The study is an enquiry into An Appraisal of the Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the Performance of Electronic media

1. AN APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Mass
Communication in Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Award of a Master of Science Degree in Mass
Communication
PAGES: 114
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page …..............................……………......................................………. … i
Author’s Declaration………………………………………………………… … ii
Certification……………………………………….……………………… … … iii
Dedication ……………………………………………………………… … … iv
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….. … v
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………… … vii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………… … x
List of Figures………………………………………………………………… … xii
Abstract…… … `… … … … … … …
xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Problem… … … … … … … … 1
1.2 Statement of Problem … … … … … … … … 6
1.3 Purpose and Rationale of the Study … … … … … … 7
1.4 Objectives of the Study … … … … … … … … 8
1.5 Significance of the Study … … … … … … … … 8

2. 1.6 Research Questions … … … … … … … … 9
1.7 Scope of the Study … … … … … … … … 10
1.8 Operational Definitions … … … … … … … … 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review … … … … … … … … … 12
2.1 Definitions and Meaning of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) … … … … … … … … 13
2.2. ICTs Applications in Contemporary Mass Communication … … … 16
2.2.1. The Print Media… … … … … … … … … 16
2.3. ICTs Innovations in the Broadcast Industry … … … … … 22
2.3.1 Digital Radio … … … … … … … … … 23
2.3.2 Push Technology and Webcasting
2.4. Digital Television… … …
2.4.1. Types of Real Digital Television
2.4.2 General Types of Interactive Television
2.5. GSM as a Tool in Modern Mass Communication
2.6. Citizen Journalism as a Branch of New Mass Communication …
2.6.1. History … … … …
2.6.2 Blog … … … …
2.6.3 YouTube as Citizen Journalism
2.6.4. Face Book as Citizen Journalism
2.7. Implication of ICTs to the Practice of Contemporary
Mass Communication in Nigeria
2.7.1. Media Function … …
2.7.2 Mass Media Definition … …
2.7.3 Information Gathering … …
2.7.4 Information Storage and Data Retrieval
2.7.5 Format of Data Analysis …
2.7.6 Information Dissemination …
2.7.7. Feedback and Interaction …
2.8.1. Merits of ICTs … … …

3. 2.8.2. Demerits of ICTs … …
2.9 Empirical Studies … … …
2.10 Theoretical Frame work … …
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction … … …
3.1 Research Design … …
3.2 Instrument of Data Collection …
3.3 Population of Study … …
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques… … … … … … …

4. 3.5 Method of Data Collection… … … … … … … … 52
3.6 Pre-test and Validation of Instrument … … … … … 54
3.7 Method of Data Analysis… … … … … … … 54
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS
Preliminary analysis … … …
Summary of SPSS Evaluation of Data …
Transcript of the held interview …
Analysis of Semi Structured Interview
… … … … … … 55
… … … … … … 57
… … … … … … 91
… … … … … … 92
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION/SUMMARY/RECOMMENDATION … … 95
References … …… … … … … … … 99
Appendix 1 Questionnaire … … … … … … … 102
Appendix ii Semi Structured Interview … … … … … … 105
Appendix iii Picture of one of the Studios of the stations of Research … … 106
Appendix iv Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) Organigram … … 107
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The distribution of the population is diagrammatically shown below … 45
Table 1 Distribution of population by Gender … … … … … 46
Table 2 Distribution of the entire Population and Sample size by Sex … … 48
Table 3 Distribution of the entire Population by Departments and Sample size … 49
Table 4 Distribution of Returned Questionnaire … … … … … 55
Table 5 Showing The Total Summary Of The Returned Questionnaires… … 56
Table 6 Distribution of the Respondents by sex … … … … … 57
Table 7 Distribution of the Respondents by Age … … … … … 57

