Detailed about earthquake

1. Department : Civil Engineering
Group-6
Submitted by:
i.Masud Alam Ansari (11716156) iv. Ganesh S
ii. Md. Rohit (11714779) v. Md. Zaid(11700539)
iii. Subash Kr sahani (11716699) vi. Sahil
&
Tsunami

2. Table of Contents
 Introduction
 Term related to Earthquake
 Causes and Impact of Earthquake
 Theory of Plate tectonics
 Types of Seismic Waves
 Mitigation and Management
 Earthquake Magnitude
 Architectural Design Principles and Construction
Technique
 Tsunami
 Case Study

3. Introduction
An earthquake is a violent shaking
of earth’s surface due to sudden
release of large amount of energy
that has accumulated over a long
time inside the earth.
Naturally:- 90%
Man made:- 10%

4. Example
Series of waves are produced on
the surface of water, these waves
spread out in all directions from
the point where the stone strikes
the water.

5. Term related to Earthquake
• Focus
• Epicenter
• Focal Depth
• Epicentral Distance

6. Causes of Earthquake
 Surface causes
 Volcanic causes
 Tectonic causes
• Surface Causes-Dynamic Agencies Operation
i.Machinary
ii.Nuclear test
iii. Mining blast
iv. Locomotives

7.  Volcanic causes- Pressure
exerted by movement of hot
molten lava.
 Tectonic causes- Relative
movement of rock masses ,
Development of new fault
line.

8. Impact of Earthquake
 Loss of life and property.
 Damage to transport system.
 Structural damage to buildings.
 Tsunami
 Water pipes, sewers are disrupted.
 Communications such as telephone wires are
damaged.
 Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade
and transport are severely affected.

9. Theory of Plate tectonics
- The outer most layer of earth’s
surface consists of major
tectonic plates.
- These plates comprises of
outer crust, some portion of
mantle floating on hot molten
outer core

10. Earthquake occur due to interplate actions or movement
of plates in different directions at different speed.
There are 3 Types of Interplate actions:-
• Divergent boundary
( Move away)
• Convergent boundary
(Move toward)
• Transform boundary
(Mode side by side)

11. Seismic Waves
-Waves transmitted in all the direction passing through
earth’s surface .
Types of Waves
• Surface Waves
(Travel along the surface of the
earth )
• Body waves
( Travel through the earth layer)
• P- waves
• S- waves

12. Body waves
 Primary waves- Materials
particle vibrate in the
direction of propagation of
the wave.(1st recorded at
station)
• Secondary wave- Materials
particle vibrate at the right
angle to the direction of
propagation of the wave.

13. Mitigation and Management
 Mitigation
-To reduce the effect of hazard itself and the
Vulnerability conditions.
• Physical Vulnerability: -Related to Building,
infrastructure.
• Social Vulnerability:- Related to Socially marginalized
groups like women, physically challenged etc.
• Economic Vulnerability:- The poor people who have a
little to cope up with any disaster as it completely destroys.

14. Cont…

15.  Management
-Effectively and Efficiently managing a Disaster
situation.

16. Earthquake Magnitude
- Measure of the amount of energy released during
Earthquake .( Quantitative measure)

17. Architectural Design Principles
and Construction Technique
• Plan and elevation of the building should be
simple.

18. Cont…..
• Jacketing
-when the structural member is enclosed from 3 sides
with new concrete and steel

19. Cont…
 Seismic base Isolation
-Separating the structure and foundation by
introduction of flexible layer.

20. Cont…
 Seismic Damper
-It is used in place of structural elements, like diagonal
braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures.
( Absorb Seismic Energy)

21. Tsunami
Introduction
- Tsunami is a series of water waves
caused by the displacement of a
large volume of a body of water,
usually an ocean.
Causes of Tsunami
 Earthquake
• Volcanic eruption
• Underwater explosion

23. Cont…
 -Tsunami is should not be known as tidal waves.
Tsunamis are sometimes incorrectly called "tidal
waves" -- tsunamis are not caused by the tides (tides
are caused by the gravitational force of the moon on
the sea). Regular waves are caused by the wind.

24. Sign Of An Approaching Tsunami
 Often no advance warning of
an approaching Tsunami.
 An earthquake felt near a body
of water may be considered an
indication that a tsunami will
shortly follow.

25. Case study
Indian Ocean earthquake and
Tsunami 2004
 Date:-26th December 2004
 Depth:- 30,000 m
 Location:- Banda Aceh, Indonesia
 Total damage:- 1,500 crores USD

26. Case Study
Nepal Earthquake 2015
 Date:- 25th April 2015
 Magnitude :- 8.1
 Focal Depth:- 8.2 km
 Epicenter :-28.230°N 84.731°E ( Kathmandu)
 Area affected:- Nepal
India
Bangladesh
Bhutan
• Total Damage:-$ 10 Billion
• Death :- 8600 (No of people)

27. Epicenter and affected areas

28. Damages and effects
 Thousands of houses were destroyed across many
districts of the country, especially those near the
epicenter.
 The Tribhuvan International Airport serving
Kathmandu was closed immediately after the
earthquake.
 Nepal, with a total GDP of USD$19.921 billion is one of
Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a
major reconstruction effort on its own.

29. Destruction

30. Rescue