Fashion And Fashion In India

Fashion And Fashion In India
I. Introduction:
High fashion takes inspiration from various sources, ranging from nature to various art forms.
Fashion and architecture share similarities that tie various culture, society and religion together.
A career in fashion is a long term project in one's life, and although there is extreme competition, the
scale of its scope and opportunity never drops.
Is the fashion industry solely dependent on fashion designers?
No, the fashion industry is not only about fashion designers. There's a whole range of other roles in
the industry that makes up what we see on the runways and in malls. The fashion industry in India,
just like in any other country is also about fashion photography, pattern making, garment
construction, accessory designing, make–up artists, modelling, fabric weaving, textile research and
development, fashion journalism/editorial, and manufacturing to name a few. Fashion designers are
just a small portion of this whole game. They make use of these available resources to introduce
new designs into the market.
Where does India's Fashion industry stand in the world market?
Current size of the Indian fashion industry is worth INR1000 crore, while the market size is
approximated to be INR 20,000 crore. However, Indian fashion accounts for a meagre 0.2% in the
world market. But this is expected as Indian fashion has just rolled over from infancy to the growth
stage.
How organized is the industry in India?
In reference to the point above, the
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The Effects Of Drug Overdose On Drugs
While many people may assume that drug overdose is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural
areas, the reality is reversed. Over the last ten years, rural areas surpassed urban areas in drug–
overdose occurrences. Opioid use and the use of other drugs has increased dramatically nationwide,
but as of 2017, rural areas have a drug overdose death rate of 17 per 100,000 people while the urban
statistic is 16.2 per 1,000 people (which is 0.8 less deaths per 100,000 people). The National Center
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) proposed four hypotheses to explain this disparity. They are
as follows: greater social and kinship connections; peer influence and lack of education concerning
drug properties; easier access to prescription drugs combined with less access to treatment centers;
and overall economic instability (Keyes). All of these conjectures have adequate support, however
one is the most plausible. Drug–overdose related deaths are more prevalent in rural areas than in
urban areas because of the overall economic instability. Labor in rural areas is typically lower
income and more prone to pain than in urban areas. A majority of jobs in rural areas are related to
agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. In order to maintain a consistent workflow, prescription drugs
are often given to employees in the heavy labor occupations (Keyes). The workers tend to be on
these drugs for extended periods of time, which creates a drug dependency. In urban areas, where
heavy labor

Urbanization In Canada
Salaho Ahmed
Mawahib Yusuf
HHS4U
May, 25, 2016 Urbanization The city life often referred to as an experience like no other. The big
change an individual makes when moving from a rural area to the city affects all aspect of a person
life. This movement is called urbanization; "is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the
gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each
society adapts to the change. Urbanization is predominantly the process by which towns and cities
form and become larger. It usually occurs when a country is still developing or the better services
available in the city. The rate of urbanization in Canada is 1.12% ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What is urbanization? Urbanization is the increase of population in an urban area. It is as much as a
social process as it is an economic and territorial process. There are a few major cause of
urbanization which include the industrial revolution, immigration, push and pull factor.
Industrialization is the increase and development of a society or country that transforms its self s
itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the industrialized of goods and
services. The increasing number of factories created has a powerful need for labor, compelling
people in rural areas to move to the city, and drawing immigrants from around the world to come to
Canada for employment. As a result, Canada has transformed from a rural to an urban nation, and
the demographics of the country shifted dramatically. Subsequent industrial development the
process of urban¬ization is accelerating at much more rapidly rate. Urbanization brings about social
and cultural changes in community life, which also correspond to modernization. The loss of
community life and traditional large–sized joint families on one hand and growing individualism,
and smaller sizes of house¬holds and development of independent personalities in a diverse
community on the other, are the commonly observed characteristics of urban as well as modern way
of

A Professor Of Psychology At A University
A professor of psychology at a university in a large metropolitan area would be at risk of violating
several codes of ethics if he tells his abnormal psychology class that he is a psychotherapist in
private practice and that they can come to him for therapy during the duration of the semester.
Several problems can occur as a result of the professor's solicitation of his service as a
psychotherapist to his students (5.6, American Psychological Association, 2002). By assuming two
professional roles with his students the professor is clearly engaged in multiple relationships (3.5,
American Psychological Association, 2002). The students are at risk of being exploited by their
professor. The professor has knowledge of his student's deepest thoughts, emotions, and personal
experiences. This personal information can be used to manipulate the student's behavior in a
classroom setting (3.8, American Psychological Association, 2002). If the professor is aware of a
student's fear of public speaking the professor can possibly use this information to punish the
student. The students may also feel that their therapy session influences the outcome of their
psychology class. The students may feel that they received a bad grade or a good grade because of
the outcome of their therapy session. This creates pressure for the students to regulate their therapy
session in accordance to what they think will affect their grade in class. This can lead to a lack of
willingness to share

The Great Canadian Real Estate Crash Of 2013
Toronto is the largest condominium market in North America followed by Montreal, Calgary, and
Vancouver along with Halifax and St. Johns. Up until 2013 the market had been growing and
especially booming in Toronto. In 2013 this high condominium purchasing rate attracted the
attention of the Bank of Canada, and the question was posed whether satisfying this high demand,
including from foreigner's side, was a good thing for the market. Following that, the banks became
more "cautious" when lending funds for construction or to purchase a unit. Low interest rates were
believed to be favouring the booming demand. An increase in interest rates was believed to be a
serious threat, however the probability of that happening was perceived as low in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The upward trend in condominiums ownership by individuals is seen in the numbers: in 1971 only
5% of all condominiums were occupied by private owners, whereas in 2001 this number reached
19%. In the same year two of every three apartments formed part of a condo. In 2001 condominiums
accounted for 8% of all real estate in metropolitan cities, while they were only 1% of all real estate
in smaller cities or in rural areas. There was a difference between the major metropolitan centers.
Almost one fifth of privately owned real estate in Vancouver in 2001 were condominiums, 70% of
which were apartments. In Quebec City and Montreal this number was 80%, whereas it was 50% in
such cities as Edmonton, Calgary, and Ottawa dominated by "row houses" (Canada Mortgage and
Housing Corporation, 2004).
Immigration, Migration and Population
Search for employment within a province and nationwide had led to an increase in migration within
Canada, both intra and inter–provincially. External immigration increased too and the difference
between external immigration and emigration abroad was estimated to reach roughly 316 thousand
people in 2013. Such population growth may be a positive trend for the real estate market, yet it is
seen by some a threat to economy fuelled by potentially rising unemployment (PWC, 2013). In
2013, migration patterns were benefiting Calgary at a higher than average national rate: 1.9% vs.
1.4% increase in population. Still, the popular belief

