Argumentative - Part 1.pptx

Your Logo or Name Here
Argumentative Essay
Part I
Fall 2023
ENGL202

Learning Objectives
2
the concept of
argumentation
the form of an
argumentative
essay
Understand Recognize Identify
Students will be able to:
the 6 elements of
argumentation: claim,
reasons/warrants,
evidence, counter
argument, refutation, and
call for action

What isArgumentation ?
Opinions differ about critical issues; they become controversial,
causing debate. However, one cannot stand “in the middle” in an
argument.
You have to take a stand to prove your opinion/belief right.
Argumentation is a part of our daily life.
Argumentation is an art– the art of
proving an idea, action, or belief is
right.
It is the process of forming reasons,
justifying beliefs, and drawing
conclusions.
Its aim is to affect the thoughts or
actions of others.

What is anArgumentative Essay?
It is an essay in which
you take a STAND
on a topic,
support it with solid reasons,
and support the reasons with solid evidence.
An argumentative essay is an essay in which
you agree or disagree on an issue,
using reasons to support your opinion/ your claim.

Argumentative Essay: Form
General background (you can use any type of introduction)
Thesis statement (CLAIM)
Introduction
presents the
argument
Body Paragraph 1: Reason/Warrant 1 + evidence
Body Paragraph 4: Counter-argument + Refutation
Body
Paragraphs
present the
reasons/warrants
and supporting
evidence
Summarize/Restate the main ideas of the argument
Final thought (urge the reader to see why your argument
is right)
Conclusion
calls for action

Elements of an Argumentative Essay
6
Reasons
Warrants
Counter
Argument
Evidence Refutation
Claim
Stand
Position
Writer’s own
opinion
Argumentative
Essay
Call for
Action

Your Logo or Name Here 7
Claim
Claim
The thesis statement in an argumentative essay states
clearly on which side you are.
YOUR STAND => YOUR CLAIM
The thesis statement is an affirmative sentence that mentions your point of
view, that is, the claim.
The claim is the main idea you want to prove and defend.
It should be clear, and it should mention the reasons why the argument
should be accepted.

Claim
Claim
Plastic surgeries have various disadvantages like high expense,
possible complications, and long recovery periods.
Examples
Thesis Statement:
the claim => writer’s argument
warrants (reasons)

Claim
Claim
organ donation is of utmost importance because it gives
people a second chance to live, improves quality of life,
and allows potential advances in medical research.
Examples
Thesis Statement:
the claim => writer’s argument
warrants (reasons)

Reasons / Warrants
10
Argumentation
The topic sentences of the body paragraphs mention the reasons or
warrants that justify the claim in the thesis statement.
Hence, each reason is written in a topic sentence.
Example 1
Body 1: Topic Sentence
To start with, cosmetic surgeries cost a lot of money.
Another negative aspect of a plastic surgery is the potential complications of the procedure.
In addition to cost and risk, the long time needed to recover is a third disadvantage of plastic surgeries.
Claim: Plastic surgeries have various disadvantages.

Reasons / Warrants
11
Argumentation
Example 2
Organ donation is a great way to give someone a second chance to live.
In addition, organ donation can improve the patient’s quality of life.
Moreover, organ donation allows potential advances in medical
research.
Claim: Organ donation is of utmost importance.

Types of Evidence
Evidence
Facts
commonly accepted and
widely known truths
Examples
illustrate a part of the
previous statement, giving a
more specific instance or
case of it
Authority/Expert’s
Opinion
referring to recognized people
or organizations that are
trusted in the field of the
topic
Appeal to Emotions
using emotions to move
the reader’s feelings and
influence their position on
the topic
Writers support their topic sentences (reasons/warrants) with specific examples, details, and
explanations– that is, evidence.
There are many types of evidence to use in an argumentative essay:
Appeal to Logic
explanations based on
common sense and
reasoning
What-if Situations/
Scenarios
reflections on what could
happen in certain cases,
possible expectations or
consequences
Personal Experience
instances based on the
writer’s personal
experience
Statistics
Numbers or percentages that
describe collected data
for the purpose of
analyzing and interpreting
results

In fact, tragic accidents and terminal diseases
are often the source of many deaths. However, in
the course of life, there are life-threatening
situations that people have the power to control.
Example on Facts
Evidence

