Agriculture sector and farmers training program in their related field is basically highlighted here

1. 1
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Preamble
Agriculture sector is the backbone of Bangladesh economy and plays a vital role in
the overall development of a nation. Most of the Bangladeshis earn their livelihood
from agriculture sector. Bangladesh agricultural sector contributes 17.2% to the GDP
of our country [i]. However, agricultural sector in Bangladesh faces serious
challenges because of its increasing population, limited water availability and
degradation of natural resources. Besides it, overuse of different pesticides and
chemicals decline crop yields and product quality (Yadav, 2011). In order to improve
productivity in rice production several inputs and high mechanized technologies
(tractor, pump machine, shallow machine, HYV etc) are now used by the famers. In
that case, knowledge about operating new machineries and using several inputs
according to their sustainable limits is very much essential. Farmers today receive
different training programmes from different government and non-government
organizations. Training programmes help farmers to make them better entrepreneur
and organize themselves into effective association and institution (Famuyiwa et al.,
2012). A study finds that importance of training program can contribute to the
enhancement of farmers’ skill in different farming work (Tripp and Hiroshimil, 2005)
and some success stories can also be explained during training program to remove
farmer’s misconception (Yang et al.,2008) especially training in rice production is
very much important as farmers are quite unknown about the production mechanism
about how to produce rice in an effective way therefore training program help them in
this regard. Besides it, different extension training program provided by government
organization, NGO’s, traders and also from farmer to farmer through which farmers
can receive education about different rice production mechanism. Sometimes famers
can also coach other farmers after attending training program. Training programmes
are arranged in different session and farmers can participate here according to their
preferable time. In our country it is well known to us that most of the farmers are
illiterate therefore they are quite unknown about growing rice production though
some may get idea following other farmers but such knowledge is very much
negligible therefore such training programmes help them to broaden their idea and use

2. 2
it in their farming method besides those who did not receive any training yet may lag
behind than the trained farmers to some extent. It is especially helpful for the
newcomers but still there is something new to learn about it so that farmers in our
country are highly interested to receive that training. In that sense, the aim of this
paper is to find out the effectiveness of the training program received by the farmer in
rice production.
1.2 Objective of the Study
The main objective of the study is given below:
i) To investigate the impact of training program on rice production.
1.3 Research Questions of the Study
i) What is the impact of training in rice production?
ii) What is the impact of particular input training program in rice production?
iii) What are the major sources that impart training to the farmers?
1.4 Justification of the Study
Bangladesh is an agrarian country and most of the farmers are poor here to maintain
their minimum standard of living. Farmers in our country can’t produce more crops
due to ignorance of proper production mechanism. Bangladeshi small farmers highly
conclude that building the capacity of farmer is highly valuable rather than getting
financial support in terms of raising production and income (Murshed and Diemuth,
2011). However, there are some highly mechanized techniques and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) system used in the production process which requires training to
use it properly and also may help farmers to take necessary steps during natural
calamities to protect their crops from any uncertainties. In that sense, different
agricultural officers belong to different public organizations and also the officer of
different NGOs as well as mass media perform a great role in this regard who visit a
place or sometimes farmers go to their place and receive different training to improve
their rice production. That is why; author has selected this topic in order to find out
the impact on farmer’s training program on rice production.

3. 3
1.5 Scope of the Study
Most of the farmers in our country are illiterate and do not know the proper method of
cultivating their land. In this case, they do not get enough profit after their production.
As most of the farmers are highly dependent on their land so to get enough crops at
the end of the season they seek to get trained in different farming mechanism. In that
sense, today there are different training institutes both government and non-
government who provide training at Zila and Upazila level. Farmers receive training
to use highly mechanized machineries, know sustainable limits of their inputs in
production, integrated pest management system and sometimes they receive training
from harvesting to yielding of crops while some other farmers do not receive any
training may some sort of lag behind the trained farmers. Different studies have done
in the outside country and find that training has positive impact on rice production
(Tripp and Hiroshimil, 2005) but in Bangladesh such kind of study hasn’t yet been
done in this field. Therefore, there exists a knowledge gap in this field that helps
author to conduct this report and find a suitable result in this field. Besides it, training
data over the time period is not available related with agricultural production therefore
impact of changes in production after taking training program is not available, so too
some extent the scope of the study is somewhat limited.
1.6 Chapter Plan of the Study
This portion involves the name of the chapters that are included in this study. First the
author tries to give a broader description about the study in the introduction chapter.
In the second chapter author uses quotes of other researchers who had done study in
this field and in the third chapter author uses methodology which shows the way or
method to complete this study in a sequential step. In the fourth chapter, author
described about the mission and vision of government and non-government
institutions providing training program. In the fifth chapter data were analyzed with
their explanations and at last findings with the corresponding recommendations were
provided there.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Every study is comprised with some limitation. I also faced several limitations while
preparing this report. As it is a secondary based data, when I had my secondary
survey, I could not get enough information from the internet and due to insufficient

