The Age of Incompatible Expensive
Machines

selling hardware

1968
hardware software

FORTRAN
COBOL
Algol

#!/usr/bin/perl foreach (@pkglines) { #
close REASON or chomp; # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify die "Can't close FILE [$file]: $!n"; $linenbr++; # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by } if (/^Package:/) { # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or ($label, $pkg) = split(/:s+/,$_,2); # (at your option) any later version. # $pkgcnt++; # # Main program starts here. printf "pkg(%4.4d) pkg=[%s]n",$pkgcnt,$pkg if $debug >= 1; # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # $has_pkg = 1; ### we have necessary section # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of GetOptions('q|quiet' => $quiet, next; # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 's|sparse' => $sparse, } # GNU General Public License for more details. 'e|explain!' => $explain, if (/^Status:/) { # 'reason-dir=s' => $reasondir, my $label = ""; 'd|debug+' => $debug, ($label, $pkgstatus) = split(/:s+/,$_,2); use strict; 'h|help' => $help); print "tpkgstatus=[$pkgstatus]n" if $debug >= 1; use warnings; $pkg_status{$pkg} = $pkgstatus; if ($help) { ($plan, $state, $status) = split(/s+/,$pkgstatus); use Getopt::Long; usage(); print "ttplan=[$plan]n" if $debug >= 1; exit 0; print "ttstate=[$state]n" if $debug >= 1; # Declaration of important/main variables. } print "ttstatus=[$status]n" if $debug >= 1; my $quiet = 0; $has_status = 1; ### we have necessary section my $sparse = 0; opendir(REASONDIR, $reasondir) or next; my $help = 0; die "Can't open DIR [$reasondir]: $!n"; } my $explain = 1; # Parse all the reason files in $reasondir except those beginning with if (/^Section:/) { my $debug = 0; # a . or ending with a ~ my $label = ""; my $reasondir = '/usr/share/vrms/reasons/'; parse_reason_file("$reasondir/$_") ($label, $section) = split(/:s+/,$_,2); my %reason = (); foreach (grep {!/~$/ && !/^./} readdir(REASONDIR)); print "tsection=[$section]n" if $debug >= 1; closedir REASONDIR or $has_section = 1; ### we have necessary section # die "Can't close DIR [$reasondir]: $!n"; if ($section =~ /contrib|non-free|restricted|multiverse/) { # Auxiliary functions section (FIXME: put them in a file by themselves). ### read thru rest of array to find descr instead of waiting for it source code # my $statusfile = '/var/lib/dpkg/status'; my $found_descr =0; my $is_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yet while (! $found_descr) { # sub usage: my %nonfree = (); if ($linenbr > $#pkglines) { # Input: nothing. my $is_other_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yet ### iff badly formed entry ensure blank description # Output: Messages to stdout telling the usage of the program. my %other_nonfree = (); print "tEEEE shortdescr=[$shortdescr]n" if $debug >= 1; sub usage() { my $is_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yet last; print <<EOF; my %contrib = (); } Usage: vrms [OPTIONS] ... my $is_other_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yet my $dline = $pkglines[$linenbr++]; my %other_contrib = (); if($dline =~ /^Description:/) { --quiet, -q Do nothing if there are no non-free packages installed. my %pkg_status = (); ($label, $shortdescr) = split(/:s+/,$dline,2); --explain, -e Give a brief explanation of why a package is non-free, my $pkgcnt = 0; print "tshortdescr=[$shortdescr]n" if $debug >= 1; if available. my $clumpcnt = 0; $found_descr = 1; --sparse, -s Just list non-free packages, nothing else. my $dontcarelines = 5; ### no. of lines a non-installed entry may have in the } --reason-dir=DIR Use DIR as the reason directory. statusfile } --help, -h Display this help. if ($section =~ /contrib/) { --debug, -d Generate debugging information. if (lc $status eq 'installed') { my $sysname = ""; $is_contrib = 1; All options can be prefixed with "no" (eg: --noexplain) to turn them off. chop($sysname = `uname -n`); $contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr; EOF } else { } open(PKG_SOURCE, "< $statusfile") or $is_other_contrib = 1; die "Can't open FILE [$statusfile]: $!n"; $other_contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr; # sub parse_reason_file: } # Input: the name of a reason file and the global hash %reason $/ = ""; ### snarf a paragraph at a time } else { # Output: the hash %reason filled with reasons from the input file while(<PKG_SOURCE>) { if (lc $status eq 'installed') { # (FIXME: %reason shouldn't be global) my $clump = $_; $is_nonfree = 1; sub parse_reason_file { $clumpcnt++; $nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr; my $file = shift; my (@pkglines) = split(/n/, $clump); } else { print "Parsing reason file $filen" if $debug >= 1; ### iff more than $dontcarelines lines, package is installed, so process it $is_other_nonfree = 1; open(REASON, "<", $file) or ### (speed-up by skipping don't-care entries) $other_nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr; die "Can't open FILE [$file]: $!n"; if (@pkglines > $dontcarelines) { } my $pkg = ""; ### name of this package } while (my $line = <REASON>) { my $pkgstatus = ""; ### status } chomp $line; my $plan = ""; ### install plan (hold, deinstall, purge, install, etc.) last; ### this is last desriptor of package we care about so end loop # Grab a line of the form 'package: reason', skip if we don't match my $state = ""; ### state (ok or ???) } else { my ($pkg, $reason) = ($line =~ /^(S+):s+(.*)s*$/) or next; my $status = ""; ### status (installed, not-installed, etc.) ### un-processed lines from package info print "'$pkg' because '$reason'n" if ($debug >= 1); my $section = ""; ### section this is where non-free is marked if($debug >= 1) { my $shortdescr = ""; ### one-liner description of pkg print "tt--- $_n"; # If this is _our_ master file, then prefer anything my $linenbr = 0; ### current line number of this pkackag's info } # else (so that package maintainers can override) my $label = ""; ### junk field (not used, except to catch split values) } next if exists $reason{$pkg} and $file =~ //vrms$/; my $has_pkg = 0; ### reset the markers } my $has_status = 0; if (!$has_status or !$has_pkg) { $reason{$pkg} = $reason; my $has_section = 0; print STDERR "vrms: ERROR- Badly formed dpkg-status entry #$clumpcnt!n"; } print STDERR " pkg=[$pkg], pkgstatus=[$pkgstatus], section=[$section] n"; }