Common Knowledge

More than 118,000 people in the United States alone are in need of a
lifesaving organ transplant; 64 percent of those are currently on a waiting list,
according to the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS).
Example on Statistics
Evidence
number
percentage
in-text citation (reference)

A person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, lungs, liver, small
bowel and pancreas and tissues like eyes, heart valves, bone, skin, veins
and tendons. People can make donations to benefit medical research; this
may include donating a specific organ, such as a heart or a brain.
Example on Examples
Evidence


• If someone feels unsatisfied
with how he/she looks, a
cosmetic surgery will help
change it, resulting in an
improved version of oneself, and
thus resulting in an enhanced
self-esteem (Patzer, 2008).
• “People need to understand
that these organs will still be
used in a way that saves lives
and advances medicine,” says
Roni Lawrence, clinical
manager at the UW Health
Organ Procurement
Organization. “The future of
transplant medicine really
depends on research, and
organs are imperative to that
research.”
Examples on Authority/Expert’s Opinion
Evidence
©
• According to Flawless
Magazine (2019), pain is also
evident during the recovery
time, which can make some
individuals depend on pain
killers.
In-text citation
added at the end
In-text citation added
in the beginning
Quoting: in-text
citation in the middle

• Although it might look all too nice to get a plastic
surgery done, the process is not accessible to everyone
since not everyone obtains such funds. It can be difficult
saving up money towards cosmetic surgeries and people
often take loans, which can lead to debt.
Example on Logical Appeals
Evidence
Do not generalize

An eye or tissue transplant means the ability to see again or the
freedom from pain. Transplants can greatly improve the recipients’
health by allowing them to return to normal activities; they can spend
more time with family and friends.
Example on Emotional Appeals
Evidence

Example on Personal Experience
Evidence
To illustrate, my friend’s three-year-old daughter, Georgia, died after a
fatal brain disease. My friend donated Georgia’s organs. She explained
that she felt strong because Georgia was going to save other children.

Cosmetic surgeries help align ones’ natural appearance with
his/her desired appearance. However, what if the results did not
meet the patient’s expectations?
Example on What-if Scenario
Evidence
?

SUMMARY
Note:
More than one type of evidence could be in the same body paragraph.
Sometimes two types of evidence exist in the same sentence.
Claim
Reason Reason Reason
Evidence Evidence Evidence

Practice

WhatsApp: The Modern Monster!
After only one year of marriage, Mireille sued her husband for divorce. It might not be surprising to hear the news of a couple
divorcing, especially that this has become a trend today, but it is definitely shocking to hear that a newly married couple are ending their
relationship very soon. Mireille reported that her husband had been lately flirting with another woman on WhatsApp. Indeed, WhatsApp has
not only destroyed Mireille’s life, but it has also damaged many other relationships within the same family and outside. Although WhatsApp
provides an easy way to communicate with others, it might be destructive in several ways. As a result, WhatsApp should be discouraged since
it can be annoying, addictive, and destructive to family ties.
To begin with, WhatsApp is annoying. If a person belongs to a number of WhatsApp groups, it can be irritating to get alerts from
them sometimes. Notifications from WhatsApp groups would never end and can be a real hassle for some. For example, it may start as ‘Dan’s
Surprise Birthday,’ but after the initial 67 seconds where everyone confirms whether or not they can be bothered to attend, the group
descends into streams of chats for the next two to three hundred years. Also, since no one wants to be ‘that guy’ who leaves the group first,
people find themselves stuck in such groups and they end up committing a kind of social suicide (Vick, 2012). The worst is that anyone who
has the number can message at times where one need s some time alone.
Furthermore, WhatsApp is addictive. People spend so much time on WhatsApp messaging platform. As a result, they are getting
addicted to it like other addictive substances. Teenagers, in particular, are so occupied with its use that they hardly haveinteraction with their
immediate family or real friends. They are unable to integrate in the real society around them and, eventually, they fail todevelop healthy
relationships. In addition, students who are addicted to WhatsApp show low academic performance. Mothers end up ignoring their children;
this negatively influences the nuclear family and leads to several behavioral and psychological problems.
WhatsApp is not only annoying and addictive, but it can also be destructive to family ties. Today, bonding over social media,
particularly WhatsApp, is leading to marital discord, even divorce. Many marriages and relationships are being put through the litmus test of
fidelity (Puri 2015). Counsellor Rashmi Joshi says half the marital dispute cases she gets are rooted in WhatsApp. Spouses who chat incessantly
with family, friends or even strangers through the day and even late into the night become very infuriating and maddening. They become
more worrisome when they start sharing every personal information and even photos and videos. This has definitely ruined manyfamilies.
Guided Activity Identify the writer’s claim, the reasons, and pick one piece of
evidence from the supporting details of each body paragraph. Pause