4. 4
information it was quite difficult for me to make a proper analysis of this topic. It was
sometimes difficult for me to find information regarding training program from
different secondary sources as this type of study is very much limited in secondary
sources. Though in some cases, I found some information but they are very back
dated. Due to insufficient information several statistical analyses can’t be used here.
At last, I can humbly say that to prepare this report I have not enough experience and
idea so there remain some limitations while preparing this report.

5. 5
Chapter Two
Literature Review
This section provides literature review of the training program and its impact on rice
production. This review seeks to provide an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
information sources available on this issue.
2.1 Training Program and Its Impact on Rice Production
Kamariah (2011) in his study found that training programmes plays major role in
order to make farmer productive in their land. Majority of the farmer believes that
such training programmes make them better farmers. However, the impact of training
can be summarized into six major benefits (i) increase work quality (ii) increase in
farm products (iii) cost saving (iv) time saving (v) increase in income (vi) increase in
networking.
Murshed (2011) studied that training programmes bring varieties of result in the
production process. It is found that giving training towards the farmer is far better that
providing financial support to the famers. However, the importance of training can
contribute to the improvement of farmer’s skill and knowledge to their production
practice.
Yang et al., (2008) studied that several training programmes do not make any
significant result in the developing countries and some may fail before generating any
positive outcome as they highly focus on technology transfer rather than focusing on
famer’s empowerment and knowledge dissemination. However such problem can be
reduced by carefully designed the training programmes to address the needs.
Yadav (2011b) in his study found that it is sometimes difficult for the agricultural
extension worker to bring any positive impact and face different challenges while
implementing any services. To achieve the successful implementation of these
program agricultural extension officers should focus on improving their skill and
practical knowledge about providing training facilities to the farmer.
Ajayi (2008) investigated the impact of training on rice production. He therefore,
concluded that farmers mainly received training to alleviate production, increase in

6. 6
productivity and economic empowerment. He also ranked them 1st, 2nd and 3rd
respectively. He also found that farmers who attend the training there exist a positive
relationship between the farmers and rice production. Therefore training rice farmers
should be given top most priority to improve their skill and knowledge in that
particular field. Besides it, he also found that training involves acquiring knowledge
and developing attitudes and abilities. Training of farmers and the adoption of modern
technologies increase productivity as well as increase income of the farmers as well as
standard of living.
Rosegrant and Cline (2003) in their study found that farmers in rural area do not have
up-to-date information about how to grow food efficiently and economically. Better
knowledge, availability of new technologies, availability of inputs, in addition to
providing them with necessary physical resources for proper implementation of their
production mechanism is very much important which can be gathered through proper
training facilities that can dramatically increase the farmers’ level of productivity.
Murshed (2011) in his study explained that training program in the agricultural sector
makes farmer to become an entrepreneur and decision maker to establish an
association and institution.
Ajayi (2008) studied that training is a systematic and planned study to modify or
develop knowledge. It tries to develop and extend employee’s knowledge and
enabling them perform better in their job. Training may be short time and long time in
nature. Short time training includes seminar, workshop, conference and symposia
varying from one to six month in duration whereas long term training refers to
administrative, management, scientific training of technical training of full time or
part time varying from 120 calendar days. Long term training also provides
certificates and degree programmes.
Frayne and Geringer (2000) noted that training is an attempt to polish those qualities
which person has and which his position will require. This may mean putting him in a
situation in which he has to show initiative and take the best out of a person. Thus,
training assist an employee in whatever is not doing well which can be rectify, such
training must be relevant to job description and performance.

