Public Transport Subsidies UK Analysis

A Brief Note On Subsidies Policy For Public Transport
An analysis of subsidies policy for public transport in UK
"subsidy means money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourge it to happen"
(cambridge dictionary, 2015). In transport,..
Main Body
Organisation and Policy
Glaitser et al (2006) stated In Great Britain, Department for Transport responsible to include posts
covering public transport, transport in London, roads and traffic national policy and aviation and
shipping or logistic. They also suggest to public transport there is a 3 tier of government in charge of
that are department for transport, sub–state goverment and local authorities. For rail services, the
authority and accountability exist in Great Britain and sub–state government. While bus service,
sub–state and local government authorities play the role. Subsidy given by the government through
several ways, among others for the bus, a government subsidy to all buses operating with the
distribution of three areas: rural areas, metropolitan and territories except london london. The
subsidy for train through two ways are the operation and maintenance of infrastructure (White,
2009).
Why government do subsidy? goeverden et al (2006) stated subsidy is necessary for public
transport. First, vulnerable groups such as low–income households, those without driver's license,
people with disabilities need to be motivated to avoid the problem of social exclusion. In this case
the subsidy serves as a 'social function'. Second, limit the use of private
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

To Build A Fire And The Open Boat Analysis
Individualistic Naturalism in "To Build a Fire" and "The Open Boat"
It is no surprise that the country descended from immigrants values the potential of the individual to
build their place in the world. American individualism is at the root of the American dream,
American capitalism, and American literature. This is perhaps less obvious in works based on the
principles of science and not character or society. Naturalism's relationship with individualism is
embedded in its existence as the story of man versus nature, human determination to survive, and
authors' transcendent portraits of being.
In "To Build a Fire", Jack London creates an American character whose belief in his ability to
complete a journey alone results in his death. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even as London draws a pessimistic conclusion where the unyielding powers of natural laws
overcome the individual, he undercuts determinism with the upshot of the man's dog and friends
surviving past the end of the story. With the last lines, London narrates an image of "stars that
leaped and danced and shone brightly in the cold sky" (639). He describes an indifferent and cruelly
beautiful universe of hard science but then incorporates a promise of the continued existence of
human life, of "food providers and fire providers" (639) who were smart enough to protect
themselves from the extreme cold. The strong narrative of naturalism and pessimistic determinism
in "To Build a Fire" does not exclude the presence of hope and beauty. This short story about a man
dying alone in the incredibly cold tundra suggests that though an individual man's place in the
universe is worthless, humanity will transcend and persist.
Stephen Crane also draws on hope and transcendentalism to describe the strength of man in his
battle to survive against nature. There are four men in "The Open Boat," yet when the correspondent
rows alone at night he doesn't feel the "subtle brotherhood of men" (587), but that "he was the one
man afloat on all the oceans" (594). Crane's adherence to naturalism shows in the correspondent's
desire to communicate with a personification of nature, the great antagonist. In response–like
London's dancing stars–the "high cold star on a winter's night" (595) responds

Geo World Cities Economic and Cultural Authority Essay
Question: Demonstrate why world cities are powerful centres of economic and cultural authority
A world city is a large city that has been outstripped its natural urban network and become part of an
international global system. World cities have become the central connecting point for the
multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that sustain the contemporary world economy, and its
social and political systems. According to the 2004 GaWC studies world cities can be ranked based
on their provision of 'advanced producer services' such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law.
In 2008 the rankings according to the GaWC determined that London and New York were Alpha ++
cities whilst Sydney, Paris, Hong Kong and Singapore were Alpha ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, world cities influence the flow of both finance and investment throughout the world thus
resulting in economic authority.
World cities are markets for a vast range of goods and services as they are areas of massive
accumulations of wealth and have extraordinary purchasing power. The importance of these cities as
markets is shown by patterns of concentrated retailing in high–order consumer goods, such as
clothing, jewellery, and art. Streets such as Fifth Avenue in New York are famous for their retailing
of very expensive goods.
Cultural Authority
World cities are centres for a range of cultural facilities and world entertainment. They have
theatres, opera houses, large entertainment. They host major cultural and sporting events ranging
from art exhibitions to tennis tournaments. The 2008 Beijing Olympics and Fifa's world cup in
Munich both were viewed by over a billion people worldwide. New York for example has a very
strong cultural authority with the New York Times reporting that in 2010 48.7 million people visited
New York spending $31 billion, which is almost 7% increase when compared to the 45 million in
2009. New York is home to a range of museums such as the museum of modern art and the
Guggenheim, Broadway, famous universities such as Colombia and NYU, and centres for the arts
such as the Julliard School and Lincon centre. Therefore the cultural authority of a world city stems
from its ability to provide

The Quality Of Air Environment And Health Of The Great London
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
The quality of air is a very important factor in projecting, representing and monitoring the status of
environment and health of the Great London. It is known that the Great London has a name of
'foggy city' since the severe air pollution event during December 1952 (?). Even though the air
status has been improved in a large degree in the recent years, atmospheric pollutant monitoring
should be never ignored, and should advance the measured technology and data model. The present
model is supported with GIS that use a geographic dimension to express the air quality information.
The geographical model is built by relating the actual pollution concentrations to the physical
characteristics of the pollution such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The projects are designed with the following objectives:
1) The value of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and SO2 are vividly represented in
various urban places across the Great London.
2) The value change of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and SO2 are effectively
visualized with temporal variation.
3) The emission inventories are efficiently connected with the nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), and SO2 values to monitor the emission sources.
4) The atmospheric pollution model are completely built across the Great London.
1.3. Information required
The most important aspect of modelling air pollution during temporal and spatial change is the
pollutants content which could stand for the air quality. For instance, the concentration of nitric
oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and SO2 are used as the indicator of air pollution in this
project. Model maps are needed, for example, by identifying pollution 'hot–spots', to show the
distribution of air pollutant in spatial patterns, and to provide further estimates of human health
conditions. Another product is the graph showed the temporal change of air pollution. This project
should use the traditional way that makes the multiple line graphs for presenting the temporal trends
in different locations on a GIS map, since the multi temporal dimensions of

