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Table 1.1 Sites of haemopoiesis. 
Fetus 0–2 months (yolk sac) 
2–7 months (liver, spleen) 
5–9 months (bone marrow) 
Infants Bone marrow (practically all bones) 
Adults Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, 
sacrum and pelvis, proximal ends of 
femur 
Table 1.2 General characteristics of myeloid 
and lymphoid growth factors. 
Glycoproteins that act at very low concentrations 
Act hierarchically 
Usually produced by many cell types 
Usually affect more than one lineage 
Usually active on stem/progenitor cells and on 
functional end cells 
Usually show synergistic or additive interactions 
with other growth factors 
Often act on the neoplastic equivalent of a normal 
cell 
Multiple actions: proliferation, differentiation, 
maturation, functional activation, prevention of 
apoptosis of progenitor cells 
Table 1.3 Haemopoietic growth factors. 
Act on stromal cells 
IL-1 
TNF 
Act on pluripotential stem cells 
SCF 
FLT3-L 
VEGF 
Act on multipotential progenitor cells 
IL-3 
GM-CSF 
IL-6 
G-CSF 
Thrombopoietin 
Act on committed progenitor cells 
G-CSF* 
M-CSF 
IL-5 (eosinophil-CSF) 
Erythropoietin 
Thrombopoietin* 
CSF, colony-stimulating factor; FLT3-L, FLT3 ligand; G-CSF, 
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, 
granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, 
interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; 
SCF, stem cell factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; VEGF, 
vascular endothelial growth factor. 
* These also act synergistically with early acting factors on 
pluripotential progenitors.

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Chapter01

  • 1. Table 1.1 Sites of haemopoiesis. Fetus 0–2 months (yolk sac) 2–7 months (liver, spleen) 5–9 months (bone marrow) Infants Bone marrow (practically all bones) Adults Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum and pelvis, proximal ends of femur Table 1.2 General characteristics of myeloid and lymphoid growth factors. Glycoproteins that act at very low concentrations Act hierarchically Usually produced by many cell types Usually affect more than one lineage Usually active on stem/progenitor cells and on functional end cells Usually show synergistic or additive interactions with other growth factors Often act on the neoplastic equivalent of a normal cell Multiple actions: proliferation, differentiation, maturation, functional activation, prevention of apoptosis of progenitor cells Table 1.3 Haemopoietic growth factors. Act on stromal cells IL-1 TNF Act on pluripotential stem cells SCF FLT3-L VEGF Act on multipotential progenitor cells IL-3 GM-CSF IL-6 G-CSF Thrombopoietin Act on committed progenitor cells G-CSF* M-CSF IL-5 (eosinophil-CSF) Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin* CSF, colony-stimulating factor; FLT3-L, FLT3 ligand; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SCF, stem cell factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. * These also act synergistically with early acting factors on pluripotential progenitors.