Identification Of The Business Organization Essay
II. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BUSINESS Established in 1988 by Drs. Gregory Tarnow and Carol
Baric–Tarnow, the Back & Neck Care Center is a premier health care facility, providing non–drug,
non–surgical relief and rehabilitation for back and neck injuries. Personal strength and fitness
training at its internal gym, Aligned Training, complement the organization's chiropractic and
rehabilitation core services. The Back & Neck Care Center also accommodates an independently
contracted masseuse (1). III. MAJOR COMPETITORS Competitors of the Back & Neck Care
Center are chiropractic practices and gyms located in the Greater Pittsburgh Area. Specific
competitors include Winer Wellness Center, LA Fitness, and Wright's Gym (1). IV. PATIENT
PROFILE The Back & Neck Care Center has ¬1,500 active patients and ¬¬treats approximately 200
patients per week. Individuals serviced are from the Greater Pittsburgh Area and of all ages, from
newborn babies to older adults (2). 70% of patients are treated due to musculoskeletal conditions;
15% of patients receive maintenance care every six to eight weeks; 10% of patients are treated due
to auto and work–related injuries; and 5% of patients are student athletes who receive tailored,
sports–related training and care (Appendix A). V. COMPETITIVE STRATEGY VI. ROLE OF
HUMAN RESOURCES SYSTEM The Back & Neck Care Center's hierarchical structure is
comprised of eight individuals (Appendix B). At the top are founders and Drs. Gregory Tarnow and

Reflection About Metropolis
Cities are the heart of America. They are where people live, work, and play. Cities are where
government is closest to the people and where real change is happening. To secure the ongoing
prosperity and wellbeing of communities, we must assure that cities meet the needs of current and
future generations by fixing the problems within the city. The basis of a sustainable future must also
ensure that economic growth can be sustained and increased without compromising the natural
environment's quality of life. I do believe that mega–urbanity affects humanity as well as the
development of future and present urban life.
Before starting an analysis of the metropolis, it is important to define the term "city". Growing up I
lived in a rural area but I used to take trips to the nearest city which was in Wichita, Ks. It was filled
with thousands of people and it always seemed busy. It was full of people who always seemed to be
going somewhere. A city, however can be understood in a few different ways, physical, cultural, and
mental. George Simmel, a sociologist of the 18th century, was the first person to discover new
aspect of what a city could be by stating, "a city is the form of psychic rather than physical life". He
believed that the essence of the city did not lie amongst the abundance of buildings and architectural
construction. On the contrary, Simmel stressed Prima Facie. The invisible fact that a city forms
human mentality, imagination and thinking. As a result, those who

The Best Practices For Addressing Refugee Adjustment
Q: What are the Best Practices for Addressing Refugee Adjustment Issues while they are Living in
Transition Camps?
(Krishna Prasad Subedi)
Literature Review
War refugees are defined in many ways. Those people who have been forced to flee his or her
country due to the war, violence, persecution crime and murder they called refugee. They have a
kind of fear of persecution because of religion, race, nationality, political ideology or support in
particular social groups or parties. Wessels, W. K. (2014, p.9) has mentioned that "refugees are no
longer able to live safely in their home countries due to a well–founded fear of being persecuted for
their "religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion" (United
Nations, 2008, p.4). In turn, refugees are forcibly displaced to countries outside of their country of
origin seeking safety and protection (2008). Refugees are defined as people who experienced or are
at risk of experiencing persecution so much so that a person's freedom and life would be or was
threatened by "the threat of death, or the threat of torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment" (2008, p. 3)".
Capps, R., & Newland, K. (2015) have discussed refugee resettlement policy in USA from different
perspectives such for example how to address the primarily pre and post migration issue. In this
seminal work the author has discussed the increasing diversity of large US refugee populations may
be making it more

Long-Term Effect Of Urbanisation In Adelaide
Increased urbanisation in Adelaide could have a positive long term effect, though money may be
spent replanning areas of Adelaide, extra money brought in by businesses big and small could boost
the economy with a large cash injection. Urbanisation could increase the amount of facilities in
Adelaide, bring more tourists or foreign students and may offer more places to live in and around
the CBD.
Many people move to big cities to get jobs that have higher paying jobs and better education as jobs
in rural communities have started to decrease with the rise of machines. More young workers
migrate to large cities and high paying jobs are offered to workers who are highly skilled in their
fields. Most scientists, business executives and engineers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Strains on power availability, transportation, construction, waste disposal, and harm to the
environment all come at costs to the Government and residents alike. As to the economy, a rapidly
striking effect of urbanisation is an increase in rent, often pricing the working class out of the
market; this could cause businesses such as supermarkets to either close or relocate due to the same
financial pressure. Huge increases in land value would also price home buyers out of the market.
Urban living also has effects on mentality and life style as the increased concentration and diversity
of people and ongoing activities in a city environment puts those who live in an urban environment
under more stress. This is known as urban mentality – detachment from others, self–centeredness,
and a rational, calculating mind. Urban activities can also generate large quantities of city waste
including biodegradable materials and many non – biodegradable materials, these waste materials
can cause clogging of drains, a barrier to the movement of water, foul smell and increased microbial
activities. Unemployment also runs rampant in urban areas with massive amounts of internal
migration from rural areas; jobs in urban areas might not be created fast enough to meet the needs.
While it is true that opportunities exist in cities, it's also true that competition for jobs is fierce as
there are more demands for jobs that are available. This is then made even more difficult for
internally migrating job seekers as these migrants are often farmers, non – skilled and illiterate rural
people. An extremely small amount of people "make their fortunes" as some end up as illegal street
vendors, cleaners, waste collectors or labourers. The environment is also impacted heavily by
urbanisation with the air, water and natural ecosystems taking the largest blows. The air quality in
rural areas is of a significant difference. Factories and automobiles are a part of air

Urbanization in South America
Urbanization in Latin America
Work done by:
Contents
I. Introduction 3
II. Urbanization Process 4
III. Internal Migration and Urbanization 8
IV. Urban Systems 10
V. Conclusion 13
VI. Bibliography 14
I. Introduction
Urbanization is likely to be one of the defining phenomena of the 21st Century for Latin America as
well as the rest of the developing world. The world as a whole became more urban than rural
sometime in 2007, a demographic change that was driven by rapid urbanization in the developing
countries. For the Latin American region, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This migration flow contributed to rapid urban growth, population concentration, and territorial
expansion of these large cities. This process took place in relatively large cities with a significant
consumer market together with a relatively good infrastructure and equipment.
Urbanization in Latin America increased in fifty years (1925–1975) from 25% to 61.2%. The pace
of urbanization, however, declined between 1975 and 2000 and currently the proportion of people
living in urban areas reached 75.3%. While for Latin America during the period 1925–1950 the
urban growth rate almost doubled the total growth rate and the urbanization rate was 2.0%, more
recently, between 1975–2000 the urban growth rate was just almost 50% higher than the total
growth rate and the urbanization rate fell to 0.8%. To characterize the urbanization process within
Latin America is not an easy task, since there is a great deal of heterogeneity among countries in
terms of their population, territory and sociodemographic characteristics. In the year 2000 there are

countries with population around 100 million inhabitants (Brazil and México) and other with less
than five millions (Uruguay,Jamaica and Panamá).