7. 7
Kayoed (2001) found that training can be conceived in the first instance to achieve
higher performance in the job and also raise the level of development of the
employee. Low investment or lack of training activities hinders farmer’s productivity
and hence poor performance on the job. However greater productivity can be
achieved through improved knowledge and skill.
Alibaygi and Zarafshani (2008) opined that training helps in obtaining people with
right skills, knowledge and attitude to run progressive and flexible entrepreneur.
Ballot (2002) opined that training is essential to improve performance and
performance is important to improve productivity. These factors play an important
role in production volume. It is found from his study that there exist positive
relationship between training and productivity in rice production.
Ahmad et al., (2008) found in their study that the role of training in agricultural
development and on the other hand this successful experience can be extended to
other areas of operation as well. It can further help the other development agencies
working on the subject to design and implement their studies and development
projects on the basis of this study results. The training programs also motivated the
farmers to adopt all required inputs.
2.2 Research Gap
From the above research, it is understood that there are not enough research on the
effect of training program on rice production especially in Bangladesh but there have
lots of data on rice production. For this reason, author has just tried his best to find out
the impact of training program on rice production with the data available in the
secondary sources. Besides it, as there is not enough literature regarding this issue as
well as in the study area therefore this may be a new dimension of my study.

8. 8
Chapter Three
Methodology of the Study
3.1 General
Methodology shows the approach by which the study is accomplished. It includes
some sequential steps that are required for performing the study effectively. This
study is mainly based on secondary data through which the study is completed.
3.2 Topic Selection
This study is based on secondary data therefore information is mainly collected from
different secondary sources. The author has selected the topic about ‘Impact of
Training Program on Rice Production: A Study in Bangladesh’. In order to find
out necessary information regarding training program on rice production farmers
attend different training programmes arranged by the Upazilla training institutes and
also by different mass media to make them informed about the proper method of rice
production.
3.3 Conceptualization
Conceptualization helps author to develop a concept regarding a study. As the author
selected a topic regarding the ‘Impact of Training Program on Rice Production’ in
that respect different information are analyzed here to collect information about
whether training bring any impact on rice production or not. In this regard information
like training session, knowledge about farming method after attending training,
production information after receiving training, area of training, contribution of
different organizations and mass media provide training to the rice farmers are
analyzed to proceed on the impact of training of rice production.
3.4 Collection of Data
For conducting this report there have been collected only secondary data.
3.4.1 Secondary data
3.4.1 Secondary Data Collection
As this is a secondary based report therefore; this study mainly relied on data from
published references, materials and information from other secondary sources like
internet, published materials and different thesis on our seminar library. Different

9. 9
information from published articles are assembled and presented on this report by
sequential steps.
3.5 Analytical Framework
Different variables including dependent and independent variables used in this study
to analysis the impact of training program on rice production. Those variables with
their unit of measurement are given below:
Table 3.1: Description of the Variables
Serial
No.
Description of Variables Unit of
Measurement
Literature
Reference
1 Rice Production In million metric
ton
BRRI (2014)
2 Farmer awareness In percentage ECS (2013)
3 Land area In acre ECS (2013)
4 Population In million Sombilla (2002)
5 Population growth Percentage per year Sombilla (2002)
6 Rice supply In million ton Sombilla (2002)
7 Seed used In kg BARI (2012)
8 Fertilizer Used In kg BARI (2012)
9 Chemical fertilizer In kg BARI (2013)
10 Cost of fertilizer BDT per ha BARI (2013)
11 Cost of pipe In BDT BARI (2013)
12 Labor In man days Mottaleb (2014)
13 Labor-land ratio Per hundred acre Mottaleb (2014)
14 Training received In number FAO (2012)
15 Role of Mass Media By name &
percentage
Ani (2013)
16 Duration of course Number of month BARI (2014)
17 Number of courses In number BARI (2014)
18 Number of participants In number BARI (2014)
19 Nursery area Square meters per
acre
BARI (2012)
20 Age of seedlings In days BARI (2012)
21 Crop yield Kg per ha BARI (2013)
22 Total Cost BDT per season BARI (2013)
23 Total Income BDT per season BARI (2013)
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
3.6 Analysis and Presentation of Data
3.6.1 Data Analysis
Data analysis is the main part of the report. It is also called the body of the report. In
this stage, all the processed information was analyzed to fulfill the objective of the
study. Different statistical tools and figures were used here to amalgamate the

