2. BEGINNING OF CULTURAL STUDIES
• Culture and Anarchy (1869) By Mathew Arnold
• Barbarians for the aristocracy, Philistines for the middle class, andPopulace for the
working class
• “doing as one likes” - “primitives
• Primitive Culture (1871) by Edward B. Tylor
• Frankfort School – Theodore Adorno and Max Horkimer – Culture Industry
• Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart
• BCCCS (1964) - University of Birmingham
• Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
3. • Stuart Hall (1969)
• Richard Johnson
• 2002 - the University of Birmingham dismantled the Department Cultural Studies
4. RICHARD HOGGART
• Hoggart's The Uses of Literacy (1957)
• Subtitled “aspects of working class life with reference to publications and
enteretainments”
• Two parts – old order and uses
• examining the influence of mass media in the United Kingdom.
• "the mass publicists" make mass culture
• urban culture 'of the people' are being destroyed“.
• pulp fiction, popular magazines and newspapers and the movies
• triumph of Hollywood
5. RAYMOND WILLIAMS
• Culture and Society (1958)
• exploring how the notion of culture developed in the West, especially Great Britain
• Industrial Revolution
• Edmund Burke and William Cobbett, also looking at William Blake, William
Wordsworth, F. R. Leavis, George Orwell and Christopher Caudwell.
• The Long Revolution (1965)
• The Country and the City (1973) - debunks the notion of rural life as simple,
natural, and unadulterated - embedded in the writings of English poets – urban -
symbol of capitalist production, labor, and exploitation.
• Structure of feeling refers to the different ways of thinking vying to emerge at any
one time in history.
• Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976)
6. STUART HALL
• “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
• Media messages are produced, disseminated, and interpreted
• Encoding/decoding model of communication
• individual's cultural background, economic standing, and personal experiences
• in ways that make sense to you
• advertisements can have multiple layers of meaning
10. THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE
• a phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan
• Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964)
• the channel through which a message is transmitted IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
MESSAGE
• medium affects the society
• The Medium Is the “Massage”
• light bulb
11. E.P.THOMPSON
• The Making of the English Working Class
• 1780 to 1832
• popular movements that are oft forgotten in history
• Diggers - Gerrard Winstanley, the Digger, helps us to understand the movement of
feeling, turning away from the "kingdom without" to the "kingdom within“
• Levellers