5. Table 8 Distribution of the Respondents by Marital Status… … … … 57
Table 9 Distribution of the Respondents by Educational Qualification … … 58
Table 10 Distribution of the Respondents by Department … … … … 58
Table 11 Distribution of the Respondents by Length of Service59 … … … 59
Table 12 Distribution of the Respondents by Status … … … … … 59
Table 13 Responses showing the use of ICTs … … … … … 60
Table 14 Responses showing the extent of use of ICTs … … … … 60
Table 15 Responses showing knowledge in operation of ICTs … … …… 61
Table 16 Responses showing ICTs facilities used to accomplish work. … …. 61
Table 17 Responses of who sponsors the workers in acquisition of ICTs knowledge 62
Table 18 Responses on whether Management is greatly involved in
provision and equipment of the industry with ICTs. … … … 63
Table 19 Responses on the Length of Time of provision of ICTs equipment … 63
Table 20 Responses on the length of time of provision of ICTs … … … 64
Table 21 Responses on problem encountered using ICTs … … … … 64
Table 22 Responses on the ICTs improvement of performance of the establishment. 65
Table 23 Responses on the rate of overall performance of the
establishment with the use of ICTs ... … … … … 65
Table 24 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Sex … … 66
Table 25 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Age … … 66
Table 26 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Marital Status … 67
Table 27 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by
Educational Qualification… … … … … … … 67
Table 28 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Department … 68
Table 29 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Length of Service … 69
Table 30 Distribution of Responses from FRCN and NTA by Status … … 70
Table 31 Use of ICTs by FRCN and NTA respondents … … … … 70
Table 32 Extent of use of ICTs for both stations … … … … … 71
Table 33 Extent ICTs ease work for both stations … … … … … 71
Table 33 Extent ICTs ease work for both stations … … … … … 72
Table 34 ICTs used in accomplishing work … … … … … 73
Table 35 Training in ICTs … … … … … … … … 74
Table 37 Management’s involvement in training … … … … … 75
Table 38 Management endowment of the Industry with ICTs … … … 76
Table 39 The length of time management was involved in the actual provision of ICTs 77
Table 40 The level of management ‘s endowment of the industry with ICTs … 78
Table 41 ICTs makes work easier… … … … … … … 79
Table 42 ICTs in improving performance of the establishment … … … 79
Table 43 The overall performance using the four response category … … 80
Table 44 Distribution of Responses Training in the use of ICTs … … … 82
Table 45 Knowledge rate of Information and Communication Technology by the workers83
Table 46 Problems encountered with using ICTs… … … … … … 84
Table 47 Use and Sex … … … … … … … … 87
Table 48 Relationship between Sex and Knowledge … … … … 87
Table 49 Relationship between extent of use of ICTs and the number of years on the job 89
Table50 Relationship between use and age of the respondents… … … … 90

6. LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS
Figure 1 Conventional and digital printing … … … … 19
Figure 2 Proportional allocation of samples … … … … 48
Chart 1 Chart representation of sample size … … … … 52
ABSTRACT
The study is an enquiry into An Appraisal of the Role of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) in the Performance of Electronic media in Enugu. It looked at the
problem of acquisition, use and knowledge of ICTs in the media and raised some questions
for research in the area. The questions were designed to know the use, knowledge of ICTs
by workers, the problem with use and acquisition and measured demographic variable with
other measurable values like extent of use and the ages and gender. The study engaged in
a detailed but not exhaustive review of existing literature on the manifestation of ICTs in the
media industry. The study was designed as survey. A representative sample was chosen
from among the population of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and Nigeria
Television Authority (NTA). The sample consisted of two-quarter of the population: News
Department, Administration and Supply, Marketing, Engineering, Programmes, and Finance.
Data for the research was gathered through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews
and was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), chi-square and
simple percentages and tables. The questionnaire has both open ended and close-ended
questions. A 24-item questionnaire was administered on the sample population. While a 7
item Semi Structured Interview was administered on the top echelon staff of both FRCN and
NTA. The purpose is to determine the applicability of Rogers’ theory of diffusion of
innovation. The study found that the electronic media are yet to brace up completely to the
information and communication technology with FRCN taking the lead and NTA still far from
the appreciable margin. Gender is not a determinant factor to operation of ICTs as both
gender can operate ICTs. Similarly the age of the workers did not have any bearing with
use. From the findings, a lot of problems were discovered about the phenomenon but it does
not deter use. The conclusion was reached that the stations studied have not fully
incorporated ICTs on the average. The study recommended that stakeholders in the training
of media practitioners pay no lip service to adequate training of media workers in ICTs to
meet up with the demand of the information superhighway; and bureaucratic bottlenecks
involved in meeting the immediate ICTs needs of the media workers should be removed.

7. CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are emerging
development in the communication sector and in the world in general. ICTs are
used presently to replace IT (Information Technology). The term ‘IT’ and ‘ICTs’
are commonly used in contemporary discussions of computers and computer-
based communication and information systems. The acronym ‘IT’ (Information
Technology), which entered the lexicon earlier, appears to be overtaken by a
preference for its new relative ‘ICT’ (Information and Communication Technology).
(Adamu,L.S, 2007:221). Though some scholars still use ‘IT’ to comprise ICTs.
According to Williams & Sawyer (2005:3), ‘IT’ is a general term that describes any
technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate
information. Mbam (2002:1) defined ‘IT’ as ‘the technology involved in gathering (or
mobilizing), analyzing, managing (maintaining), and utilizing information via computer.
There are still other nomenclatures used in describing ICTs. It is sometimes
referred to as ‘new communication technology’ (Agba, 2001); new media
technology; modern communication technology (Ciboh Rodney, 2005);
(Ogbuoshi, 2007:160). New Information and Communication Technology (NICT)
(Orchewere John A 2007:289); New Technologies (Onwe, 2007:154). More than
these, IT involves distribution and processing of information with ease. ICTs became
commonplace with the ubiquity and pervasiveness of computers and computer-based
equipment that make communication easier. In a more technical sense, ICTs are the

8. convergence, cross-pollination, interconnectivity and interoperability of Information
Technology, Telecommunications Technologies and Networking Technologies. The
Association for Progressive Communications explained in their handbook that:
Information Technology uses computers, which have become
indispensable in modern societies to process data and save time and
effort. Telecommunications technologies include telephones and
broadcasting of radio and television, often through satellite. Networking
Technologies is the internet, but which has extended to mobile phone,
Voice Over IP telephony (VOIP), satellite communications and other
forms of communication.
Before the emergence of ICTs, methods of sending, receiving, storing, analyzing information,
and output were tiresome and cumbersome. It started in 3000 BC when Abacus the first
counting machine was invented in Babylon. Latter on, Blaise Paschal in 1642 invented the first
mechanical adding machine. One advancement and technology led to another till 1844 when
Samuel Morse sent a telegraph message from Washington to Baltimore. In 1876, Alexander
Graham Bell patented the telephone while John Von Neumann introduced the concept of a
stored program in 1945.
This development went further to incorporate the first programmable electronic
computer known as ENIAC in United States about 1946. Besides, in another part of
the world, USSR launched Sputnik Satellite in 1957 while Eisenhower administration
created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as part of the U.S
Department of Defense in 1958.
ICT as it is known today kicked off in a more definite way with a military strategy of U.S
Airforce to protect their computer from attack in such a way that when one computer is
attacked, the rest will be safe. Therefore, ARPA created networks of their computers. Eleven
years later, the university community used the same method and four universities were

9. linked together using leased lines, and Internet had started.
The invention of calculators, computers, telephone, radio, television in these recent
times are all coming together into one device thereby giving us what we know today as
information and communication Technologies. This is because it is now possible to
carry in one’s palm a device that has radio, television, GSM, calculators, time, camera,
video, internet etc thereby causing all these inventions of years to become one. Some of
these inventions like the first generation of computers took a very large space, but
today, all in one hand- held-device is ‘the world in our palm’. ICTs have begun and
overtaken the world!
ICTs have practically revolutionalized every sector of human existence. The health sector uses
telemedicine and telecare and other computerized equipment for diagnosis. Banks use ICTs in
variegated ways to transact banking business. The commerce sector now involves in E-
commerce. The government also uses E-governance. Also interesting is the e-war. The military
may not need to appear on the battle field for war as wars are fought with unmanned or pilotless
warplanes without any physical contact…Drones have the capacity to monitor targets for hours
in the closest of their hide-outs and single them out for attacks without much ado…Predators
have also flown surveillance on every major mission of the war.’(The Nation on Sunday,
December 27,2009; Page 17. Article by Sunday Oguntola with agency reports: Face of next
world war: Jets without pilots). The church is not left out of the ICTs revolutions as many
churches now have satellite services. The mass media are not left out of the revolution.
Mass communication has been impacted greatly by ICTs, which have become central to modern
societies. The mass media industries have been transformed by the emergence of information