Description and Challenges of the London Bus System
The London Bus Tendering Regime – Principles and Practice[1]
Toner, JP[2]
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
email: jtoner@its.leeds.ac.uk telephone: 00 44 113 233 6617 fax: 00 44 113 233 5334
Introduction
Since the introduction of bus service tendering in London in the mid 1980s, there has been,
according to London Transport Buses (1999), "a dramatic improvement" in both the quality of bus
services provided and the value for money achieved. However, the rules of the game have changed
considerably over time. Whereas in the first instance a gross cost regime was used to let just a part
of the network to public sector operators, in recent years the whole of the network has been let in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last of these contracts expired earlier this year. To complete the process, the Tendered Bus
Division started to let competitive net cost contracts alongside competitive gross cost contracts, the
aim being to use the type of contract in any particular case which delivered the best value for money
and incentivised operators to improve service quality. As of June 1999, only gross cost contracts
have been offered.
Impacts of tendering
London Transport Buses (1999) claims "a dramatic improvement" in both the quality of bus services
provided and the value for money achieved. Other authors have assessed these claims: White
(2000), White and Tough (1995), Kennedy (1995b). Salient features include: cost reductions of 47%
per bus mile between 1985/6 and 1998/9 (White, 2000); a reduction in the number of bids per
contract from 7 in early 1995 to 3 in late 1996 (ibid.); cheaper costs to the tendering authority of
about 10% per bus mile for gross contracts rather than net (White and Tough, 1995); and lower bid
prices as the number of bids exceeds four (Kennedy, 1995b).
PART B: PRINCIUPLES OF BUS TENDERING
We mean by tendering "the allocation [by government agency] of a protected or exclusive right to

exploit or carry out an activity" (Baldwin and Cave, 1999) such that "consumers or the public gain
an advantage – for example, an efficiently produced and competitively priced service" (ibid.).
In the remainder of this section, we will

Milgram’s Study of Obedience to Authority
Introduction:
This essay will outline Milgram's experiment of obedience and outline ethical issues relating to it.
Before outlining Milgram's experiment this essay will look at Milgram himself. 'Stanley Milgram
was born in New York in 1933. A graduate of Queens College and Harvard University, he taught
social psychology at Yale and Harvard Universities before become a Distinguished Professor at the
Graduate Centre of the City University Of New York.' (Zimbardo, 2010) Milgram's study of
obedience was an experiment that looked at how 'ordinary citizens obey the orders of an authority
figure if those orders meant physically harming an innocent person' (Milgram, 1974). He conducted
'18 studies between 1960 and 1963' so that he then could examine whether people would obey
authority figures that involved giving innocent people electrical shocks of up to 450 volts. One of
the studies was based on '40 men, ranging from 20 to 50 and representing a cross section of
occupations and educational roles in the USA.' (Milgram, 1974). This study involved three people a
learner, a teacher and an administrator. Milgram (1974) states that 'each participant meet a middle
aged man who was introduced as another participant but was actually a confederate'. The Learner
and the teacher roles were taught by the participant to be chosen at random but it was rigged as the
learner role was a confederate. The participant taught that this experiment was punishment on
memory. So therefore 'the

The reform of the British constitution remains unfinished...
In this essay, I would like to analyse why the reform of the British constitution is seen as unfinished
business. Constitutional reform is when the system of government and how government institutions
interact is changed. This has also meant the codification of some components of the constitution in
the UK. Between 1997 and 2007, there were a considerable number of constitutional reforms
introduced by the Blair governments. These reforms included devolution in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland, decentralisation, reform of the House of Lords and Commons, creations of new
legislation granting greater freedom and rights within the UK, and so on. However, some of them
are yet to be accomplished or in progress related to the electoral and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Until now, the content of the constitutional reform has not covered any electoral reform yet as the
constitution was prone to manipulation by single–party governments.
The reform of the Human Rights Act can illustrate that the constitutional reform did not go far
enough. In 1998, the Blair government announced that the citizens ' rights would be safeguarded
and strengthened through incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
However, this created a problem as the UK now has two sets of rights – those built up under
Common Law and those in the Human Rights Act. These two sets of rights may conflict and, in
addition, cases can be taken using these rights to both the UK Supreme Court and the European
Court of Human Rights (which is the supreme court for the European Convention on Human
Rights). The UK judiciary is divided on how to resolve this issue.
The centrepiece of Labour 's programme of constitutional reform was undoubtedly devolution. This
was achieved with remarkably few problems. There now seems no likelihood that the new
arrangements could be reversed, even by a Conservative administration. The election on 6 May
1999 of a Parliament in Scotland, with extensive powers of primary legislation as well as tax–
raising, and an Assembly in Wales, with powers of secondary legislation only, will have a profound
impact on governance within the UK. In

Naturalism As A Genre Of Naturalism
Naturalism as a genre depicts commonplace happenings dictated by powers larger than humans,
such as nature or society. As Phillip Barrish puts it, "Literary works ... traditionally identified with
naturalism depict characters whose lives are controlled or 'determined' by immense, impersonal
forces that the characters themselves can barely understand, let alone effectively resist" (116).
Obviously, not all naturalist literature is created equal; different authors choose to focus on different
aspects of the genre. Specifically, this study will be exploring the differences between divergent
interpretations of naturalism: the first, a story controlled by the forces of nature, and, the second, a
story manipulated by the power of societal structures.
First, let's take a closer look at these two branches of naturalism. The naturalism based in nature
involves both the nature of the human body, including things such as hunger and death, and the
influences of the natural world itself, such as hurricanes and snowstorms. This varies significantly
from the form of naturalism that roots itself in the authorities of society such as the economy and
social class limitations. While these two subdivisions of naturalism are perceivably unique from one
another, Barrish explains that "naturalist writers frequently blur together the natural and social
orders" (116). That is to say, there is a fine line between the two that is repeatedly smudged by
authors. Jack London's "To Build a Fire" and

Gentrification Of Death Essay
Gentrification of death: Behind London's burial crisis Seven boroughs in London contain no new
grave space, and a further 19 will be unable to meet expected demand for burials over the next 20
years, according to local authorities. The shortage of burial space in the capital is reaching a critical
stage in many of its 32 boroughs. Data shows that the majority of them currently lack the capacity to
supply enough graves to meet the level of demand suggested by mortality projections over the next
two decades. Changes to burial legislation gives London boroughs the authority to reuse graves in
order to combat grave shortage. The practice involves placing a new or additional body in an
existing grave, and is being touted as the answer to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Council doesn't even have to get permission from families of the private graves, or even
actually find the families. Councils only have to show they tried to find them." However, Council
spokesman John Wade, said the local authority does not currently reuse graves but may in the
future. A similar scheme is already in place in the City of London, Cemetery & Crematorium, where
more than 1,500 graves have been reused. The 161–year–old cemetery was on the verge of running
out of space when officials decided to begin reusing graves in 2009. It has proven to be a popular
choice, with over 60 per cent of burials there now in reused graves. Trevor Davis, Westminster
cemeteries manager, believes the most effective way to stop cemeteries from overflowing is by
reusing graves. He said: "New graves can continue to be developed on an indefinite basis as
required through overfill/overvaulting and through reuse." To avoid reusing graves, some cemeteries
in London have "created" new burial plots. A Greater London Authority audit from 2010 reported
that Brockley & Ladywell Cemetery in Lewisham "found" new burial space by demolishing chapels
and clearing land. Even so, the entire authority of Lewisham will run out of spaces at its four
cemeteries in between eight and 10 years, said Council spokeswoman Alison Beck. Death by the
numbers The shortage of burial plots has led