Effects Of Falling Gas Prices On Operation Management...
The Effects of Falling Gas Prices on Operation Management Decision Making
Dylan Knight
Robert Morris University
Abstract This paper briefly takes a look at how the price of gas has changed over the past ten years
and what has caused the drop in fuel prices within the past few years. It then looks at the fuel price's
effect on business operation through the eyes of the Operations Manager and the key aspects in
decision making that they have to consider when the gas prices fall, like they have recently. I then
give you an idea of how the falling prices effect the Apartment Management industry and the
operations involved in renting and renovating apartments.
Falling Gas Prices Effect on Operations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The one downfall of the increased production here in the United States is the drilling has slowed
down drastically leaving many oil workers without a job and forcing some companies out of
business. (Krauss) Another cause of the gas prices dropping, according to an article on CNN, is the
economic slowdown of the Chinese economy. They also mentioned the increased production in the
United States and finally the tentative nuclear deal which would make their oil more readily
available to our country. In the article they also predicted that by the time football season came
around that tens of thousands of gas stations across the country will be below the $2 a gallon mark.
(Isidore) Even though we have seen it come close here in Pennsylvania, it has not gone below $2
here in the greater Pittsburgh area. A few times that I have been home in Ohio I have seen it drop
below $2 but it ultimately just depends on which area you are in. With winter quickly approaching
gas prices are expected to continue to drop as stations mix a less expensive blend of gas for the
winter months. (Isidore) So it is a possibility that we could see prices here in the Pittsburgh area fall
to the $2 a gallon area. If I were placed as the Operations Manager in any industry gas prices play a
huge factor in business and

East Nashville: Compare And Contrast Essay
East Nashville
This is one of my favorite neighborhoods in all of Nashville area, and as a realtor, I can tell that I
spend so much time assisting my clients on this side of the Cumberland River. So, if you are looking
for a friendly community, if you like living in a quickly growing, electric and hip neighborhood
which therewith has not lost its historical heritage, if you are looking for a neighborhood where you
could afford a home of a decent size with a unique style and appearance and a reasonable drive to
work, then East Nashville is the perfect place for you and your family.
East Nashville is an area located east of downtown Nashville and represents a medley of
neighborhoods mixed together with shopping locations, a vast array of locally ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There is so much variety in property size: from one to four bedrooms; some houses have vast
backyards and lawns. There is one more interesting fact about this neighborhood: it actually consists
of several smaller areas Historic Edgefield, Lockeland Springs, Rosebank, Eastwood Neighbors and
several others with their absolutely unique features. The city itself has been mostly build from early
1900's to the 1940's, however, there's plenty of new construction going on right now together with
the revitalization of older districts.
Nowadays, East Nashville is a unique area which has preserved creativity and artistic elegance. The
neighborhood has a trendy avant–garde vibe and after almost a decade of a quiet but constant
growth, it has managed to sustain its thrilling, yet pretentious warmth and still acquires many
newcomers. It has become a place for young professionals and flexible minds through the medium
of the environment and peculiar neighborhood qualities. People, who live in this area, often mention
that East Nashville has a unique combination of a downtown scene and the beautiful green

United Nations Human Settlements Programme
At present, in excess of half of the world's population is situated in urban environments (United
Nations 2004, Fuller 2007). Staggeringly, by 2030, the urban population is projected to reach 4.9
billion, while the rural population is expected to decrease in size by 28 million (UNFPA 2007). It is
argued that the sustained growth in urban areas has been propelled by the increase in size and
prevalence of urban squatter settlements. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme
(2003a) reports that 78% of the urban population in the lowest income countries resides in squatter
settlements (2003a). Simmel (1903) and Wirth (1938) emphasised the oppressive nature of cities,
derived from densely populated, diverse and swelling metropolitan cities. In turn, this creates
psychological suffering, helping to explain why the incidence of psychiatric illnesses are higher in
urban areas (Lehrer 2009). While this is still true of many urban areas, predominantly in the global
north; what these theorists fail to recognise is the diverse nature of cities south of the Brandt line,
and how the standard of living and psychological health of its inhabitants is detrimentally impacted.
This essay will explore, early theorist's analyses of health in cities, followed by how their
perspectives are still relevant in the 21st century mostly in developed countries. Subsequently, the
essay will critique the stance of early urban theorists, suggesting how their analyses may no longer
be relevant in the

An Interview For The Paris
When asked about the inspiration for his work in an interview for The Paris Review in 1981, Carlos
Fuentes replied, "...my books are derived from city images, and the city of my dreams or nightmares
is Mexico City."
MEXICO CITY – the city ranked number one and described as the "metropolis that has it all" in
New York Times' annual travel listicle, 52 Places to Go in 2016 is after all, a city with long and
layered history tracing back to the 13th century. Founded as Tenochtitlan, it quickly rose to become
the heart of Aztec civilization, and was in its era, one of the largest cities in the world. At its height,
its population was estimated to be around 150, 000, with another 350,000 people in the urban
network clustered around it. (Mundy 2015) Fast forward to 2016, Mexico City (Distrito Federal; or
more recently renamed as CDMX, Ciudad de Mexico) (The Guardian 2016) has an estimated
population of 8,919,653, (World Population Review) and an even larger population of 20.2 million
people (Demografia 2012) with its metropolitan area included, making it one of most populous
metropolitan area in the world. Mexico City, with all its fascinating contradictions – the order and
the chaos, locally lived but globally organized, networked yet fragmented – is the embodiment of
the context in which planners practice today. Issues such as equity (housing), congestion
(transportation), environment (water management) that need to be addressed in Mexico City are the
same problems that have

The Education System Of Education
infrastructures. Students and pupils also have less equipment (stationaries, uniforms, laboratory for
practical) at their perusal. The classrooms are poorly structured (leaking roof, mud buildings, no
doors or windows) and always not sufficient. Lessons are at times received under trees. Because
some communities don't have schools, so they all crowd the available ones. The distance covered to
go to school, sometimes discourage the students. The female children also would be denied
education, because they would be sent off to marry or stay at home and work on farms or house
chore. Most fathers considered it a waste to train a female as she will soon be a married off and the
fathers name lost. Unlike in the urban areas where schools are properly supervised by education
boards, to ensure quality and standard is maintained. Some schools only have not more than 20
students in the class. Fully equipped and students have access to laboratory for research and
practical. Most of such schools available in the urban areas are privately owned.  The rural areas
are characterised by low level income, unemployment and underemployment, this eventually leads
to resulting poverty for most individuals in the rural sector. These consequently leads to rural–urban
drift with increasing infrastructural facilities. These urban migration also leads to shortage of skilled
and unskilled labour in the rural–urban areas. Rural employees always seek better jobs in the urban
areas. (Bolakale S, 2010)