10. 10
information collected from the secondary sources.
Tools
MS Word
MS Excel and SPSS
A proper interpretation was also presented here from the analysis of the information
included in the research work. In case of analyzing data author has used quantitative
analysis.
3.6.1.1 Quantitative Analysis
Here data is analyzed to describe changes in the training needs, year-wise production
of major staple foods, farmers awareness of extension service, service received by
category of farmers, differentiate of advice provided, future trend in rice production,
preferred agricultural programmes in different TV channels, year-wise growth rate of
rice production, descriptive statistics of rice growers, training in IPM management,
fertilizer, leaf color chart and agro-economic practice. Different tables that will be
analyzed in this study are given below with their respective information:
Using SPSS software author has tried to shown the maximum, minimum, mean and
correlation analysis between different factors. The formula for those analyses is given
below:
3.6.1.1.1 Formula of Mean
Here, formula of mean, x̅ = ∑x / n
Where,
x̅ = Arithmetic mean
n = Number of observation
3.6.1.1.2 Correlation Analysis
A statistical tool that measure relationship between two or more that two variables is
called correlation analysis. The measure of correlation called the coefficient of
correlation (denoted by symbol r)
r = -1 ≤ 0 ≤ 1
Here value of r may be +1, -1 and 0 are rare.
Application
For creating tables, figures and for analyzing data
For analyzing the statistical data collected from field

11. 11
When, r = +1 (Perfect positive correlation between variables)
r = -1 (Perfect negative correlation between variables)
r = 0 (No correlation between variables)
3.6.1.1.3 Cronbach’s Alpha Analysis
Cronbach’s Alpha is a measure of internal consistency that is how closely related a set
of items are as a group. Its value is normally ranges between 0-1. It is considered to
be a measure of scale reliability. The formula for Cronbach’s alpha is given below:
𝛼 =
N. c̅
v̅ (N − 1).c̅
Here,
N = Equal number of items
𝑐̅ = Inter-item covariance among the items
𝑣̅ = Average variance
As the number of items increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases. If 𝑐̅ decreases alpha
decreases, similarly if 𝑐̅ increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases as well (holding the
number of items constant).
To interpret the output, here we can follow the rule of George and Mallery (2003):
>.9 >.8 >.7 >.6 >.5 <.5
Excellent Good Acceptable Questionable Poor Unacceptable
3.6.1.1.4 Time Series Analysis
Y = a + bt
Where, a = constant; b = slope/ coefficient; Y = dependent variable;
t = time period
3.7 Tabulation of Data
The collected data has been sorted, figured and tabulated in the tabular form to
present the data in an organized manner. It makes analysis short but clear and make it
very easy on the eye of the reader.

12. 12
3.8 Data Presentation
Data are presented in various tables and analysis after sorting them. After analyzing
the data, the report paper was prepared finally supported by various methods and
techniques. Different statistical methods are also applied here to present the
information properly.
3.9 Draft Report Preparation
After the presentation of data a draft is prepared by accumulating all the information
and analyzing the pertinent facts relating to it. It also includes the finding and proper
recommendations related to the study.
3.10 Final Report Submission
It is the most vital part of the study report. Author tries to prepare chapters properly
and also in a good manner. All the chapters are analyzed completely and then a draft
report is prepared by including all the necessary information, references and necessary
appendices in it. At last the author submitted the final report to the course teachers in
due time.

13. 13
Chapter Four
Training Providing Institutes-At a Glance
4.1 DAE (Department of Agricultural Extension)
i) Conduct agricultural extension activities under the concept of training and visit
(T&V) approach;
ii) Provide efficient and effective needs based extension services to all categories of
farmers;
iii) Promote sustainable agricultural and socio-economic development of Bangladesh.
4.2 BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute)
BRRI first formed in 1 October, 1970 after the name of EPRRI (East Pakistan Rice
Research Institute). The mission of this institute is given below:
i) The mission of the institute is the development and dissemination of high yielding
rice varieties along with appropriate rice production technologies to the farmers' level
so that food security is ensured.
4.3 BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)
BARI first established on 1976 in Gazipur, Dhaka. It is divided into three wings
Research, Services and Training. Director of BARI is Dr. MD. Rofikul Islam Mandal.
i) Conducting research on numerous crops, HYV, crop and disease management.
4.4 PROSHIKA: The main mission of this NGO is to conduct an extensive,
intensive, and participatory process of sustainable development through empowering
of the poor.
4.5 Zibika: Its values are working for the poor, and vulnerable, Respect to all,
sensitivity to gender issues, sensitivity to conserve nature and maintain rights of all.
4.6 GUK (Gana Unnayan Kendra): Its main goal is to ensure employment and
livelihood of poor and extreme poor.
4.7 SKS (Samaj Kallyan Sangstha)
The main aim of this institute is to make a poverty free society where human rights
and social justice be promoted and built local capacity.