The Birth of
UNIX

UNIX.zip
UNIX-source.zip

trade secret

most widely and deeply understood
trade secret in the history of computing

sharing
innovations
&
bug fixes

The Birth of
Proprietary
Software

1980

proprietary
software

sharing

shareware

The Rise of
Free Software

1984

Free Software

Free as in speech

Free as in freedom

Free as in beer

1. use 2. copy 3.
modify 4. contribute

1989, 1991
GPL

you must extend the same
freedoms to others

copyleft

permissive
licenses

you give complete freedom to
developers

1993

1995

2000
$1,000,000,000

Free Software
Becomes
Mainstream

1998

Open Source
is Everywhere

all software

2005–2007

Software
Freedom as
Inspiration

open data

open access

Questions?
francois@catalyst.net.nz
@fmarier

Photo credits: ibm 360 with
people: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/54408562/sizes/l/in/photostream/ cdc6600: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Personable_Computer.jpg ken and dennis with medals: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Medal_lg.jpeg warrington logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:Warrington_logo.png ashs logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:ASHS_logo.png wanted poster: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mscaprikell/59580038/in/photostream/ tape: http://www.flickr.com/photos/leejordan/486911915/ tim o'reilly: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tim_O%27Reilly_in_Foo_China_200 fsf logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:FSF-Logo.svg tux: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tux.svg open source: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Opensource.svg stock market: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewalkingirony/3051500551/ android logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Android_logo.svg in-flight entertainment: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kalleboo/2473197800/ samsung tv: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johannesfreund/2320330661/ Linus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg Bill Gates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_in_WEF_,2007.jpg Bruce Perens: [not CC] http://perens.com/press/photos/ Lawrence Lessig: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lessig_portrait.jpg Jimmy Wales: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_Fundraiser_Appeal_edit.jpg Steve Ballmer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_ballmer_2007_outdoors2.jpg us department of justice: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:US-DeptOfJustice-Seal.svg