Poverty And Poverty In Ethiopia
The Ethiopia's economy is predominantly based on agriculture which accounts for 41% of GDP as
per 2010/11. About 29.6 percent of the population (as per 2010/2011) lives under the poverty line
which is the minimum level of income or expenditure deemed necessary to achieve minimum
requirements of life. Poverty in Ethiopia is more pronounced in rural areas as compared to the urban
areas ( http://www.eiiff.com/economy/ethiopia/poverty.html accessed on 3 December 2017). 30.4
percent of the population in rural areas is poor whereas in urban areas it is 25.7 percent (MoFED,
2012).
Ethiopia's urban population has more than doubled in the past 20 years, from 7.3 million in 1994 to
an estimated 16.7 million in 2014. The rates of population growth between the census periods of
1984–94 and 1994– 2007 were 4.4 and 3.8 percent, respectively. Over the past 30 years, Ethiopia's
annual urban population growth rate has been higher than the average in Sub–Saharan Africa (which
itself is among the fastest urbanizing regions in the world). While Addis Ababa remains the largest
urban area, other cities and towns have also grown rapidly (Ethiopia urbanization report, 2013). The
average household size is 4.7 persons, which is slightly slower than the average of 4.8 persons per
household reported in 2000. Urban households have fewer members than rural households
(https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/ET accessed on 30 November 2017) In urban areas, the average
household size is 3.6 persons, compared

Are Cities Dying? Essay
Journal of Economic Perspectives–Volume 12, Number 2–Spring 1998–Pages 139–160
Are Cities Dying?
Edward L. Glaeser
Is the city dying? Professional seers, such as Richard Naisbitt and Alvin Toffler, have argued that
information technology is rapidly making the need for faceto– face contact juid cities obsolete.
Experts on the inner city see inevitable urban decay when they note that 16.7 percent of families in
cities with greater than one million inhabitants live below the poverty line (compsired to 10 percent
of families across the entire United States) and that the probability of being victimized by crime
within a six–month period is 21.7 percent in a city with more thjui one million inhabitants
(compared to 9.4 percent among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The future of the city's productivity depends on whether available substitutes for face–to–face
interactions (e–mail, the internet, and so on) will make the need for personal contact obsolete, or
whether the new technologies harbor the dawn of a more interactive era where the ability to contact
in person easily is particularly prized.
The costs of cities have historically included health costs, pollution, congestion, crime and social
problems. Technological advances have eliminated the health and pollution gaps between cities and
other areas. However, longer commuting times in cities are still an important cost, and social
troubles such as crime remain among
'' While actually measuring price differences on a micro–level is quite hard, it appears that this wage
difference roughly compensates workers for higher prices. Nevertheless, as I discuss later, it also
must reflect a higher productivity of labor since otherwise, firms would leave,
" Richard Freeman alerted me to this fact and gave me the raw data on which he calculated this
figure.
Edward L. Glaeser 141 cities' biggest problems. Indeed, poorer individuals fleeing cities are most
likely to cite crime as their primary reason for flight (Kling, Liebman and Katz, 1996).
Of course, the future of cities also depends on what governments do. The federal government
appears unlikely to favor cities particularly and, if anything, to

Essay What are the factors behind the rise of megacities
What are the factors behind the rise of Mega Cities, and to what extent are these urban areas
sustainable?
Megacities, defined by population, have at least 10 million inhabitants. In recent years, megacities in
the developing world have grown rapidly with little or no planning. As a result, they face cries of
infrastructure, poverty and unemployment. The driving force for the rise of megacities is mass
urbanisation between rural – urban areas, as well as rates of natural increase that are higher in urban
than rural areas. An example of a megacity is Mexico City, population estimates range between 16–
30 million depending on where the boundaries are drawn. Either way, Mexico City is now
considered the world's 3rd largest city and still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many projects have been created to make sure that the mega cities remain sustainable. For example
in Dhaka, the Bangladesh Environmental Network works on reducing the high levels of arsenic in
Bangladesh's water supply and combats the countries severe flooding problem. Another example of
how megacities are environmentally sustainable is the Blue Skies Project in Jakarta, Indonesia. This
project is pushing towards a completely natural gas conversion and is working towards the
installation of dedicated filling stations, establishing a fleet of natural gas–fuelled passenger busses,
supplying conversion kits for gasoline fuelled cars, and creating suitable inspection and maintenance
facilities. Economically, megacities thrive. Most of the time mega cities are also world cities, which
mean they are resource and learning centres. This strongly suggests that business and global trade is
strong between other countries (that they have high levels of synergy). Regarding how socially
sustainable megacities are, lots is being done to make sure that they are socially sustainable. For
example, in Jakarta there are traffic problems but they are being faced to rid the city of pollution and
congestion. The city has launched a 'three to one' policy, demanding that every car on major
thruways carry at least three passengers when passing through special zones between 4:30pm to
7:30pm. The city has also undertaken the construction of a nearly 17–mile

Megacity And Megacity
There is no doubt that the world population is growing and growing rapidly but in order for the
world to hold the mass change there is a need for humanity to adapt. According to the UN (United
Nations) more than half of humanity today 3.9 billion people in 2014, today over 4 billion lives in
urban areas (UN 2014, p. 1).This is a profound shift in the course of one century, or within a single
lifetime for some of the longer lived people. Not only is the world's urban population rapidly
increasing, but cities themselves are growing larger and larger, with the number of "megacities"
(population at least 10 million) almost tripling from 10 in 1990 to 28 in 2014 (UN 2014, p. 13). To
first understand how such mega urbanity affects humanity one first needs to understand what a
Megacity is. Once one understands this concept they will be able to indicate what the development
of cities and our urban past have to say for urban future, understand the concept of a city and its
history, be able to explain the urban way of life associated with cities and finally be able to assess
the challenges and changes that cities and urban life face in modern day. Megacities are for the most
part a very modern concept, they are best described as any city that holds 10 million residents or
more. Some examples of modern day mega cities are Shanghai, Paris and London. A city typically
defined as a large settlement of humans which holds extensive systems for housing, transportation,
sanitation, land use

