II) equivalent Sapropelic type.
• (type III) equivalent Humic type.
• Mixed type from the two other types equivalent (II/III or III/II).
26

• Type I: mainly oil-prone organic matter with minor gas.
• Type II: mixed oil and gas-prone organic matter.
• Type III: mainly gas-prone organic matter.
27

28

Maturation
• With increasing burial by later sediments and increase in
temperature, the kerogen within the rock begins to break down.
• This thermal degradation or cracking releases shorter chain
hydrocarbons from the original large and complex molecules
occurring in the kerogen.
29

Expulsion
• The hydrocarbons generated from thermally mature source
rock are first expelled, along with other pore fluids, due to the
effects of internal source rock over-pressuring caused by
hydrocarbon generation as well as by compaction.
• Once released into porous and permeable carrier beds or into
faults planes, oil and gas then move upwards towards the
surface in an overall buoyancy-driven process known as
secondary migration.
30

Classification on Oil Generation
• Source rocks are classified according to oil generation into
three classes :
• Immature source rocks that have not yet generated
hydrocarbons.
• Mature source rocks that are in generation phase.
• Post mature source rocks are those which have already
generated all crude oil type hydrocarbons.
31

Classification on Oil Potential
• Waples distinguished the petroleum source rocks into
• potential,
• possible,
• and effective
• Potential source rocks are immature sedimentary rocks
capable of generating and expelling hydrocarbons, if their level
of maturity were higher.
32

• Possible source rocks are sedimentary rocks whose source
potential has not yet been evaluated, but which may have
generated and expelled hydrocarbons.
33

• Effective source rocks are sedimentary rocks, which have
already generated and expelled hydrocarbons.
34

Permo-Triassic Kommugudem-
Mandapeta-Red Bed Petroleum System
– KG Basin
• Kommugudem Formation is the main source rock for this
system.
• It belongs to Artinskian (Upper Early Permian) age.
• This coal-shale unit is more than 900 m thick in the type well
Kommugudem-1.
• It has a good source rock potential with rich organic matter
with TOC ranging between 0.5 to 3% and vitrinite reflectance
in the deeper part of the basin is in the range of1.0 to 1.3.
• Generation threshold occurred during Cretaceous.
35

Late Jurassic-Cretaceous Raghavapuram-
Gollapalli-Tirupati-Razole Petroleum System
• Raghavapuram Shale of Lower Cretaceous age is
considered as the principal source rock not only for this
system but also for the onland part of the basin.
• Maximum thickness up to 1100 m is recorded in the
subsurface.
• The organic matter is dominantly of Type III and III B.
• The maturity level varies between catagenetic to
inadequately matured in different parts of the basin.
• TOC is recorded up to 2.4%. It has the proclivity for
generation of both oil and gas. 36

Palakollu-Pasarlapudi Petroleum System
• The Paleocene Palakollu Shale is the source sequence.
• TOC ranges between 0.6 to >5% and is dominantly humic
type, rich in inertinite and about 10-20% contribution is from
Type II organic matter.
37

Vadaparru Shale –Matsyapuri / Ravva
Formation-Godavari Clay Petroleum System
• Vadaparru Shale is the principal source sequence. Average
TOC for this sequence is about 4%.
• Organic matter is in the early phase of maturation in the
coastal part and increases basin ward. Organic matter is of
Type III and has potential to generate both oil and gas.
38

Cambay Basin Source Rock
• Thick Cambay Shale has been the main hydrocarbon source
rock in the Cambay Basin.
• The total organic carbon and maturation studies suggest that
shales of the Ankleshwar/Kalol formations also are organically
rich, thermally mature and have generated oil and gas in
commercial quantities.
• The same is true for the Tarapur Shale. Shales within the
Miocene section in the Broach depression might have also
acted as source rocks.
39

Summary
LO1: What is Source Rock
LO2: How it forms
LO3: How Oil and Gas Generates
LO4: Different types of Source Rocks in Indian
Basins
40

41

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