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Syndromic approach in diagnostic virology
1. Syndromic approach in
Diagnostic virology
Present by
Faris K-2013 MSc MLT Microbiology
Moderator
Mr. T. Gopakumar, Asst. Professor
Dept of MLT, GMCT
2. Syndrome
A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms
that are correlated with each other and, often, with
a specific disease.
There is no single step diagnostic procedure in viral
disease – we rule out a viral disease in syndrome
based testing.
3. What we discus here?
Different types of syndromes
Syndrome related viral infection
4. Major Clinical Syndromes
1.Fever
2. Influenza like illness(ILI)
3. Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI)
4. Dengue like illness DLI(fever + myalgia)
5. Fever + Arthralgia
6. Fever + rash(measles like)
7. Fever + parotitis(mumps like)
7. 1.Fever
Elevation of body temperature that exceeds the
normal daily variation.
Shift from normothermic to febrile levels
8. Normal body temperature
Normal body temp. in healthy humans(18-40yrs)
mean oral temp=36.8◦ C (98.2◦F+/_0 .7◦F)
Normal daily temp.variation-0.5-0.9◦C
Rectal temp.-0.4◦C or 0.7◦F higher than oral
readings
9. Fever without a focus
Diagnostic challenge
Fever may be due to many reason
• Bacteremia/Sepsis
• Secondary to a focal infection
• Any non specific presentation of a disease
• Parasitic, Fungal infection
• Viral (acute onset)
hyper/hypothermia
tachypnea/tachycardia
Shock
10. INFLUENZA LIKE ILLNESS
Case Definition: Sudden onset of fever>100 0F
Cough and or/sore throat AND
An absence of other diagnosis
11. Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI)
Case definition
for persons> 5years - Sudden onset of fever, and
Cough or sore throat, AND Shortness of
breath/difficulty in breathing
OR
Any child <5yrs old clinically suspected of
having pneumonia or severe /very severe
pneumonia
13. DLI(fever+myalgia)
Definition:
• A diagnosis of DLI is established on the basis
of clinical features and supporting non
serologic laboratory investigations
•With negative /incomplete serologic testing
can be included
15. Conditions that mimic febrile phase of
dengue viral infection
FLU LIKE
SYNDROMES
FEVER WITH DIARRHEA
RASH
Iillnesses with
Neurological
manifestations
Others
INFLUENZA
CHIKUNGUNYA
HIV
(seroconversion
state)
Rubella
Measles
Chikungunya
Drug reactions
Meningococca
l infection
Rota virus
other
enteric
infections
Other causes of
meningoencephalitis
Febrile seizures
Leptospirosis
Rickettsial
infection
Enteric fever
Malaria
Viral hepatitis
Brucellosis
16. Conditions that mimic critical phase
Bacterial Viral Parasitic
Leptospirosis
Rickettsial infections
Acute gastero enteritis
Typhoid
Bacterial sepsis
Septic shock
Viral hepatitis
Other causes of Viral
hemorrhagic fevers like
Kayasanur forest
disease ,Crimean congo
hemorrhagic fever
Malaria
Others-
acute leukemia
-other malignancies
-other causes of acute
abdomen
17.
18. Fever with rash (measles like illness)
rash is an area of skin that has become redden/swollen/irritated
34. Acute encephalitis syndrome(AES)
Definition
• A person of any age, at any time of the year with
acute onset of fever, a change in mental status
(confusion, disorientation, coma, inability to talk)
AND/OR
New onset seizures(excluding simple febrile
seizure)
37. Fever with ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs
when fluid builds up in the air sacs (alveoli) lungs.
less oxygen can reach bloodstream.
Acute onset
PaO2 /FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen)
<200mmHg.
X-ray bilateral infiltrates.
Pulmonary arterial occlusion.
41. Acute Diarrhea Syndrome
• Definition :Acute diarrhea and severe illness
AND
absence of known predisposing factors
•Diarrhea:Increased frequency of defecation or recent
change in consistency and character of stools
•If lasts more than 3 weeks it is known as chronic
diarrhea .
Viral infections cause watery diarrhea
43. Acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome
DEFINITION: Acute onset of fever of less than 3 weeks
duration And any two of the following.
Hemorrahagic or purpuric rash
Epistaxis (bleeding from nose)
Hemoptysis (coughing up of blood)
Blood in stool
Other hemorrhagic symptoms
AND
absence of known predisposing factors
52. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Signs are similar in EV70,CoxsackieA24,A24v
Oedematous swelling of lids in 72-100% cases
(swelling subsides in 3-4 days)
Pre-auricular lymph node enlargement - majority
are tender
Upper conjunctiva becomes inflamed with
injection, infiltration, and follicle formation.
Follicular conjunctival response
53. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Enterovirus
Diffuse patchy conjunctival
haemorrhage
Hemorrhagic patches
diffusely distribute in the
bulbar conjunctiva -3 days
after onset
54. Complication of AHC
Moderate epithelial
keratitis and conj.
hyperemia
0.3-3% in AHC
55. Molluscum contagiosum
Produced by Pox virus
Transmission-direct contact in children
Sexual activity in adults
Round, whitish-pink, nodules (2-3mm) with
umblicated centre
Frequent in eye lid margin
Unilateral lesions
Multiple in immunocompromised
67. Conclusion
Syndromic approach in diagnosis means choosing a
diagnosis process based on clinical presentations,
sign and symptoms.
Syndromic approach is necessary for the diagnosis
of viral infections.