Persuasive Essay On Rail Transportation
Trains are everywhere in our society, we have jokes, toys, movies, and children's television shows,
but did you know rail transport started in 6th century Greece? The city of San Antonio, Texas is a
fast–growing metropolitan city that has a very tremendous amount of people. It has been estimated
that the city will grow by another million people in the next ten to twenty years. San Antonio's
traffic is becoming a huge issue and is quickly approaching to be one of the most congested areas in
the states. The public transport in San Antonio consists of a very complex bus system, taxicabs,
Trolley's downtown, and the growing market of ridesharing drivers. San Antonio has had many talks
and negotiations throughout the last two decades on getting a Light Rail system constructed to help
with public transportation. This proposal is for specific businesses, the city of San Antonio and
Bexar County to come to a funding agreement.
Funding for projects is always a topic of discussion, payments for a sculptor to sculpt a statue, and
hiring wrecking crews for doing their job are just small examples. The funding cost for Light Rail is
extremely high when it comes to construction, these prices are something that a any+ billionaire can
personally handle. These prices are always subject to change because of materials used and the
constant change of technology. Through the talks of this new transit system coming to San Antonio,
different funding options have been suggested, raising taxes,

The Negative Impacts Of Gentrification : Causes And Cons
Recently Denver Colorado has gone through a dramatic increase of new residents, causing many
communities to be hurt by gentrification. The definition of Gentrification according to
dictionary.com means, "the buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban
neighborhoods by upper– or middle–income families or individuals, thus improving property values
but often displacing low–income families and small businesses." This definition alone proves that
gentrification can have a negative impact. Although many people will overlook the negative impact
because the positive can be a much more luxurious way of living. Yes, there are good things that
come out of gentrification such as an increase in school quality or drops in crime are usually
reflected in home prices. At the end of the day the negative outcomes outweigh the positive such as
displaced youth, historical landmarks demolished, high level of vacancy rate in newly built
apartments. Allowing gentrification to continue at this speed may result in the lower middle class to
disappear. Which is why we must work together to decrease gentrification so that citizens have a
chance at the best life possible.
With all these new residents moving into Denver it is causing established residents to become
displaced because they can no longer afford to live in the new upscale community that has just been
built. After living in a home all their lives children start to become displaced with their families and
begin to move

Housing Affordability And The Housing Crisis
Housing Affordability
Housing affordability has been one of the most persistent national concerns mainly because housing
costs are the biggest expenses in the budgets of most households. A typical American household
spends more than a third of its budget on housing while poor and near–poor households commonly
devote about half of their incomes to housing (Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2011) .
The majority of studies of housing affordability focus on housing cost and its relationship to
household income as the sole indicator of affordability. The main providers of affordability indexes
in the US are real estate institutes and government agencies. The National Association of Realtors,
for example, publishes a Housing Affordability Index for existing single–family homes by
metropolitan area. The NAR affordability index measures whether or not a typical family could
qualify for a mortgage loan on a typical home. An index value of 100 means that a family with the
median income has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a median–priced home. An
index above 100 signifies that a family earning the median income has more than enough income to
qualify for a mortgage loan on a median–priced home, assuming a 20 percent down payment, while
an index value less than 100 means that such a family cannot afford a median–priced home
Likewise, HUD has a standard of affordability that focuses exclusively on housing costs. If the ratio
of housing costs to household income is less

A Brief Note On Rural And Semi Urban
Urban people are more conscious about guaranteed return, semi urban have less confidence on
transparency and money back in time.
3. Do you have any Insurance?
150
100
50
0 urban semi–urban no yes
4. Which type of insurance you have taken
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 semi–urban urban semi–urban private your occupation urban semi–urban urban government
business term life insurance saving or investment retired plan child insurance income insurance
Whether urban or semi–urban, normal term insurance is taken in majority by both government and
private employees. Government employees are more interested in Investment and Retired plan in
compare of Private employees. Private employees are keen to income insurance.
5. Name of company of which you have taken insurance 24
100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Series1
Series2
This is combined of both urban and semi urban respondents.
6. How do you know about your current policy?
45
40
35
30
25
20

15
10 5 0 urban semi–urban
In urban market Internet plays most important role to make awareness of product otherwise in semi–
urban areas, word of mouth and references of relative and friends is most salient. Even it has been
seen that in semi urban areas people purchase insurance because of pressure from relatives and their
seniors in job.
7. Have you heard about IDBI Federal life Insurance? 25
80
70
60
50 yes 40
30
20
10
0 urban semi–urban no can 't say
75 out of 100 urban respondents and 57 out of 100 semi–urban respondents have

Industrialization High Population
Industrialization and Its Effect On a High Population City
Background Information: The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether or not the
industrialization of a highly populated city would increase AQI levels to the point where they are no
longer healthy for the average individual. The controlled variables, clouds/sky cover, inversion, the
wind, temperature, energy sources, cars and trucks, off–road vehicles, consumer products and
population, are modeled after a highly populated city located in a state similar to Florida in the fact
that consumer products and various forms of transportation usage would be high, this includes
consumer products, off road, and road based vehicles, along with moderately high temperatures
(80F), light wind (second indicator from the left), no inversion(farthest left indicator), and a sunny
sky(farthest left indicator). The population is very high, approximately 2 million people and the
energy sources used are non–renewable sources given that this city is industrializing rapidly. The
independent variable, industry, will be categorized by five levels, with one being the lowest level of
industrialization and five being the highest. The dependent variable, that which is affected by these
factors, is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tables left column will indicate the industrial levels and the right column will indicate the AQI
value and level. The second step is to set up the Smog City 2 simulation along with all variable
levels as defined in the background information. The third step is to set the industry level one and
record the AQI value and level into the table and then repeat this step for each level of
industrialization, meaning levels one through five. Next, the data will be placed into a graph and
analyzed for patterns and information. Lastly, any trends will be inspected to see if the experiment
supports the hypothesis or

Strip District History
The Strip District History in Pittsburgh
Owners James O'Hara and George A. Bayard wanted an area where the people of Pittsburgh could
go and look around at wholesale and retail shops while enjoying all the wonderful tastes and
cultures of Pittsburgh, food and they decided to do just that. In 1814, James and George established
what we call today the "Strip District" that covered between 11th and 15th streets in Pittsburgh
("Strip District History," n.d.). However, the official name was the "Northern Liberties of
Pittsburgh" which was an area known as Bayardstown. A little over 20 years later, in 1837, the
Northern Liberties linked with the city of Pittsburgh's Fifth Ward, which was the first addition to the
city's earliest four wards ("Strip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Strip District Neighbors website, The Strip District is in a period of transition.
However, throughout this transition many are excited for what the future will bring and are eager to
see The Strip Districts next chapter and impact on Pittsburgh ("Strip District History," n.d.). In
conclusion, if you are ever in search for a Terrible Towel, Pittsburgh sport attire, or just want a true
taste of Pittsburgh's roots, The Strip District is the way to

