24- We discussed that in HIV strains there is a correlation between vi.docx

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24. We discussed that in HIV strains there is a correlation between virulence and transmission. Did we see this in strains of SARS- CoV-2? A) Yes, strains of COVID that are more virulent are also more transmissible. B) No, COVID strains that are more virulent are less efficient in transmission. (2) No, COVID strains that are less virulent are more efficient in transmission. (D) No, a clear pattern of virulence and transmission is not seen among COVID strains. 32. The proboscis length of the Soapberry Bug has gotten smaller in historic times. We looked at evidence that support: A) this is a response to artificial selection B) this is in response to temperature changes, bugs raised in warmer environments are smaller. C) is an effect of Wolbachia infections. D) the change is in response to adaptations for a new, introduced food source. 33. The classic experiments of Luria and Delbuck were designed to support: A) Mutations were induced by the application of bacteriophages. B) Mutations happen randomly in populations. E) Mutations happen faster if selection pressure is applied. D) Mutations happen in response to selection. .

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Before March 2020, many people saw pandemics as a thing of the past. Then came COVID-19. Scientists still do not know exactly where the virus that caused it — SARS-CoV-2 — came from, but it soon reached almost every country worldwide. Over 2 years, the virus has evolved, producing several variants. In this Special Feature, we look at the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and ask what lessons scientists have learned.

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The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV2 in 2021, is a tsunami like coronavirus outbreak relative to the previous outbreaks involving older coronavirus or Swine flu (h1n1) or Spanish flu. With the number of COVID-19 cases now exploding worldwide, it is certain that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is very high possibly airborne (aerosol droplet) and there are diverse spectrum of disease severity. The biological issues like a genetic susceptibility and variability in the response to the virus are still being elucidated. Controlling current rates of infection and combating future waves require a better understanding of the routes of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the underlying genomic susceptibility to this disease. How individuals respond to SARS-CoV-2 exposure is becoming better understood in a global sense, but differences in the vulnerability of individuals to infection and in the spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms remain to be understood. It is known that advanced age and pre-existing conditions (e.g. metabolic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal diseases) render a person

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7. Using to Table 1 to assist you, explain the rational for the diversity of the mycobiome, as compared to the number of bacterial species identified in the lungs of CF patients. This should be a full paragraph, not one or two sentences. Solution From the tabulated data given, it can be clearly noticed that majority of the population suffers from ascomycete infections. Particularly, the most infectious species can be identified as Candida albicans followed by C. dubliniensis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infections are also very high followed by C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata. Other types of infections are also evident in patients but these organisms remain the most frequent infective agents for patients with cystic fibrosis. Since all of these microbes spread the disease from one organism to another, they are highly communicable in nature. Also, since very high frequency of some of the species can be noticed from the data, it is also suggested that the infections are opportunistic in nature i.e. they will infect the individual as soon as his immunity against these microbes is minimized. Importantly, since a huge population is suffering form nearly similar kind of infections, it can be suggested that fixation of these microbial infections is possible in this population which can be clinically deleterious in advanced stages because eradication of these microbes using multiple antibiotic treatment would be difficult. Hence, it can be evaluated from the data that the statisitical figures are clinically alarming and demand immediate attention..

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Bette Korber created an evolutionary tree for HIV to infer the likely sequence of the last common ancestor for HIV and SIV. Which of the following genetic sequences did she use to construct her tree? Recent SIV samples Recent HIV samples The first known HIV patient The first known SIV primate Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms is required to establish a molecular clock? Migration Natural selection Mutation In the lab you just completed, what does a steeper slope of the best-fit line of genetic differences versus generation indicate? Fast infection rate of the virus. Slow infection rate of the virus. Rapid divergence between virion populations. Slow divergence between virion populations. Solution 5. Recent HIV samples Explanation: Bette Korbe used HIV samples of last 30 years approximately to calculate the ancestral form of HIV that infected humans. The virus came from chimps to humans. The age of virus was determined based on their mutation..

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