14. 14
Chapter Five
Data Analysis and Presentation
This chapter mainly deals with the analysis of different variables related to the study
as well as different statistical analysis pertinent to the study. They are given with the
following analysis below:
5.1 Determining Training Needs
Depending on the ability and job level it is determined that which type of training is
needed by the personnel and it is mainly done by the training providing agent which is
shown in the following table (5.1):
Table 5.1: Criteria for Determining of Training Needs of Extension Personnel
Level of Need of the Job Level of Ability Training Need
High Low High training need (HTN)
High Medium Moderate training need
(MTN)
High High Low training need (LTN)
Medium Low Moderate training need
(MTN)
Medium Medium Low training need (LTN)
Medium High No training need (NTN)
Low Low Moderate training need
(MTN)
Low Medium No training need (NTN)
Low High No training need (NTN)
Source: Singh. 2000.
Most of the farmers in our country are landless peasant. They do not have higher job
opportunity that is why they have to work on other people land and do not get the
actual return. Though they have high level of need of the job but due to low level of
ability and sometimes medium ability about the proper production mechanism they
need high level of training about their existing production practice. In that case
training program is very much effective that may provide them with high level of
training.
5.2 Farmers’ Awareness of Main Extension Service Providers
Male farmers’ awareness is considerably high with comparison to the female farmers
in both government and non-government institutes. It is also found that awareness is

15. 15
greater in case of non-government training session than from the government training
programmes. Therefore proper government training activities need to be developed to
make the farmer skilled in their productive activities side by side with the non-
government institutes (Summarized version of appendix table 2). Considering the
production of major staples in our country, we can see that considering three crops in
three seasons though there occur reductions in production of Aus in the FY 09 and FY
13 but the other two crops Aman and Boro shows higher yielding in every fiscal year.
Therefore we can find that training needs is very much essential in that case through
which farmers can increase their crop yield to meet the excessive demand of our
population (summarized version of appendix table 1).
5.3 Services Received by Category of Farmers
It is found that 20.6% people of income below tk 15 category received government
services whereas female category is only 4.9%. Whereas 6.3% of male below 15 tk
income category receive non-government services is lower than the female which
constitutes 9.2%. Therefore we can see that male people though receive greater
services in case of government institution but low return in case of non-government
institutions. Besides we can see that people who earn more that income 59 tk in which
male group receive higher service both from government and non-government
organization compared to the female group. We can also consider with the farm size
categories. Male landless household (up to 0.49 acres) receive higher government
services than compared to female but in case of non-government services female
received more. Similarly considering the large farm (over 7.5 acres) male people
receive greater services both from government and non-government organization with
compared to the female group (summarized version of appendix table 3).
5.4 Differentiate of Advice Provided
Considering government it provides advice about the crop production and livestock
rearing to the male group whereas provide advice regarding livestock and poultry to
the female group. NGO provides advice like crop and livestock to the male and
vegetables and poultry to the female. Private organization provides crop and livestock
training to male people and poultry, livestock and vegetables to the female group.
Comparison to those mass media provide extra services regarding fruit trees and
forest tree and more or less all institutes provide training regarding production of
different types of crops (summarized version of appendix table 4).