The Beginnings of Oakmont Pennsylvania
Oakmont was incorporated on March 4, 1889, but the community began seventy–three years earlier
when a farmer named Michael Bright moved onto a 234–acre tract with his family. This area formed
a sizable part of Oakmont today Between that time and the creation of the borough, much happened
that shaped the town. The town developed from farms owned by early settlers Michael Bright,
Jonathan Hulton, David Grier, and Caleb Lee, into a thriving semi–residential, semi–industrial
community. Even dating before this there may have been Indian settlements near the mouth of Plum
Creek. Indians may not have lived in Oakmont at the time but they definitely hunted here for many
flint arrowheads have been found around town mainly near the river and along the banks of Plum
Creek. It wasn't until the late eighteenth century that white men settled in present day Oakmont. The
land was offered for thirteen cents per acre and a buyer could establish a claim to a tract by having it
surveyed. The purchase price did not have to be paid until a patent for the tract was obtained from
Pennsylvania and patenting could be deferred which encouraged land speculation rather than
settlement. From 1769 to 1787 George Croghan, John Baird, William Maris, David Mcfee, and John
Woods established claims to tracts encompassing all of present day Oakmont. At this time Oakmont
was part of Plum Township. Almost all of these men were land speculators who never obtained
patents for their tracts but sold their rights to

Analysis Of The Article ' Detroit ' Bankruptcy Filing Sent...
Detroit's bankruptcy filing sent a cold chill down my back as I read the article. Detroit is the largest
city in the United States to file for bankruptcy ever. Although Detroit might be the largest city ever
to file for bankruptcy, it is definitely not the only city to file for Chapter 9. Other cities that join
Detroit on the Chapter 9 list would include Jefferson, AL; Stockton, CA; Harrisburg, PA; San
Bernardino, CA; Mammoth Lakes, CA; Central Falls, RI and Boise County, ID. Between these eight
broke cities Mammoth Lakes, Harrisburg and Boise County were amongst those that were
dismissed. The "Chapter 9 list" of cities has racked up billions of dollars cumulatively in liabilities
which has resulted in the citizens ' requests for relief ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the federal government's duty to take action on behalf of the state and its people. History has
shown us when the federal government does not take affirmative action and assure the people
matters are in order; people become frantic, hence the 1920's stock market crash. According to the
Wall Street Journal, the federal government should not be held accountable for everything. In their
views, the current level of expectation regarding the federal government is extremely unrealistic. It
is only fair to agree with the Wall Street Journal. The people should realize that the federal
government cannot supervise every aspect of government or the citizens or each individual. The
federal government should not feel obligated nor should they provide funding to any cities to
preserve them from going into bankruptcy. Unless the federal government is a direct contributor, the
government should not be held responsible to bail out any city and I believe the idea alone is very
detrimental to the current economy. At this very moment the United States total national deficit
currently stands at $16,787,451,118,147. Opening the door for bailouts is comparable to opening
Pandora's Box, a very dangerous thing for our economy and for our children's futures. I do expect
the federal government to step in, formulate a plan, and seek ways to get the city out of debt;

Facts About Land Use / Land Cover
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Knowing about land use/land cover has become important to
overcome the problem of biogeochemical cycles, loss of productive ecosystems, biodiversity,
deterioration of environmental quality, loss of agricultural lands, destruction of wetlands, and loss of
fish and wildlife habitat. The main reason behind the LU/LC changes includes rapid population
growth, rural–to–urban migration, reclassification of rural areas as urban areas, lack of valuation of
ecological services, poverty, ignorance of biophysical limitations, and use of ecologically
incompatible technologies. Due to involvement of multiple data sets, latest technologies like remote
sensing and GIS used to quantify LU/LC. On the basis of interpretation of remote sensing imagery,
field surveys, and existing study area conditions, the study area classified into five categories, that
is, Urban, Agriculture, Shrub land, Barren land, and Hilly area. The study area covers 134.464 km2
and LU/LC changes were estimated from 1984 to 2015. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The
data obtained through the analysis of multi–temporal satellite imageries are registered in Table 2 and
the results are diagrammatically illustrated in Figs. 2. Fig. 2 depicts land use/cover status of four
study periods i.e., 1984, 1994, 2007 & 2015; Fig. 3 depicts Urban change & Agricultural area
changes from 1984–1994, 1994–2007 & 2007–2015. A brief account of these results is discussed in
the following paragraphs. 4.1. LAND USE/COVER

5 Reasons Why You Should Move To The Lower East Side
5 Reasons Why You Should Move To The Lower East Side
The Lower East Side is now one of Manhattan's most fashionable neighborhoods. From the most
bargain clothing stores to their numerous art galleries. Not fully convinced? there's a variety of
music venues, bars and restaurant. If you're considering moving in the near future, be sure to check
out this list of the 5 reasons why you should move to the Lower East Side.
Art Galleries
There's never a dull moment for residents within the lower east side since there's a total of 122 art
galleries .Which include Marc Straus Gallery and Helena Anrather.
Variety of Food
You'll live among some of the city's best restaurants. . Home of some of NYC iconic restaurants like
Katz which have been within

Sustainability In New York City
A modern city must take the initiative to not only look at the immediate problems, but also foresee
any problems that lie ahead. Mega cities must maintain the social, geographical, and environmental
aspects of a modern city. New York City is an ever–growing city that must adjust to the impending
complications that lie ahead. New York City has taken many initiatives in the twenty–first century to
try and improve the life of future New Yorkers. Mayor De Blasio has done a great job so far
enacting policies to ensure that New York City continues to be a global model for modern life in an
urban city. The conservation of the natural environment within an urban area can be an immediate
challenge for any megacity, but it is very important for sustainability. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Upholding a sustainable global influence makes New York City an example of leadership in
international economics. If New York City was its own country, it would rank as the 15th largest
economy in the world. One of the most important aspects of an influence on the global economy is
the New York Stock Exchange. The New York Stock Exchange is seen as one of the most lucrative
securities exchange in the entire world. Monday through Friday the worlds largest companies take
part in the stock exchange in order to give the public an opportunity to hold and trade public
equities. The New York Stock exchange can influence the entire global economy through it's peaks
and troughs of successes and failures. It is no secret that the New York Stock Exchange has a large
influence over the world, but it also serves a huge purpose in the sustainability of New York City.
Domestic and international business is what allows New York City to thrive. The large flow of
money that goes in and out of the stock market has a butterfly effect on the economy of New York
City. Business in New York City maintains the subway and train system, funds projects such as the
preservation of infrastructure, and creates value in real estate in central districts. Another aspect of
maintaining a global influence is in the economic sector of tourism. Tourism is an easy way to
ensure that there is a cash flow that reaches to all areas of business.