After only one year of marriage, Mireille sued her husband for divorce. It might not
be surprising to hear the news of a couple divorcing, especially that this has become a
trend today, but it is definitely shocking to hear that a newly married couple are ending
their relationship very soon. Mireille reported that her husband had been lately flirting
with another woman on WhatsApp. Indeed, WhatsApp has not only destroyed Mireille’s
life, but it has also damaged many other relationships within the same family and outside.
Although WhatsApp provides an easy way to communicate with others, it might be
destructive in several ways. As a result, WhatsApp should be discouraged since it can be
annoying, addictive, and destructive to family ties.
Guided Activity: Claim
Identify the writer’s claim.
Answer
key
The writer is against using WhatsApp and
claims it should be discouraged.

Claim: As a result, WhatsApp should be discouraged.
Reason 1: To begin with, WhatsApp is annoying.
Reason 2: Furthermore, WhatsApp is addictive.
Reason 3: WhatsApp can also be destructive to family ties.
Guided Activity: Reasons
Answer
Key
What are the three reasons the writer gave to justify the claim?

Guided Activity: Evidence
Answer
Key
To begin with, WhatsApp is annoying. If a person belongs to a number of
WhatsApp groups, it can be irritating to get alerts from them sometimes. Notifications
from WhatsApp groups would never end and can be a real hassle for some. For example,
it may start as ‘Dan’s Surprise Birthday,’ but after the initial 67 seconds where everyone
confirms whether or not they can be bothered to attend, the group descends into
streams of chats for the next two to three hundred years. Also, since no one wants to
be ‘that guy’ who leaves the group first, people find themselves stuck in such groups and
they end up committing a kind of social suicide (Vick, 2012). The worst is that anyone
who has the number can message at times where one need s some time alone.
Body Paragraph 1
Example
Expert’s
Opinion

Answer
Key
Furthermore, WhatsApp is addictive. People spend so much time on WhatsApp
messaging platform. As a result, they are getting addicted to it like other addictive
substances. Teenagers, in particular, are so occupied with its use that they hardly have
interaction with their immediate family or real friends. They are unable to integrate in
the real society around them and, eventually, they fail to develop healthy relationships.
In addition, students who are addicted to WhatsApp show low academic performance.
Mothers end up ignoring their children; this negatively influences the nuclear family
and leads to several behavioral and psychological problems.
Body Paragraph 2
Example
Logical
Appeal

Answer
Key
WhatsApp is not only annoying and addictive, but it can also be destructive to
family ties. Today, bonding over social media, particularly WhatsApp, is leading to marital
discord, even divorce. Many marriages and relationships are being put through the
litmus test of fidelity (Puri, 2015). Counsellor Rashmi Joshi says half the marital dispute
cases she gets are rooted in WhatsApp. Spouses who chat incessantly with family,
friends or even strangers through the day and even late into the night become very
infuriating and maddening. They become more worrisome when they start sharing every
personal information and even photos and videos. This has definitely ruined many
families.
Body Paragraph 3
Expert’s
Opinion
Example +
Logical
Appeal