10. and communication Technologies giving us what could be referred to as the modern mass
communication. The traditional mass communication is the sending of
information from a device involving a lot of people to a heterogeneous audience with
little or no feedback or delayed feedback. The possibility of the ICT has made mass
communication scholars to reconsider that definition because, presently, not all
messages go to heterogeneous audience. Audience these days are segmented and
fractionalized. The consumer of modern mass communication has the ability to
selective access, store and control content. ICTs in modern mass communication
may make communication scholars to reconsider the definition of mass
communication. Ciboh (2005:30) notes that:
each medium of mass communication has been affected by the
growth and application of the computer. The Internet is a major
factor in redefining the meaning of the mass media. Relying on the
computer diminished; in the first instance importance of the
surveillance function of the traditional mass media…this process
represents a shift from traditional journalism.
What we know today as ICTs –Information and Communication Technologies were
made possible by the chips known as integrated circuits IC. Before the chip
technology, vacuum tubes were used which are small lightbulb-size electronic tubes
with glowing filaments. This implies that it must be housed by a big casing. The
ENIAC that used it in 1945 used about 18,000 of them.
Later on, the transistor landed in the technology of convergence. A transistor is essentially a
tiny electrically operated switch, or gate, that can alternate between “on” and “off” many
millions of times per second. The first transistors were one-hundredth the size of a vacuum-
tube, needed no warm-up time, consumed less energy, and were faster and more reliable.
This technology of 1947 developed by Bell labs, lasted for a long period before the chip. The

11. Integrated Circuit- an entire electronic circuit, including wires, formed on a single “chip”, or
piece of special material, usually silicon,
is an element that is widely found in clay and sand. It is used not only because its
abundance makes it cheap but also because it is a semi conductor. A chip is a tiny
piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature electronic circuits.
According to Ciboh Rodney, the building block of the information age is the semi-
conductor chip, a fingernail-sized device shared by computers and communications
machines…Advanced chip technology has changed computers from room-sized boxes
into hand held devices. The chip technologies have made TVs to be becoming like
computers and computers becoming like TV with other multimedia devices- this is called
convergence. The microchips are responsible for the miniaturization that has
revolutionalized consumer electronics, computers, and communications thereby making
interoperability, and convergence a reality.
Convergence therefore is the combining of several industries through various devices
that exchange data in the format used by computers. The industries are computers,
communications, consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media. It is the
interconnectivity, interoperability, and cross-pollination of these industries that have
occasioned information and communication technologies. The term Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) spring from the convergence of
telecommunication, computing, and broadcasting through the use of digital information.
It covers any products that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit and receive
information electronically in a digital form. Information and Communication Technologies
comprise technologies that can process different kinds of information i.e. voice, video,
text, data and facilitates different forms of communications among humans and among

12. information systems.
The Nigerian mass media has no doubt witnessed tremendous and immense
improvements as a result of ICTs. But whether they have arrived to the level
competent enough to compete with the present speed of the information and
communication superhighway is subject to debate. Terngu and Ternenger
(2007:277) challenged that: much of these concerns have been recycled over
and over again without any grounding in empirical research.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The mass media have arguably witnessed tremendous transformation because
of the emergence and convergence of information and communication
technologies (ICTs). Newspapers now feature online. Radio is listened to in the
Internet because of the digital application, which transforms sound into
numbers to occupy less space. Television is also hooked to the Internet. With
all these, there is a challenge in the practice of modern mass communication.
The former notion that mass communication is not science may be having a
paradigm shift because of the present sophistication in the information
superhighway. Several nomenclatures are used to describe this- new information
technologies, new media technologies, and new communication technologies.
ICTs pose a challenge to the definition, practice, teaching, and application of
modern mass communication thus having an implication to information processors-
office workers, information producers, distributors and infrastructure workers.
Arguably, the media houses in Nigeria have not been able to apply and use ICTs at a

13. level commensurate with the speed of the cyberspace. The indepth knowledge and
use of ICTs by the practicing journalists or Studio Engineers, Directors and Technical
directors, journalists, programme directors, editors, news editors, other line editors-
sports, political features, business, foreign desk, women; production editors, advert
supervisors/managers, and a few senior reporters on different beats and everyone
in the media including the frontdesk receptionist is indispensable for effective and
efficient practice of modern mass communication.
Without adequate technological resources and application, no media anywhere
can effectively serve its audience and the Nigeria mass media have operated
from 1859 till date. Accordingly, the major goal before this research is to
determine the level of acquisition of ICTs, the uses they are put to, and the
impact they have had both in their performance and output.
Besides, there is a problem of determining whether knowledge and use of ICTs have
something to do with sex of the workers. In other words, are male workers knowledge
and use of ICTs in dispensing their jobs better than their female counterparts? Does
the level of use and knowledge vary according to the sex of the media practitioner?
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