The Effects Of Overdevelopment On The Environment
A huge forest with lots of trees is near. The gargantuan trees Stand tall and straight, like soldiers. But
this lovely picture is just a memory. A huge fire (man–made of course) quickly spreads throughout
the forest and even nearby areas, too. The smell of burning wood fills nearby areas. In the once
strong forest is now factories and energy plants. The smog hovers over the land like clouds ready to
storm. Cities are being built left and right, with no care for the environment. It's new population
causes noisy traffic. This is a burden to all nearby people. Overdevelopment is a huge problem that
harms our environment. Many objectives and other urban plans support the clearing of land. Many
harmful effects slowly kill off Earth. Solutions are much needed for this worldwide problem. But if
the solutions are ignored, like they currently are, the world can change for the much worse. In 50
years from now, Earth would not be an enjoyable place. Grass nor plants would just be a memory.
The only plants that exist would be electricity and water filter plants. The factories would be
everywhere you look. Their smog would also take over. Smog would be the new "air" to humans
around the world. In some cities that have met a polluted fate, stars are not visible any more. This
might be the case for every place on Earth. It doesn't matter if you are in a small town, the only
place on Earth now is cities. Traffic would be everywhere. Not one street is free from cars and
trucks. The noise

The Brookings Report Provides A Useful Lens On America 's...
The Brookings Report provides a useful lens on America's future by recognizing the demographic
shifts that are transforming the metropolitan areas of today. The five new realities represent new
changes to metropolitan areas such as the continued growth and outward expansion of our
population; its ongoing racial and ethnic diversification; the rapid aging on the horizon; our
increasing but selective higher educational attainment; and the intensified income polarization
experienced by workers and families The metropolitan area I chose to analyze was New Orleans
MA. The data collected by five new realities were greatly affected by the devastation that Hurricane
Katrina caused. New Orleans was generally not able to conform to the new realities. The population
of New Orleans MA dropped a total of 11% and lost more people than any other of the nation's
biggest urban areas. The New Orleans metro area is more diverse in 2012 than in 2000, with a gain
of 40,577 Hispanics and 5,582 additional Asian residents. The Latino population in the metro
increased to 69 % between 2000 and 2012 – a rate greater than the nation 's 50 % growth. The baby
boomers clustered around the 35– to 54–year old age group in 2000 and around the 45– to 64–year
old age group in 2012, mainly because of the decline and outmigration of younger populations. . In
regards to education, the proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school
education declined, leading to a metro–wide decrease from 22

Labia Essay
There is an evident to prove the high cycling usage of Jaffna district which is the availability of
cycles in every household in percentage. If we compare Northern Province with other provinces of
Sri Lanka, that shows the 88.7% of the household which are having the bicycle for their day to day
activities (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2015). In Northern Province, Jaffna district is a metro city and
administrative center of other four districts. That is why; we can easily say that cycling usage of the
household is very high in Jaffna compared with other districts of the Province as well. The following
table 1.2 shows that details.
Table: 1.2, Availability of Household Cycling, Percentage of Households
Provinces Percentage of Households ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can also help planning and developing cycling friendly cities in Sri Lanka and provide lessons
to learn from Jaffna. This is the broader research question around which the current study is
organized.
1.1.2 Narrowing the focus
There could be lots of factors influencing to the high usage of bicycle by the household persons.
Travel practices and transport mode choices are complex and multipart. Individual choices are
influenced by a large number of potential variables. Individual, socio –cultural and environmental
aspects, political, policy, economical, route distance and hills, household roles and responsibilities,
risk aversion and alternative,presence of bicycle infrastructure toward and wider participation in
cycling all contribute to commuter cycling. The following figure 1.3 shows the factors and sub
factors which could influence the cycling usage or mode choices in any context.
Figure: 1.3, Influencing Factors on cycling practices
Source: Compile by Author from literature review (Pucher, J., Buehler, R., (2008), Wardman, M.,
Page, M. & Tight, M. (2007), Winters, M., Davidson, G., Kao, D. &Teschke, K., (2011)
Although there could be various

The Impact Of Urban Population And The Current Causes...
The last century has been characterized by the rapid growth of the urban areas which is likely to be
one of the milestones in the current ages. Also known as the urbanization, this process, is defined by
the unprecedented rural population shift to the cities which stems from the Modern period as a result
of the Industrial Revolution. However, nowadays, the key aspect is the universal nature of such,
issue t has an effect on an exceptional transformation on a global scale causing a drastic impact on
the social, economic, cultural and political patterns. It is a widely held the opinion that one of the
main challenges of this century is to clarify the origin and identify which are the sociodemographic
factor that negatively impact on the urban population and the current causes social segregation.
Regarding the recent academic research in human geography field, can be possible to associate this
social segregation with the 'gentrification'. Thus, the gentrification can be defined as the dynamic
process that displaces the local and low–income population of the district due to the urban
revitalization of the area. Exploration of the social segregation in the Australian context (Melbourne
and Sydney), might be the main purpose of this research. The analysis of the gentrification process
is studied in order to find out what are the negative impacts on the population. Therefore, the
research question might focus on the issue of the social transformation. Thus, the findings can

The Earth's Need for Population Limitation Laws Essay
Earth's population is increasing, and areas which are already home to millions are continuing to
expand. As these cities continue to grow, when the population reaches a certain point it is referred to
as a megacity, a megacity is a metropolitan area with a total population of 10 million plus. These
megacities are so large that they are becoming out of control settlements, cities like Los Angeles and
Tokyo are being forced to expand upwards due to having to accommodate for the thriving
population. These cities are also faced with the issue of not having enough resources such as food
and water to support the demand required. With megacities rampant growth with it bring a decline in
the quality of life, to prevent this from getting worse laws ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By doing this not only is it costly, but they must ensure that the water is shared with other smaller
neighboring cities and rural areas.
Just like Los Angeles, Tokyo, Japan is another example of how megacities are out of control
settlements. Tokyo is located in the southern Kanto region, positioned in approximately the centre of
the Japanese archipelago (islands that formed the country of Japan) (see appendix three). Toyko's
population in the metropolis as of 2012 was approximately 37.2 million people (Allianz, 2014).
With such a high population in such a dense urban area these megacities are being forced to expand
upwards in order to accommodate for the citizens (see appendix Three). However by doing this
many risks are associated, for example, Tokyo sits on fault lines that make up a part of the Ring of
Fire, meaning that there are high chances of natural disasters to occur at any time (The telegraph,
2011). Megan Linkin, a natural disaster expert from Swiss re states:
This quotation is stating that due to Tokyo's geographical placement that a natural disaster like
earthquakes, tsunami's or volcanic activty could occur at any given moment. So when a natural
disaster does occur it is likely to result in a high number of collapsing buildings and other
infrastructure which were designed for large numbers of residents. This will result in a large number
of casualties' and because of the