Why Was The Stamp Act Created
When the Stamp Act was created, it was because of the broken or leaky trade system between the
Europeans and the Colonists. Their was a lot of smuggling that went on throughout the system.
Many of the officers that should have been preventing these actions, just accepted bribes or just
didn't stop what was going on. Even though the system pretty much worked because everyone
profited, the British Parliament wanted to tighten its grasp on the trade by punishing the colonists,
thus The Stamp Act was born. The Stamp Act created out cry that would eventually lead to a better,
more unified colony which would evolve into the United States The Stamp Act was created in 1765
by the Parliament of Great Britain. It directed a tax toward the colonists as a result of the disregard
for the rules of trade. It required almost every kind of document to be printed on paper that was
created in London that had a revenue stand put on it. The kinds of documents that were stamped
were things like legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, and many other types of papers. This
created a hassle because all paper had to travel from London to the colonies if it was going to be an
official document. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what really united the colony was the common enemy of Great Britain. For the first time, the
British created a tax that affected everyone, not just some from the south or some from the north.
This is a common theme throughout history, uniting to beat a greater, singular enemy. After this the
colonists began to question the authority of the British Parliament and how they could possibly be
stripping them of some their rights as citizens that are equal to the citizens of Britain. This would
eventually lead to

Ethnicity Creates Inequality in the Labor Market
In my opinion, the various kind of ethnicity in London creates some inequality in labour market and
health. The ethnicity is de1fined as a process of self–definition arising from inside a group. A way in
which individuals define their personal identity and a type of social stratification that emerges when
people form groups based on their real or perceived origins. (Dictionary of Human Geography, 5th
Edition). Firstly, the inequality in minority ethnicity group labour market is one significant existing
factor of London's socially inequality. There were a large amount of migrant from Africa, Pakistan,
India and south Asia from 1950s to 1970s. It might be a result of British colonisation in some Asian
and African countries. It provides a convenience for those residents in the colony to come to
England and worked. However, most of them didn't accept higher education or some skill training;
therefore they could only do the unskilled, manual and low–paid jobs which the local British
residents no longer wanted to do. After few decades' development, the working and living condition
of minority ethnicity group is well developed and getting more optimistic, they gradually get higher
paid jobs and the working environment is becoming better as well. For instance, many second–
generation minorities from Indian, Ugandan Asian and Chinese backgrounds have done well at
school, and have gone on into successful managerial and professional careers in pharmacy,
accountancy, medicine, banking

To What Extent Does Multi-Level Government Increase...
To what extent does multi–level government increase democracy and bring government closer to the
people?
The United Kingdom consists of four countries; England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. As
the UK is a unitary state, the main power is centralised at Westminster. However, since 1997, power
has been devolved to five different areas; the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly, the Northern
Ireland Assembly, the Greater London Assembly and elected mayors in a number of cities, such as
London. There are also several levels of local government, such as county and district councils and
unitary authorities.
Devolution is the transfer of power from Westminster to regional bodies, such as the Scottish
Parliament and the Welsh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This therefore brings power closer to the Scottish people, through the Scottish Parliament, but in
hand it takes power away from the English people. This may be because there is no purely English
devolved body in comparison to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland
Assembly. Power is also brought closer to the people as devolved bodies can hold referendums;
however, on the other hand, they are limited on what they can hold referendums about.
On the other hand, devolution had failed to resolve the problem of voter apathy, for example, barely
1 in 4 of the electorate voted in favour of the Welsh Assembly. The use of PR in the devolved
assemblies has weakened the link between elected representatives and their constituents. The
Conservatives argue that devolution has undermined the unity of the UK, and some argue that the
Barnett formula is too generous towards the Scottish. Also, most importantly, it is argued that
devolution raised the problematic West Lothian question.
Devolution has not brought power closer to the people in that regional councils only have limited
power and are 'tokenistic'. The Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are merely symbols of
national identity, for example. Also, councils have fixed

Analyzing The Graphic Novel 'V For Vendetta'
Liana Montecino English 105 Baden October 7, 2016 Vervuiling In the graphic novel V for Vendetta
written by David Lloyd and Alan Moore, there is a large dispute in regards to whether or not the
protagonist of the novel is an actual terrorist, or if he is simply a freedom fighter. Many may believe
that it varies according to one's different experiences and their knowledge; however, the graphic
novel reinforces the idea that a terrorist is someone who inflicts harm on innocent civilians and is
determined to creates a sense of fear; meanwhile, a freedom fighter is someone who fights for the
greater good. In the novel V for Vendetta, the character V seeks revenge and justice, however in
doing so helps London recuperate from their corrupt government ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In most instances that are provided in the text, he only takes away the lives of those who are in his
opinion, the cause of London's corrupt government. However, a few may argue that because V was a
victim of the government, that his motives behind choosing the lives that are taken are purely for his
personal revenge, instead of for the greater good of the people– but this is not the case. For instance,
when V makes a replica of a prison to torture Evey, his intentions are to help her understand the
system that the government created(Lloyd)Many oppose the idea of V helping Evey due to the
torture that he forced her to endure, and believe that V's intentions were purely to brainwash her in
order to manipulate and use her to his advantage in his scheme to terrorize the government.
Although this reason is valid, nevertheless, it can be argued that the freedom fighter simply did not
have a choice, if he was truly going to make a difference in the government; apart from having to
instill fear in the government he had to expose them as well, and part of the process was making
sure that if Evey could see the truth– so could everyone else. A credible source on the other hand,
agrees that terrorism occurs when civilians are killed in the crossfire, a man named Michael Burnett.
In the article, "How Do You Define Terrorism?" Oliver Libaw interviews, Burnett, a political
science professor from the University of Wisconsin argues that V, a man that destructed government
property could be portrayed as a terrorist to the government, but is in fact an actual hero trying to
save other people. Despite the way he attempts to fight for the them, through the destruction of
government property– his intentions remain the

To what extent have constitutional reforms since 1997 made...
To what extent have constitutional reforms since 1997 made the UK more democratic?
There have been many constitutional reforms since 1997 that is progressive towards a more
democratic system, however it is not a complete democracy and there are still parts of the
constitution could be improved. In 1997 Labour government came to power, with tony blair as
prime minister, later Gordon Brown came to power between 2007 to 2010 have made a series of
constitutional reforms. This was due to the fact that many practices of british politics were out of
date, and therefore sought to modernise the constitution. Another main issue was that the central
parliament, Westminster has too much power and therefore the labour party sought to decentralize ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another benefit to the reforms is that the prime minister appoints members based on their
profession, for instance the majority of the life peers that are in the house of lords are lawyers which
indicates expertness in the skill of observing, as a result the reformed house of lords frequently
defeat government. On the other side you could argue that the reform is still incomplete, and that
Tony Blair initial aim when he came to government, was to have a fully elected house of lords, in
this case would have been more democratic. Due to elected politicians in the house of lords many
appointed members by the Prime Minister are part of his own party which can ais the Prime
Minister in decision making which creates worse legitimacy. The second reform of the constitution
is the Human Rights Act that was Labour's first major reform, that came in act in 1998. Before the
Human Rights Act the Uk was part European Convention of Human rights that was adopted in
1950. The human rights(HRA) Act came into force in 2000 in the Uk. The HRA has the effect of of
codifying the protections in the European convention in the Uk law. This act created a Uk bill of
right that is more suitable to represent the population living in the Uk, because of adopting the
convention to the needs of britain; this allows British judges to suggest their own way of Judging
based on the British culture which is more appealing to the the British