Books or Tablets?
Tablets and books have been of main value and great importance in societies. However, nowadays, tablets are becoming themost
convenient method in education. Tablets have many practical functions that would provide massive help in schools. Many schools over the
world have changed their techniques in teaching through replacing books by tablets. The development of technology like computers,
laptops, smart phones and tablet that contain applications related to school subjects make it easier for students to improve their
performance in class. Although replacing books with electronic tablets has certain advantages, schools should refrain from disregarding
books because of distraction, health effects, and high cost.
First of all, tablets are a distraction for students in schools. The use of electronic devices in classrooms disturbs students’ learning. It
was found that 87% of K-12 teachers believe that “today’s digital technologies are creating an easily distracted generation with short
attention spans” (Watkins, 2019). Indeed, it is difficult to control students' attention to the lesson and know their level of focus by having
electronic tablets in class, unlike books that attract their attention and contribute to stabilization of information in the mind. According to a
new Rutgers University–New Brunswick study, when students are allowed to use phones, tablets or other devices for non-academic purposes
during classroom lectures, they perform worse in end-of-term exams (Buccino, 2018).
The second reason is that the overuse of tablets has many potential negative health effects. According to Neil Wagner (2012),the way
in which people hold their tablets in different positions can likely cause neck, head and back pain when using a tablet for a long period of
time. Prolonged use of tablets can be harmful since carrying them close to the body increases students' exposure to radiation. As a result,
tablets may cause sleep disorder, various cancer, and male infertility in addition to the behavioral changes: autism, asthma, and childhood
obesity. Health problems like Computer Vision Syndrome, along with strain on eyes, headache, blurred vision, dry and itchy eyes are
commonly associated with using technology for extended hours (2015).
In addition to causing distraction and health problems, reliance on electronics may be inconvenient for poor parents. Tabletsare not
cheap, so low-income families may struggle to purchase these devices. That will be stressful and embarrassing for their children. In fact,
relying on electronics tablets in schools requires a lot of payments for subscription and repairs in case the device malfunctions. When poor
families cannot afford tablets for their children, they will face some conflicts in school, whether in their class performance or in their grades.
Identify the writer’s claim, the reasons, and pick one piece of
evidence from the supporting details in each body paragraph. Pause
Independent Activity

Tablets and books have been of main value and great importance in societies. However,
nowadays, tablets are becoming the most convenient method in education. Tablets have
many practical functions that would provide massive help in schools. Many schools over the
world have changed their techniques in teaching through replacing books by tablets. The
development of technology like computers, laptops, smart phones and tablet that contain
applications related to school subjects make it easier for students to improve their
performance in class. Although replacing books with electronic tablets has certain
advantages, schools should refrain from disregarding books because of distraction, health
effects, and high cost.
Independent Activity: Claim
Identify the writer’s claim.
The writer is against replacing books with
tablets and claims schools should not do it.
Answer
key

Claim: Schools should refrain from disregarding books.
Reason 1: First of all, tablets are a distraction for students in schools.
Reason 2: The second reason is that the overuse of tablets has many potential negative
health effects.
Reason 3: In addition to causing distraction and health problems, reliance on electronics
may be inconvenient for poor parents.
What are the three reasons the writer gave to justify the claim?
Independent Activity: Reasons Answer
key

First of all, tablets are a distraction for students in schools. The use of
electronic devices in classrooms disturbs students’ learning. It was found that 87%
of K-12 teachers believe that “today’s digital technologies are creating an easily
distracted generation with short attention spans” (Watkins, 2019). Indeed, it is
difficult to control students' attention to the lesson and know their level of focus
by having electronic tablets in class, unlike books that attract their attention and
contribute to stabilization of information in the mind. According to a new Rutgers
University–New Brunswick study, when students are allowed to use phones,
tablets or other devices for non-academic purposes during classroom lectures,
they perform worse in end-of-term exams (Buccino, 2018).
Body Paragraph 1
Independent Activity: Evidence
Statistics
Logical Appeal
Authority
Answer
key

The second reason is that the overuse of tablets has many potential
negative health effects. According to Neil Wagner (2012), the way in which people
hold their tablets in different positions can likely cause neck, head and back pain
when using a tablet for a long period of time. Prolonged use of tablets can be
harmful since carrying them close to the body increases students' exposure to
radiation. As a result, tablets may cause sleep disorder, various cancer, and male
infertility in addition to the behavioral changes: autism, asthma, and childhood
obesity. Health problems like Computer Vision Syndrome, along with strain on
eyes, headache, blurred vision, dry and itchy eyes are commonly associated with
using technology for extended hours (2015).
Expert’s Opinion
Facts
Examples
Body Paragraph 2
Answer
key

In addition to causing distraction and health problems, reliance on
electronics may be inconvenient for poor parents. Tablets are not cheap, so
low-income families may struggle to purchase these devices. That will be
stressful and embarrassing for their children. In fact, relying on electronics
tablets in schools requires a lot of payments for subscription and repairs in
case the device malfunctions. When poor families cannot afford tablets for
their children, they will face some conflicts in school, whether in their class
performance or in their grades.
Emotional appeal
Logical appeal
Body Paragraph 3
Answer
key

Thank You
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntNN1uReAKQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wB6QAfoyCS0
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