16. 16
5.5 Future Trend in Rice Production
Here we consider the rice production trend over the years and also consider the future
trend of rice production in our country in the following table (5.2):
Table 5.2: Future Trend in Rice Production
Year Rural
Population
(million)
Urban
Population
(million)
Total
Population
(million)
Population
Growth
(% year)
Rice
Demand
(million
tons)
Rice
Supply
(million
tons)
2000/01 98.9 30.3 120.2 1.6 23.0 22.4
2010 104.2 40.9 145.1 1.3 26.0 26.0
2020 103.0 57.7 160.8 1.1 28.0 29.1
Source: Sombilla, 2002.
In the above table, we can see that population growth rate has been decreased over the
few years and rice demand is considerably increases every year. In that case rice
supply is too some extent available in good portion to meet the needs of the people. In
the year 2020 we can see that rice demand will be 28.0 million and rice supply will be
29.1 million. It is really a good sign that there is no shortage anymore but we should
consider it for subsistence only rather we should produce more to facilitate
international trade to develop our economy. In that case proper training facilities help
the farmers to take a proper production mechanism to produce more rice in the
upcoming years.
5.6 Contribution of Mass Media in Imparting Knowledge about Rice Production
The mass media in our country plays an extraordinary role by imparting training to
the farmers. In that case we can see that farmers get much benefit by watching
television or sometimes hear radio to gain knowledge about rice production. Here in
the following table we try to analyze the percentage of people watch different
agricultural program broadcast in television. It is shown by the following table (5.3):

17. 17
Table 5.3: Preferred Agricultural Programmes in Different TV Channel
Preferred Agricultural Programmes
in TV (Translated Title)
TV Channel Percentage of
people Seenthis
program
Mati o Manush BTV 17.79
Desh o Jonopoder Khobor BTV 7.91
Hridoye Mati o Manusher Dak Channel I 7.91
Hridoye Mati o Manush Channel I 7.91
Krishi Dibanishi BTV and Channel I 16.60
Krishi Budget Channel I 9.09
Krishi Barta Channel I 4.74
Krishi Songbad Channel I 14.62
Krishi Bishoyok Pramanno Onusthan ATN 2.37
Shamol Bangla Bangla Vision 6.32
Obiram Bangla BTV and ATN 4.74
Total ---------- 100
Source: Ani, 2013.
In the above table we can see different TV channels name which broadcast numerous
agricultural programmes which is now very much effective among the farmers as they
can gather knowledge about different agricultural techniques through watching this
program. We can also see that majority of the people watch BTV and Channel I
program. These programmes mainly help to those villagers who can not go outside
their home and easily can learn different programmes and techniques and proper
practice of agricultural mechanism living inside their home.
5.7 Time Series Analysis of Rice production
Here over the time period rice production in Bangladesh has been revealed through
indirect method of time series analysis by using fifteen years data (summarized
version of appendix table 5). The formula for time series analysis is:
Y = a + bt
Where, a = constant
b = slope
Y = dependent variable
t = time

18. 18
Table 5.4: Table Calculation for Rice Production Trend
Year (n) Production (000’
ton)
Time (t) Yt t2
1999 19904.60 -7 -139332.20 49
2000 23067.00 -6 -138402.00 36
2001 25085.50 -5 -125427.50 25
2002 24300.00 -4 -97200.00 16
2003 25191.30 -3 -75573.90 9
2004 26189.40 -2 -52378.80 4
2005 15156.10 -1 -15156.10 1
2006 26530.30 0 0 0
2007 27318.00 1 27318.00 1
2008 28931.00 2 57862.00 4
2009 31317.00 3 93951.00 9
2010 31975.00 4 127900.00 16
2011 33540.32 5 167701.60 25
2012 33890.00 6 203340.00 36
2013 34430.00 7 241010.00 49
n = 15 ∑Y=406825.52 ∑Yt =
275612.10
∑t2 = 280
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
Here,
b = ∑Yt / ∑t2
= 275612.10 / 280
= 984.33
Now,
a = ∑Y / n
= 406825.52 / 15
= 27121.70
So, the equation for rice production is:
Y = 27121.70 + 984.33 t ……………………… (i)
(Y= Total Rice Production)
i) For 2015, t would be (+9). Putting t = 9 in the above equation, we get,
Y2015 = 27121.70 + 984.33 (9)
= 35980.67 million ton
ii) For 2016, it would be (+10). Putting t = 10 in the above equation, we get,
Y2016 = 27121.70 + 984.33 (10)
= 36965.00 million ton