London Cowboys History
London boroughs are 32 of the 33 principal subdivisions of the administrative area of Greater
London (the 33rd is the City of London) and are each governed by a London borough council. The
London boroughs were all created at the same time as Greater London on 1 April 1965 by the
London Government Act 1963 and are a type of local government district. Twelve were designated
as Inner London boroughs and twenty as Outer London boroughs. London boroughs have
populations of around 150,000 to 300,000. Inner London boroughs tend to be smaller, in both
population and area, and more densely populated than Outer London boroughs. The London
boroughs were created by combining groups of former local government units. A review undertaken
between 1987 and

Solemn Soot and Social Despair In the Transformative World...
Solemn Soot and Social Despair
In the Transformative World of William Blake England was changing. The rolling green shires and
inspiring scenery that was fixed in the earliest memories of the Romantic poets was quickly
vanishing. There was a trade off happening. Rivets for rocks, chimney stacks for trees, locomotives
for carriages and steal tracks for cobblestone. Piece by piece England's quaint agricultural backdrop
was being replaced by a stern industrial one. Progress! Some shouted. The greater good! Others
exclaimed. Expansion was becoming virtuous. In droves they came from the country to work in
London's factories. The machines ruled the fields now. Farmers turned their plows in for hammers
and the way peopled lived was never going to be the same.
A new social class was developing in England. It was the working class. And although a wider
segment of the population was producing, creating steam for the Empire, certain leading minds of
the time had to examine the under–belly of this fiery beast. In William Blake's poems "The Chimney
Sweeper" and "London" he does just that. Through this examination Blake dwells on the theme of
the loss of innocence. He writes these two works in a straight forward tone, almost like a social
awareness pamphlet, urging the reader to wake up. And in typical Romantic fashion he does this
through stark imagery. What impression would a first time reader have after digesting these pieces
when first published? Depending on their class

Criminal Justice System Synthesis Essay
According to Introduction To Law Enforcement, The London Metropolitan Act of 1829 was a
government subsidized police force established in 1829, passed by Parliament, and was led by Sir
Robert Peel, after a greater demand for governmental intervention (Doerner, 2016). The sole
purpose of the London Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 was to emphasize on a more organized law
enforcement tactic that works better than current law enforcement methods that had flaws.
Furthermore, society and social control were changing as well as demands for a type of law
enforcement establishment that could possibly ascertain a degree of balance, and that was the first
formal police organization founded by Sir Robert Peel (Bethel, 2016).
Sir Robert Peel has influenced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peel emphasized that police must have a certain level of organization that reflects the military and
controlled by the government. Peel elaborated that a decrease in crime reflects the effectiveness of
police and communicating with the public regarding crimes are necessary for a police organization
to be effective. Furthermore, response times of police are critical when the public requests their
assistance as well as the amount of force and presence of police is critical to be met only to
neutralize the threat and avoid overkill. Similarly, Peel emphasized the manner of an officer should
be that of a quiet and determined rather than a tempered one. As aforementioned, the presence of an
officer can affect a situation as well as how trained and qualified the officer is. Nonetheless, Peel
incorporated an identifying number for each officer as an identity for the officer and allocated that
each police headquarter should be centrally located and easily accessible to the public. Peel further
detailed that officers should undergo a probationary period and their records reflect their training,
history of their performances as an officer, and possibly holds each officer accountable for all of
their actions (Doerner, 2016). The assumption can be made that Peel's Principles place responsibility
on police and the public as a paradigm of balance (Adegbile,

Kello V. City Of New London Summary
Marco Hinojosa
PAD 3013.901
Professor Sorensen
Little Pink House Assignment Eminent domain is the right of a government to seize and control
private property in return for compensation if it's specific purpose is for the greater good of the
community as a whole. The Little Pink House is a book that gives an example of a major court case
related to eminent domain from a journalistic account. The case of Kelo v. City of New London is
the most famous case of condemnation in the history of the nation. The book tells the inspirational
true story of Susette Kelo and her battle with the city of New London. Susette Kelo is woman who
had recently came out of a long term marriage and purchased a rundown, waterfront, Victorian
home in New London, Connecticut. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The project was unable to obtain investments and its plans were abandoned in the end. The promises
of new jobs and an increased tax revenue were all forsaken. Today, the property that was once a
neighborhood for families, is a vacant property with no beneficial purpose to the community that it
was meant to serve. American's view of eminent domain, because of the Susette Kelo case, have
changed dramatically since seeing the results from the economic project in New London. More
Americans believe that eminent domain should only be exercised in the case of benefiting the public
and not for the purpose of advancing economic activities of private parties. The case of Kelp V. New
London explains how important it is as public administrators to view and interpret policies to make
better decisions on how the process of implementation can better serve the needs of society for the
greater

How The Character And Quality Of Open Space Differ Across...
How does the character and quality of open space vary in different parts of London, and what are
the factors affecting this? London, an area of 1,572 square kilometers, is home to 8.7 million people.
According to Greenspace Information for Greater London (GiGL), up to '39% of Greater London
can be classified as green open space' – 14.2m2 per resident, of which nearly half (17.88% of total
space) is classified as being parks or woodland. In this essay I will be discussing how the character
and quantity of these open spaces differ across two areas, Tower Hamlets (TH) and The City, before
suggesting key factors affecting them. First though – we must define the question, by explaining the
key terms. 'Open Space' can be interpreted in different ways, however I understand it to refer to
green space (parks, woodlands, gardens) but also the open river and canal space, or the open air in
the capital. I interpret 'character' as the type of open space, the size and location in relation to other
land use (commercial, industrial or residential), and overall 'feel' of the space. 'Quality' is interpreted
as the standard of the space (for example how well maintained, features available and overall air
quality). Finally, the variation across the city refers to how the style and standard of these spaces
differ across the 1000mile2 area, comparing similarities, patterns and exceptions across boroughs.
One variation in the character and quality between TH and The City is the

Marketing Techniques For London And Iceland
P1 How marketing techniques are used to market products in Transport for London and Iceland
Introduction
In every organisation, marketing is of great importance large organisations use marketing principles
to meet the needs of their customers and achieve their objectives.
Marketing – "The action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market
research and advertising." – Oxford Dictionary
–"The management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer."
– BusinessDictionay.com The methods and techniques used vary between organisations in different
sectors as the constraints under which they operate differ. I will be identifying the broad aims and
objectives and how marketing techniques are used to market products in Transport for London's, a
public sector organisation and Iceland, a private sector organisation. Firstly, we will look at the aims
and objectives of organisations in different sectors.
Aims and objectives of organisations of the private sector organisations
Private sector organisations operate with the aim of creating the most profit possible. They are
competitive and aim to excel over similar organisations. Private organisations are often run by
individual entrepreneurs or families.
Aims and objectives of organisations of the public sector organisations
Public sector organisations are usually owned by many members of the public who have shares in
the organisation. Public sector organisation usually