Essay about An Examination of American Female Adolescents
African American female adolescence (who live in urban areas) compared to female caucasion
female adolescence (who live in suburban areas) have a lot of differences amongst themselves.
Among adults and children has increased dramatically in the past 20 years to reach epidemic
proportions, and health care costs of excessive weight are estimated at more than $98 billion a year.
In a previous study investigating risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a poor, rural county in
Tennessee, the authors found that morbid African American female adolescence (who live in urban
area) compared to caucasion female adolescence (who live in suburban areas was 6 times more
common in urban African–American female adolescents than men, particularly ... Show more
Several socioeconomic factors have been investigated to explain these phenomena, including the
effects of living in rural areas, income and educational levels, and family (marital) status.
Armstrong reported on the changing trends in mortality rates, comparing white urban African–
American female adolescents in states (all regions) that were classified as rural in 1940 and rural,
moderately urban, or strongly urban in 1980. Their findings indicated that, in 1980, rural white
urban African–American female adolescents had higher mortality rates from heart and
cerebrovascular disease than urban African American female adolescence. In a separate study,
Greenberg reported finding more African American female adolescence (who live in urban area)
compared to caucasion female adolescence (who live in suburban areas and hypertension among
rural African–American female adolescents, findings suggesting causal links between African
American female adolescence (who live in urban area) compared to caucasion female adolescence
(who live in suburban areas and higher mortality rates.
The results of a 1993 national survey, the Multistage Telephone Survey (N = 387,704), however,
identified conflicting differences in prevalence of African American female adolescence (who live in
urban area) compared to caucasion female adolescence (who live in suburban areas according to
geographic regions. In 1993, the percentage of urban African–American female

The City Of Florence First Place For A Movement Essay
Gathering of people form village, villages become town and it grows to become a city. For
centuries, city has acted as the centre for social, political changes since the dawn of history,
especially after Renaissance, where the city of Florence first demonstrate the power of individual
can be attracted to one location and become an iconic place for a movement. Since then, city has
become the birthplace for many movement socially, economically or politically, where against or
comfort to oppression, resistance of any kind, or leading revolution that changed the way of life
around the world. To investigate the reasons behind this relations, events throughout were being
explored. The end of seignorialism forces people to move to city for employment opportunity and
therefore provided labour force for mass labour and industrial revolution escalated the pace of
urbanization. People forms city, and each individual has their own opinion, therefore city is a place
where the idea clashed and the new ideology formed everyday, this is why city is the source of
change. Since renaissance, the proportion of population dwelling in urban area has been ever–
increasing, therefore in the city information transfers faster, and there is a higher chance for people
to rise up in the city than the country side, due to the proximity. Some movements strengthen the
role of the city and create a new way of life such as Renaissance and industrial revolution,where it is
taken in a non–violent form and

25. Using examples, discuss the extent to which...
Regeneration refers to in the investment of capital in the revival of old and declining urban areas
either by improving what is left behind or clearing away and rebuilding. Often it may be
accompanied by reimaging to change the dominant perception of an urban area. Such regeneration
efforts can be seen in the town of Syracuse in New York. Between 1970s to 1990s, it started to
experience urban decline. Economic decline happened as a result of deindustrialisation. As Syracuse
was previously the largest manufacturer of bicycles and typewrites, technological advancement has
led to deindustrialisation and massive unemployment. 6000 people were retrenched from 1964 to
1984 and 9000 from 1984 to 1989. In addition the population was declining with ... Show more
The population decline of Syracuse in 1990s slowed down to a 3.7% decline
Regeneration has helped to counteract the urban decline in Syracuse as through its strategies, the
economy of Syracuse picked up again. However, this project largely dealt with potential investors
outside the city and was done mostly by the authorities and private firms without the involvement of
business owners or individuals. Thus they might not accept this project whole–heartedly and will
not be participative. In addition, one of the flagship projects, The Galleries was a failure as it failed
to lure retailers since there was a domineering Carousel Mall. No private firms wanted to buy
leaving it in a state of decline.
Through flagship projects, a declining urban area can be successfully revived. Flagship projects are
development that is extensive and substantial with regard to the cost and parties involved. Flagship
projects can serve an economic and symbolic function to the area and can help to kick starts the
regeneration of the area. They acts a economic magnets to attract people, spending and jobs. A
successful flagship project was seen in the case of the London Docklands. The London Docklands
were previously associated as an area of poverty and the use of casual labour in the docks. Men
were engaged in dangerous and unpleasant work. Following the discovery of new sea travel routes
and restructuring of the UK's economy, the docks were no longer a place of significant

Urban Sprawl Patterns
The change in landscapes has been studied across a variety of scales in recent years due to the rapid
population growth and urbanization process worldwide. Since 1950s, urban growth becomes
prevalent in U.S., especially prominent in suburban and rural areas where the land use is featured by
dispersed developments, single–functional, low density and auto–driven transportation (Ramalho,
Hobbs, 2012). The expansion of impervious land generates a variety of urban sprawl patterns and
raise many environmental concerns including air pollution, biodiversity degradation, coastal
erosion, regional sea level rise and et al (Foley et al., 2005; Seto and Shepherd, 2009; Warner et al.,
2010). Urban growth, which has been recognized as the indicator of economic ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Biodiversity are projected to decline continuously in this century due to habitat loss and
fragmentation (Holt et al., 1995; Linehan et al., 1995; Damschen et al., 2006). Multiple studies have
proven that habitat loss is negatively related to species richness, population abundance and
distribution, genetic diversity, breeding success, dispersal success and predation rate (Taylor and
Merrian 1995; Findlay and Houlahan 1997; With and King 1999; Bergin et al., 2000; Gibbs 2001;
and Donovan and Flather, 2002). In addition, many patch and fragmentation metrics are proved to
relevant to biodiversity changes. Such metrics include patch size (Diaz et al., 2000), land coverage
(Bascompte and Sole 1996), edge density (Fahrig, 2002), contagion (Li and Reynolds 1993),
Proximity index (Whitcomb et al., 1981), nearest neighbor distance (Gustafson and Parker 1992),
perimeter–area fractal dimension (Lovejoy 1982) and mass fractal dimension (Milne 1991).
Biodiversity underpins various ecosystem goods and services that provide necessities for human
well–being (Ding and Nunes, 2014). Recently, many studies have shifted the ecological focus to
social domain by translating the fragmentation to a lack of certain ecosystem provision and thus
affect the whole system sustainability. Unfortunately, most of them ignore the complexities within
the coupled system which

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