2. Externalities from road congestion Visual disutility from traffic jams, impact on local house prices Rising incidence of asthma / demand for inhalers Reduced fuel efficiency Higher transportation costs – leading to higher retail prices Lower productivity / deadweight loss of time Incidences of road rage / stress related illnesses Delays for emergency vehicles Costs of monitoring illegal parking Reduced footfall for local retailers Delays for local bus services Increased cost of road maintenance Increased demand for in-car-comforts Extra resources used up in providing air conditioning

4. Coalition policies and their impact on the economy of a local town Tuition fees and local university Financial support for local steelworks Car-scrappage scheme Mortgage interest rates and local housing market Migration caps and the local labour market Cuts in capital spending on NHS and education Privatization of air traffic control Regulation of train fares Taxes on bank profits Import tariffs and local port Changes in VAT on consumers (Mall) and also VAT for local businesses Wind farms – subsidies / feed-in tariffs Public sector pay freezes Changes to / cuts in child benefits Car Parking Levy for local businesses Fuel duty changes Tax relief on R&D, Patent Boxes QE and the local banks Policies designed to attract inward investment Stamp Duty and housing market