Character Analysis Of A Room With A View
Claire Conti
AP Literature
Mrs. Scruggs
29 August 2017
A Room With A View Lucy is a young woman born and raised in 19th century England, when the
country was in its prime. England was the world power, causing it to be extremely wealthy and a
safe place to live. Lucy and her aunt go on vacation to Italy, and her eyes are opened to a whole
other world. During the time, Italy was a scummy city where the poor lived, but she is able to
discover herself while vacationing there. Within Italy, she finds love, adventure and exhilaration that
she could never experience in her homeland. In A Room with a View by E. M. Foster, Lucy's
character is dynamically developed from uptight and predictable to full of adventure and excitement
as she travels between the prime and proper England to the dirty and unkempt Italy. England is
clean, neat and boring, which makes Lucy predictable and boring due to the structured life she is
forced to live. The buildings within the city of London are simply lackluster in both looks and
character. As Lucy gazes upon a meadow, she notices how "pretty cottages lined it on two sides, and
the upper and third side was occupied by a new stone church, expensively simple" (82). There is no
exciting architecture in England, but everything is very old and very expensive. The diction used to
describe the buildings and the city illustrates how archaically beautiful England is, but highlights
how humdrum it becomes it Lucy. Then, when she returns from Italy, she is

What Is Nursing Shortfall?
Nursing shortfall 'putting people in London custody in danger' A new London Assembly report has
warned that the health and safety standards in Metropolitan Police custody suites may put people's
lives in danger. The report, entitled 'Falling Short: the Met's healthcare of detainees in custody', said
that prompt action must be taken to deal with the lack of nurses providing care and medical
assessments for people who have been taken into custody. Currently, there is a shortfall of over 60%
in the number of these professionals – in November 2013, there were just 78 nurses working in the
police force's custody suites, compared with the 198 nurses planned, with more nurses leaving the
service than being taken in the present financial year. Next year, the Met will transfer its ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Failing to adhere to this duty can lead to catastrophic consequences for detainees and reputational
damage for the Met, she pointed out. Improving the healthcare provisions for people in custody
suites is therefore too vital an issue to be delayed until 2015, when the NHS begin to commission
custody healthcare services, she

Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge...
Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth
William Blake was born in London in 1757. He was taught by his mother at home, and became an
apprentice to an engraver at fourteen. In addition to poetry Blake spent much of his time painting.
Blake lived on the edge of poverty and died in neglect. His poetry receiving little acclaim while he
was alive.
'London' was written by Blake in 1789. Taken from Blake's 'Songs of Experience', the style is darker
and in a sense depressing. It describes the city after the Industrial Revolution. Blake takes a very
negative and hopeless view of the city and the lives of those living within it. He hated the way
London was becoming, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the second stanza Blake describes the whole scale of humanity from infant to man to feel general
disgruntlement with the life that London inflicts upon them. 'Ban' suggests restricted or prohibited.
Blake however suggests that men have in a sense designed their own prison, implying this by use of
'mind–forg'd manacle'. He describes infants who cannot speak but are nonetheless born under the
chains, which Blake suggests society has needlessly inflicted upon itself. Again he creates effect by
the repetition of 'every'.
Blake goes on in the third stanza to comment ok the use of child labour under appalling conditions,
attacking the church as it ignores the cries of the chimney sweep. He is disgusted with this practice
and appeals against it and effectively shows the church to be appalled by the cries of the
complaining chimney sweeps. He describes the church as 'blackening', which illustrates the
industrialisation of the church. Just as he contrasts the chimney sweeps with the indifferent church,
he contrasts the soldiers sent out to die, while the palace pays no attention – 'the hapless soldier's
sigh runs in blood down palace walls.' This is a literal allegory for the French Revolution taking
place at the time, where Blake suggests that if the 'palace' ignores the dries of the people a far
greater threat, such

The Tower Of Borough Demography
Contents
1. Introduction 3
2. The Tower Hamlet Borough Demography 4
3. Diabetes prevalence in London Borough Tower Hamlets 7
3.1 Diabetes and health inequalities in Tower Hamlets 9
4. Social Determinant of Health 10
4.1 Examples of social determinants include: 10
5. National and Local Policy for diabetes 11
Contrarily, the recommended standard the National Audit Office report published in 2009 finds that
NHS is performing below the expected levels of care, low achievement of treatment standards and
high numbers of avoidable death, and concludes diabetes services in England are not delivering
value for money. There were an estimated 3.1 million adults with diabetes in England and the
number of people with the condition is expected to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(National Audit Office, 2013) 12
6. Public Health Provision in Tower Hamlets 13
Conclusion 14
References 15
Public Health England, (2013) Diabetes prevalence model for local authorities and CCGs, (Online),
Available at: http://www.yhpho.org.uk/default.aspx?RID=154049 Accessed [12/06/2015] 16
1. Introduction
Health is determined by some social conditions such as people's work, area of birth, living and
working environment. it also includes housing, education, built environment, financial security, and
the health system. The world health organisation (WHO) stated that the above conditions are
influenced by some very powerful forces which include social policies, economic policy, and
political instances.
However, the term social determinants are nowadays greatly perceived as the responsibility of large
amount of unwarranted health imbalance. While some imbalances are the consequence of free
choice or usual natural differences, others are of external management of some people or groups of
people and invariably these could be and could be circumvented
This report intends to focus on diabetes frequency in tower hamlet Borough. Hence, the
demographic features of borough of Tower Hamlet will be highlighted with reference to the
consideration of social determinant of diabetes in London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The report
will likewise evaluate the national, local policy

Atmospheric Pollution During The 20th Century
From young to old, rich to poor, male to female, air is the most fundamental part of human
existence. One can survive days without food and water, but one cannot typically survive more than
a mere minute without air. A writer at The Times in 1881 poignantly said, "the air we receive at our
birth and resign only when we die is the first necessity of our existence" (Harrop, 2002, p.1). In the
following, I will discuss the responses to atmospheric pollution in Britain during the 20th century
and how those responses formed the basis for government intervention and legislation in the
regulation and prevention of future pollution catastrophes. Air pollution is not a modern concept
confined to the twentieth century or to the industrial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While this was the start of a long, hard fight to improve the quality of air and subsequent health,
productivity, and prosperity of Britain, the bill was only met with moderate success (Scarrow, 1972,
p.268). Fog was simply viewed as the byproduct of industrialization, forward progress, and wealth
and therefore for the next 100 plus years, and between two world wars, there was relatively limited
and predominantly ineffective public action.
No greater was there a year for the environmental movement than in 1952. It was this week in the
middle of December that changed the course of British history. "On Friday night an unusually nasty
fog descended on the city. On Monday the fog was as thick as ever... At Sadlers Wells theater the
opera La Traviata had to be abandoned after the first act because the audience could not see the
stage" (Ashby and Anderson, 1981, p.104). While Londoners had been accustomed to extreme fog
descending on their city, this was just the beginning of a crisis like no other. During that week, more
than 4,000 people died: mothers lost daughters, sons lost fathers, and families lost loved ones. Not
only was there a 60% increase in deaths than that same week of the previous year, but livestock
perished, people