19. 19
5.8 Descriptive Analysis of Different Rice Growers in Bangladesh
Rice is considered as the staple food in our country. After using log we can measure
here the mean value of production analysis in Bangladesh production of rice in our
country is 7.35 kg. Seed and fertilizer requirement is 0.40 and 2.17 kg respectively.
Total amount of fertilizer used is 155.72 kg. Total amount of rice land is 0.17 acre and
mean labor-days are 3.15 days. Labor-land ratio is 0.26 acre. Total mean income of
the household from crops is BDT 39887.65 (summarized version of appendix table 6).
5.9 Training Providing Agency
Different government and non-government institutions provide training facilities to
the farmers regarding rice production. They are given below:
Table 5.5: Name of Different Training Providing Agency
Name of Different Training Providing Agency
Government Non-Government
BRRI SSUS
BARI ZIBIKA
DAE SKS
DoF GUK
DLS RSDA
Padakhep
POPI
PROSHIKA
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
In the above table we can see that the name of different government and non-
government institutions that provide training programmes to the farmer to fulfill their
demand to learn about proper agricultural mechanism which is difficult for them to
learn it by their own way. In this case practical experience helps them to become
experienced in their work.
5.10 Impact of Training in IPM Management
Training in integrated pest management programmmes are arranged by different
institutions. In that case we can see that FFS (Farmers’ Field School) provide training
facilities to the farmer more than other institutes. Such training facilities also help
them to better use this mechanism directly in their field (summarized version of
appendix table 7).

20. 20
5.11 BARI Training Course
BARI introduced different training sessions to the farmers in order increase their
capability and disseminate their knowledge in the field. BARI provides different
courses in duration basis to the farmers. Farmers may attend those courses according
to their requirement and time basis. As most of the farmers remain busy in their field
from all day long therefore they mostly attend short term courses (Ajayi, 2008).
Though some of the farmers attend long term courses (Ajayi, 2008) but the
opportunity to join in international courses is very much limited in our country
(summarized version of appendix table 8). It is also found that after attending BARI
fertilizer training program total crop yield and total income increases 9% from their
earlier production (summarized version of appendix table 9). BARI also provides
information to the farmer regarding training in leaf color chart. Using this leaf in the
field and gather idea about the chart as it reduces use of water after receiving training.
Cost of pipe is very much low in this case. Almost 9000 farmers receive training in
this program and 175000 farmers disseminate this technology in their field. Ultimate
result is that it reduces cost and increase production after they receive training
(summarized version of appendix table 10). Besides it, training on agro-economic
practices increase crop yield to 1000-1060 kg per acre than from the earlier time when
it was 630-650 kg per acre (summarized version of appendix table 11).
5.12 Effectiveness of PROSHIKA Training Program
Like BARI, PROSHIKA also provides different types of training program to the rice
farmers and it is found that it increases most their knowledge development, crop yield
and income improvement. Besides it, PROSHIKA also provides services like health
and environmental awareness, capacity to face adverse situation and overall
livelihood development that also bring positive responses in their rice production
(summarized version of appendix table 12).

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5.13 Reliability Test of Male Farmers’ Awareness towards Government and
Non-government Training Program
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items
.580 2
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
From the analysis it is found that the result of internal consistency between male
farmers towards government and non-government training program is good (George
and Mallery, 2003) that may increase their knowledge of rice production.
5.14 Reliability Test of Female Farmers’ Awareness towards Government and
Non-government Training Program
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
From the above analysis it is found that female farmers’ awareness towards
government and non-government training program is questionable (George and
Mallery, 2003) compared to the male farmers’ awareness. That is why male farmers
are now highly productive from the training courses than from female farmers.
5.15 Correlation between Male and Female Farmers’ Awareness towards
Government Training Program
Male and female farmers’ awareness
about government training program
Pearson Correlation Value
.981
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
From the above analysis it is found that male and female farmers’ awareness towards
the government training program is highly correlated. Therefore with that training
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items
.157 2

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program they can improve their productive capacity that may help them to produce
more from that knowledge.
5.16 Correlation between Male and Female Farmers’ Awareness towards Non-
government Training Program
Male and female farmers’ awareness
about non-government training program
Pearson Correlation Value
.997
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
From the above correlation analysis it is found that male and female farmers
awareness towards non-government training program is highly correlated but the
value is less than government institutes. Therefore they can get enough knowledge
from the both of these training institutes.
5.17 Correlation of Trainee Farmers’ with their Exposure to Field Days
Correlation between Trainee Farmers’
with their Exposure to Field Days
Pearson Correlation Value
.980
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.
From the above analysis it is found that there is high degree correlation of trainee
farmers and their dissemination of knowledge or exposure to field days. In that case
they can easily use their productive knowledge from the training field in their land to
grow rice properly.