To Consider the Influence of Legislation in Relation to...
Use the case study to illustrate your understanding of the influence of underpinning legislation in
relation to how social care intervention could improve their quality of life.
To consider the influence of legislation in relation to social care, the case of Mary who has been
diagnosed with dementia will be used to explain how legislation is used. Within social work, law is
very important as it is used to provide guidance and duties for the local authorities and professionals
in how to proceed with a case.
In this case social care intervention would be appropriate for Mary as she has significant care needs.
She is often confused by her surroundings, she needs assistance during the night, and she is at risk
of neglecting herself and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many things that must be taken into account when making these decisions. Considerations
must be taken of the wishes and feelings of the service user, any beliefs or values that the service
user may hold; such as Marys religious beliefs and also the information given by carers or family
that know the service user well (Brammer; 2010, 483). In this case the decision made is for her to go
to a residential home that is nearer to her daughter so that she is able to see her regularly; this is a
catholic home which would suit Mary's religious beliefs.
For a carer or professional to decide whether or not someone who lacks capacity should go into a
residential home, the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS), is used to ensure that this decision
is lawful. This is introduced in the MCA 2005 and in this case Mary is unable to make reasonable
decisions regarding her welfare due to her lack of capacity (Johns, 2009, 35–36). However, the
decision to place Mary in a residential home is depriving her of her liberty which is a basic human
right, as stated in the Human Rights Act 1989. The DoLS legislation allows carers and/or
professionals to be able to act to ensure that "a care home or hospital only restricts someone's liberty
safely and correctly, and that this is done when there is no other way to take care of that

Procedural Justice In Aggressive Police Practices
As a visible representative of the nation, individuals often draw crucial conclusions about their
social status within this social group from their encounters with the police. Such identity relevant
information may be derived from instrumental judgements of the police. An instrumental
perspective suggests that when the police do effectively protect particular communities, and when
outcomes (e.g. quality of service, availability of aid) are not equally distributed, these communities
may come to feel isolated from the wider social group that the police represent (Fagan & Davies,
2000). Aggressive police practices such as 'stop–and–frisk' (as well as physical abuse have
frequently targeted Black individuals concentrated in areas of poverty, high ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These results are consistent with a group–value model of procedural justice, which recognises the
symbolic nature of policing, in which treatment at the hands of the police communicates identity
related information. The study is limited by the fact that the majority of the respondent sample were
not of typical age in relation to the student in–group. However, the respondents who identified as
American and British nationals are likely to identify with students to a greater extent than refugees.
Moreover, a group value interpretation is supported by evidence suggesting that procedural justice
concerns influence assessments of legitimacy and social identity for many social

Case Study Of Legal Facts: Kelo V. City Of New London
Kelo vs. City of New London
Legal Facts: Kelo v. City of New London 545 U.S. 469 (2005) the U.S. Supreme Court answered
"yes" to the question of whether or not taking land for the sole purpose of economic improvement
would fall into the realm of public use requirement set forth in the Fifth Amendment's Takings
Clause. The city of New London Connecticut had made economic recovery efforts to sustain a
severely downtrodden local economy. Those efforts included a plan to acquire 115 parcels of real
estate in order to redevelop an area of commercial, residential and recreational elements. The plan
consisted of removing homes to build a new development in order to create jobs, increase tax
revenue, and better allow for the city to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Kelo case, Legal Reasoning was prevalent in application of law to the outcome of the
decision. Justice Stevens followed the guidelines that it was the courts duty to determine the wisdom
of the government's attempt to exercise eminent domain, and that the court should not allow its
decision to be deviated by the hardship that one might incur when unwillingly relinquishing their
home or property. The large media influence on the Kelo strengthened the importance of Legal
Reasoning even more. The court found it necessary to remove all emotions involved in listening
about an individual that was about to lose the home that they had lived in their entire life and make a
decision that would be for the better good of the people.
In addition, Case Law Reasoning was used to determine the outcome. Case Law Reasoning is when
courts take prior cases, also known as precedents, and apply these cases to guide in the decision
making processes. This application of taking prior cases to assist in the conclusion of current cases
is known as stare decisis. Because case facts often vary, several cases are usually brought up to
expand and make it possible to have a factual determination. In addition, several cases are brought
up because moral ideas and the acceptance of such will change over time. Having

Are tall buildings necessary for London to remain a...
Are tall buildings necessary for London to remain a competitive world city?
On February 10, 2004 mayor of London Ken Livingstone introduced the London Plan, the first
proactive strategy in over thirty years to deal specifically with the planning and development of
London. Since an increase in London's population by 800,000 is expected by the year 2020 , the
mayor has suggested the construction of high–rise buildings as the method most likely to enable
London to grow in a controlled and steady manner and maintain its status as a world city. A key part
of the plan, the mayor's proposal for high–density towers throughout the city, has heightened the
debate between urban planners and heritage groups as to whether the construction of tall ... Show
Paul's cathedral . Claims such as these have held together London's existing developmental plan, the
Views Policy, which is for the large part unorganized and reactive; the plan dictates where tall
buildings should not be placed rather than where they could best be placed, which has resulted in
London's fragmented and uneven skyline . Thus far, the plan has served these groups well and they
have effectively prevented the construction of tall buildings that could potentially obstruct views of
London landmarks.
In place of tall, high–density towers, suggestions have been made by some heritage groups for the
construction of a greater number of smaller and more compact high–density buildings. Even though
smaller buildings would help to preserve the views of London's major landmarks, they would not be
built in the best interest of the city. Since there is a lack of available land in the city and low rise,
high–density complexes require more land than tall, high–density towers, the only way to construct
these developments would be to expand outward. An outward expansion would not only be
expensive, requiring a development of infrastructure in those areas strong enough to support new
businesses, but almost entirely impractical due to London's poor transport system. Even though half
a million London workers live in the suburbs and depend on the radial rail system that links them to
the center of the city, the system as a whole is expensive, heavily congested and wasteful; it

Exploring Structural Change in Uk Economy and Labour...
MA Human Resources and Employment Management
Assignment 1
Exploring Structural Change in the UK Economy and the Extent of Labour Market Inequality
Within London: Implications for the HR Function and HR Practitioners
Word Count: 4,455 words (main body of assignment)
Contents How the structure of the UK economy has evolved and changed since the 1970's, the
impact on organisations and HR functions 3 Overview of key factors responsible for structural
change 3 Impact on the external labour market, the employment relationship, the psychological
contract and the policies and practices of HR departments 4 Challenges the 2008 recession has
brought for organisations and how organisations and HR departments have responded 6 ... Show
Edwards & Wajcman (2005) describe globalization to be a process of increasing economic
integration of national economic systems. This has benefited and negatively impacted the UK
economy. World Bank figures report globalized economies benefit from higher GDP. On the other
hand, the connectedness of the UK economy puts it as risk. The first global economic crisis was
triggered by the Yom Kippur War, followed by the collapse of the Japanese economy and dot–com
bubble burst led to a global recession (Robinson 2006). These events were later dwarfed by the
global financial crisis in 2008, from which the UK economy is still struggling to recover.
Impact on the external labour market, the employment relationship, the psychological contract and
the policies and practices of HR departments
Labour Market: Kew & Stredwick (2010) note a feminisation of the workplace with female
participation rates increasing from 33 % in 1951 to 70 % in 2008. Giddens (2006) attributes this to
three key reasons; changes to family life, financial pressures and personal fulfillment.
Demographic changes have also resulted in an ageing population coupled with a reduction in UK
birth rates. (Chamerlin 2011) The resulting gaps in employment have been filled by migrant
workers, due to the improved mobility of labour afforded by Britain's membership to the EU and
globalisation.
Employment Relationship: Economic structural shifts have led to a shift in occupational

Benefits to the Uk of Hosting the Olympic Games in 2012
The 6th of July marked a very important achievement for the city of London. The IOC (International
Olympic Committee) awarded the city of London the right to stage the 2012 summer Olympics after
fighting off fierce competition (Adam, 2005). The bid for the games has always had loud political
undertones that were obvious during the bidding process. Some of the arguments raised included the
benefits and negative effects hosting the games could bring. This paper examines the economic
benefits and costs of hosting the Olympics. The net benefits are found to be positive and large
relative to the investment in the bidding process.
Hosting the 2012 Olympics will be a massive economic boost for the United Kingdom. Currently,
the funding of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ODA is funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Greater London Authority
(£925 million), the London Development Agency (£470 million), and the Olympic Lottery
Distributor (£2.2billion).
The funding from the various public sectors above contributes towards the construction of the
venues and infrastructure in the Olympic park. For example, facilities are being built at Weymouth
and Portland, Broxbourne and Eton Dorney and also the legacy that will follow after the games.
(London 2012, 2005)
The hosting and staging of the Olympic games in London would result in a drastic change in the
physical activities of the nation, contributing to the government 's wants in order to modify
participation in sports and physical activities. Hosting the Olympic Games in London can add to the
governments' wider social and health agenda. It is also believed that it will contribute to the
extremely ambitious target of 70percent of the population attempting 5x30 minutes of moderate
activity per week by 2020 as outlined in the Game Plan (DCMS/Strategy Unit, 2002)
Another economic benefit of the London 2012 Olympics is the aspect of sport tourism. According to
Weed and Bull (2004), the notion behind sport tourism is "........ As derived from the unique
interaction of activity people and place" This tells us about the tourism potential of the London 2012
Olympic Games. It is believed that sport is an important tourism phenomenon (Collins and

Healthcare Inequality in the United Kingdom
Healthcare Inequality and the UK Poor The United Kingdom is one of the most technologically
advanced and financially able countries in the European Union and the world. According to
economic scale, the UK has the sixth largest economy (by GDP) in the world and the third ranked
economy in the European Union (behind only Germany and France). However, the united kingdom
has some of the largest healthcare inequalities in all of the EU. A recent study by the House of
Commons Health Committee (2009) found that infant mortality was 2.9 times greater among
unskilled workers as compared to professional workers. This gap is further magnified when it comes
to access to healthcare for all age groups and evaluating based on certain types of chronic conditions
which shorten one's lifespan (The Health Foundation, 2012). The fact that there are still inequalities
that are this great in an advanced, industrial society are telling of the problems that exist within the
national system. Since healthcare is supposed to be available to all, it would seem that questions
such as access would have already been answered long ago. However, the national government has
tried to fix it as a national problem, in the past, rather than as one which has many different local
variables. This research paper will evaluate the current national policy, try to determine the
inequality issues from a local standpoint, discuss why it will take the efforts of many different
agencies to solve the problem, and look at

The Spectator: The Jack The Ripper
Whilst looking through the document, an article from a magazine titled 'The Spectator', it can be
seen that there are many interesting points which can be highlighted and developed upon further.
This document is significant in many ways due to the fact that it is able to give a historian more of
an insight into the prevalent issues and tensions in East London during the late 1880's, specifically
in relation to the mystery surrounding the Whitechapel murders and the identity of the murderer. In
addition to this, the document is able to provide a historian with a greater understanding about many
events that took place, the misunderstanding between the public and the Metropolitan Police and
other such authority figures, as well as being able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in other aspects this Conservative magazine can be seen as favouring the government at
the time, for fear of social reform. Historians ,Warwick and Willis (2007), can support this
viewpoint as they have said that the Whitechapel murders occurred at a time when talk of revolution
and reform was rife and socialism was gaining momentum as an alternative political ideology". In
this article, there are two ways in which the purpose can be interpreted as in some ways it can be
seen that he writer is clearly just attempting to change people's negative viewpoint and show the
reality of the situation. However, in the opening paragraph where the writer says that "crime was not
due to the poverty of the neighbourhood, for there are dark courts and narrow passages, and small
lodging–houses, and low " unfortunates ' everywhere in every great city", there may have been
many members of the public who would disagree due to the fact that 'inequality and class divide'
had been a 'source of resentment and distrust, and were compounded by general ignorance of the
plight of the working class man'. Many historians have also concluded that the Whitechapel murders
fuelled social discontent and also raised more awareness about the issues of inequality and

The Positive and Negative Impacts of Migration in London...
Introduction
This essay seeks to investigate the negative and positive effects of migration in London. As the
London Migration Observatory claim London has the largest number of migrants among all regions
of the UK. About 37% of the UK's foreign–born population was in London (LMO, Dr.Rienzo and
Dr.Vargas–Silva). Furthermore, According to the Benton–Smith statistic, London is the 5th
International city in the world after NY, Toronto, Dubai and LA.That is why I am choosing this city.
This research will analyze the impacts of migration to the London in the different aspects, such as
social and economy.
Main body
Paragraph 1 (economy)
To begin, I want to start by evaluating the economic factors of migration in London. Firstly, on of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It proves that migration is harmful for native people.
Paragraph 2 (Social)
After the economic factors, I am going to discuss about impacts of migration on social field. First
and the most important negative effect of migration in London is the high level of crime. More than
one crime in five in London is now committed by a foreign national ("Telegraph", T. Harper, B.
Leapman). The high level of crime is very dangerous situations for London population. Damian
Green, the shadow immigration minister, said: "Every new piece of evidence shows how damaging
the government's failure to control immigration has been. They have ignored the fact that
uncontrolled movements of people can cause strains on society, as well as bringing economic
benefits." It means that government of UK should pay attention not only to economic benefits of
migration, but also to the crime condition of immigrants. On the other hand, migration has one big
advantage, it is multinationality. From the Table "A" we can see the percentage number of different
ethnicities in London (UK National Statistics, 2009). If we analyze this table, we can see that a
variable nationalities lives in UK and most of them lives especially in London. Due to that there is
different ethnic it is clear that here is different religions.58.2% of Londoners are Christian, 8.5%
Muslim, 4.1% Hindu, 2.1% Jewish, 1.5% Sikh, 0.8% Buddhist and 0.2% other