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Chapter Six
Concluding Remarks
6.1 Findings of the Study
The major findings of the study are given below:
i) Considering three types of crops produced in Bangladesh, we can see that though in
some season Aus shows a decrease productivity but Aman and Boro shows higher
yielding in every fiscal years from FY 09-13;
ii) We can see that male farmers’ awareness towards training program is considerably
high with comparison to the female farmers in both government and non-government
institutes;
iii) 20.6% people of income below tk 15 category received government services
whereas female category is only 4.9%;
iv) Male landless household (up to 0.49 acres) receive higher government services
than compared to female but in case of non-government services female received
more. Similarly considering the large farm (over 7.5 acres) male people receive
greater services than from female;
v) We can see that population growth rate has been decreased over the few years and
rice demand is considerably increases every year whereas it is found that rice
production increased but the growth rate of rice production is not increased as much
as required;
vi) Mass media especially BTV and Channel I plays an important role in imparting
training programmes towards the farmers in our country;
vii) Considering training in IPM management we can see that Farmers’ Field School
provides numerous numbers of training than from other institutions;
viii) BARI provides courses dividing it into period basis and it is found that most of
the farmers take part in short term courses;
ix) Considering BARI training in fertilizer using it is found that both crop yield and
net income increases 9% after they have received training;

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x) Training on leaf color chart also shows a positive scenario that cost of pipe use
decreased from early years and people who received training disseminate it into their
field properly;
xi) Training in Agro-economic practices also shows a positive result that using a
small nursery area after receiving training farmers require less amount of seed, using
proper waste management and rice yield average increases near double from the
earlier period;
xii) Using Cronbach’s Alpha analysis it is found that the consistency of male farmers
towards government and non-government training program is somewhat good than
from the female consistency;
xiii) Through correlation analysis it is found that male and female farmers’ awareness
towards training program provided by the government and non-government
organization is highly correlated.
6.2 Recommendations of the Study
i) As most of the farmers are unskilled in our country therefore adequate training
program should be proved to them;
ii) Both government and non-government should provide training at free of cost;
iii) Training should develop according to the farmers need and cover several areas of
training mechanism;
iv) Program of mass media services should be increased so that farmers get
knowledge living different regions of Bangladesh;
v) Farmer who can’t go outside especially the female farmers should receive such
training arranged by different GO and NGO beside their place;
vi) Besides the training program supervision of the training authority is must to find
out the impact of training services in the practical field;
vii) Farmers should be motivated to take part in the training program besides they
should be well understood about the necessity of training program;

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viii) If possible there should be made some arrangement so that farmers can easily
disseminate their knowledge to other farmers who do not receive any training;
ix) All available agricultural tools and HYV support should be provided to the
farmers so that they can have proper idea about it and can use it in their field;
x) Training program should include lesson from production to sell the output into the
market which may reduce the ignorance of the farmers regarding any production
related problems.
6.3 Conclusion
Agriculture sector plays a vital role in our country. Farmers are the most important
diesel of agriculture sector without whom the wheel of the agriculture can’t even
move an inch. In that sense, to increase productivity of the agriculture sector several
criteria should be considered among which training in agriculture is really important
to reach an efficient outcome. Now a days different government and non-government
organizations take initiatives to provide training facilities to the farmers so that they
can become very much efficient in their work. Different studies have found
significant outcome in which training facilities reveal significant result that increase
productivity in the rice production. As this study is mainly based on impact of training
program in rice production therefore it is found that farmers who received training
program produce more and therefore earn more. In that sense, proper steps need to be
taken by the concerned authority to enhance training program in the agriculture sector
so that farmers can increase their productivity in rice production.
6.4 Future ResearchOption
This study gives a new dimension for the enthusiastic to complete a new research
similar to the study. Similar framework, methodology, data collection, analysis,
different statistical analysis can be used to conduct this study. A new dimension can
be developed related to this study like training program on irrigation in the
agricultural sector, training program on fertilizers and pesticides, training program on
integrated pest management system, training its benefit and consequence in
agricultural sector, effectiveness of training program in raising farmer’s knowledge,
training program and its drawback. In this case several public organization and other
NGOs can take a proper participation in this regard to further conduct this study.