The London Plan And Environmentally Sustainable
How is the London Plan both demographically and environmentally sustainable?
The London Plan, is a complex, yet vital part of the UK 's capital cities roots as it contributes to the
efficient day to day running of the city, whilst also aiming to aid sustainable development. The most
recent update to the London Plan was released in 2015 which covered multiple topical issues
ranging from strategic housing, transport, dealing with the pressures of climate change, economic
development, quality of life and managing demographics. The plan is often referred to as a 'Spatial
Development Strategy ' (SDS) and is produced by the mayor and his councillors for all 33 London
boroughs. According to National Planning Policy Framework (NPF), a source ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In modern day society, especially amongst geographers and planners, the concept of sustainability
and sustainable development is vital when making decisions that effects both people and the
environment, as it involves using today 's resources in a way that ensures they are still available for
future generations to come. 'Sustainable development is an important concept for the future of the
world, and for developments in geography. The idea of sustainable development is a bridge between
geography and compatible disciplines. Beyond that, it is a conduit through which geographers can
contribute to a positive future for life on earth ' . With that in mind, it is essential that if the London
Plan wishes to be successful, it must consider how they are going to integrate the aspect of
sustainability into their development, especially with the increasing pressures of changing
demographics, (e.g. overpopulation, green belt development and housing crisis 's) and climate
change heightening the risk of flooding, increased temperatures, energy issues and drought across
not

The Legal Position And Right Of Residents
3.3B SECURITY OF TENURE
The legal position and right of residents in different tenures vary considerably. Both owner
occupiers and social renters have significant legal rights that are not usually available to tenants in
the PRS (Tenure Trends in the UK Housing System, 2010).
As mentioned previously, at about the start of the 20th century during the First World War, rent
controls were put in place to limit the initial rent that a landlord could charge as well as any
subsequent increase in response to housing shortages. The Rents Act 1915 was passed to provide
security of tenure and to restrict rents in the PRS and remained in play for most of the 20th century.
The rent acts contributed as a significant interference with the property ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Though around the middle of the 20th century where security of tenure was still strong in the PRS,
there were scurrilous landlords that would evict tenants unlawfully, a prime example being Peter
Rachman, he was known for his exploitation and intimidation of his tenants. In response to the
Rachman scandal the Eviction Act 1964 was passed in an attempt to deal with similar problems.
The PRS underwent a mini revival during the 1990s due to a combinations of factors, such as
changes to tenancy arrangement in the 1988 and 1996 Housing acts, the availability of housing
benefits and the state of home owning market (Stuart Lowe, 2004).
With the introduction of the Assured Short hold Tenancy (AST) in the Housing Act 1988, granted
the landlord the right to guaranteed possession after the initial six month period, in other words
giving landlords stronger rights. The Housing Act 1996 furthered strengthened a landlord's position
by making AST the default tenancy except expressed. The Act defines several criteria for an AST to
be set up e.g. the property must be set as separate accommodation, the property must be the tenant's
main home, the tenant should be an individual, thus there are uncertainties that the AST's lack of
security creates long–term problems for tenants. Therefore a landlord may choose to evict the

Marketing Analysis : Fm Conway And Transport For London
There are a number of companies who have invested in plant and equipment to produce asphalt with
reclaimed/recycled asphalt. These include FM Conway who provide a wide range of infrastructure
services and have worked on high profile projects including the Olympic Park in London and the
motorway network. They currently are recycling 100% of road planings which are used to produce
low carbon asphalt (FM Conway, 2016).
In March 2016, a trial began with FM Conway and Transport for London (TfL) which has been
commissioned to try and establish whether or not asphalts with high percentages of reclaimed
asphalt can meet adequate durability and skid resistance standards. Currently base mixtures
incorporating recycled asphalt have around 50% recycled content while surface courses have
generally no more than 10% recycled asphalt (Highways Magazine, 2016).
This trial is being carried out on three lanes on a stretch of the A1 at Mill Hill in North London on
the strategic road network. The asphalt with the high recycled content is being monitored against
primary aggregate asphalts and it is hoped that the results of the trial will allay fears over the long
term durability and skid resistance of high recycled content asphalts. Subject to favourable results,
TfL would like to implement this sustainable method across the highway network which could aid
the industry meet efficiency targets (Highways Magazine, 2016). In a technical paper for
Transportation Professional, the

Social Work and Adult Health Care Essay
Introduction
Social work is a service that provides 'universalist services outside the market on the principle of
need' (Titmuss, 1974, p.146). It maintains welfare of the public, and its basic role in adult social care
is to focus on individuals, families and communities, and to ensure their well–being. By doing so,
social workers improve quality of life, and serve for betterment of the whole community, thus
enabling a social change. Today, much of these social work services is guaranteed by social policies
and laws, which ensure delivery of social care to different individuals. However, there are
significant drawbacks in social work practice, and issues that need to be addressed by the public and
by social workers themselves. This essay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also operates on a larger scale by educating, 'engaging in social and political action to impact
social policy' (The International Federation of Social Workers, 2014, p.n.g.), and by involving the
right people and organisations. A legal framework for these services is based on the Health and
Community Care Act 1990 and the Health and Social Care Act 2012. These acts define rights and
responsibilities for social workers in adult social care and associated services. They state that local
authorities are in charge of social care provisions, having relevant services at hand, and supplying
adequate support (Department of Health, 2010). Section 47(1) of the Health and Community Care
Act 1990 requires councils to provide assessment for potential social care and support, and to
provide a suitable service to eligible individuals, according to section 4 of the Disabled Persons Act
1986. This shift in power from central to local authorities creates a market, where NHS trusts and
other organisations provide services, and the local authorities choose and market these from their
budgets. The councils are 'set free to run innovative local schemes and build local networks of
support' (Department of Health, 2010, p.4).Thus, this legislative emphasises community and home
care, where carers and patients can work together. In other words, the government encourages
councils and their social work departments to be independent of any state bureaucracy, and to
explore their

Housing Tenure Research Paper
Tenure describes the legal status of and the rights associated with different forms of housing
ownership and occupancy (Mullins & Murie, 2006). There are three categories of housing tenure,
which are home–ownership, private rent and social rent. Home–ownership is the households that
live in a home they owned. The home–ownership tenure includes home that is owned outright,
where the owner has paid off their mortgage and own their home without qualification, and bought
with a mortgage, where mortgagors have taken out mortgage to help purchase their home that repaid
over a period of 20 years or more and are still in the process of repaying the debt. The lender will
require the evidence of a household income sufficient to repay the loan, while

Public Transport Subsidies UK Analysis

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Public Transport Subsidies UK Analysis

Similar to Public Transport Subsidies UK Analysis (11)

More from Erin Perez

More from Erin Perez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Public Transport Subsidies UK Analysis