MODAF the solution of energy-saving.ppt

Applying the Human Views for MODAF
to the conception of
energy-saving work solutions
Dr Anne Bruseberg
Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, UK
on behalf of the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre (HFI DTC)
16 June 2008
INCOSE 08, Utrecht, The Netherlands
anne.bruseberg@sea.co.uk

Objectives
• What is tele-working?
– People are allowed / encouraged to work from home for large parts
of their working time
• Why? … It reduces:
– Costs for office-based facilities
– Time and effort needed for travelling to offices
– Greenhouse gases
– Use of fossil fuels
• Effects
– Human-related concerns play an important role
– Creates distributed working practices
– Need for technologies – to enable:
• Remote communication
• Information sharing for collaboration and cooperation activities.
– Need for organisational and procedural implementation

HFI domains
Human Factors
Engineering
System Safety
Manpower
Training
Personnel
Health Hazards
HFI
Organisational
& Social

Design activities
(activity cost)
Design features
(savings potential)
Problem prevention
(impact cost saving)
Lack of design activities
(activity cost saving)
Design flaws
(cost potential)
Problem occurrence
(impact cost)
Risk prevention
activity
Likelihood of
risk prevention
Risk cause
Likelihood of
risk occurrence
Problem
effects
HFI Objectives

Design activities
(activity cost)
Design features
(savings potential)
Problem prevention
(impact cost saving)
Lack of design activities
(activity cost saving)
Design flaws
(cost potential)
Problem occurrence
(impact cost)
Risk prevention
activity
Likelihood of
risk prevention
Risk cause
Likelihood of
risk occurrence
Problem
effects
HFI Design Decision Areas
DLODs
Concepts/
Doctrine
Information
Organisation
Personnel
Training
Logistics
Equipment
Infra-
structure

What is MODAF?
• MoD Architectural Framework
• Based on DoDAF
• Conceive complex systems
• Achieve Interoperability
• Support requirements specifications
• Model current and future systems (static)
– Separation of component concerns
– Several levels of abstraction

Architecture characteristics
• Generic: Conceptual Data Model / Meta Model
• Instantiation: Logical and Physical Data Model
• View: window/snapshot onto model
• Architectural products
• Viewpoints

MODAF v. 1.1 (6 Viewpoints, 38 Views)

MODAF Human Views
– overview

What are Human Views (HVs)?
• Objectives
– Express (high-level) HFI/HSI concerns in a
Systems Engineering language
– Capture human-related components of Enterprise models
– Helps HFI/HSI to relate to SE concepts/methods
– Ensures common modelling approach
• HFI design decision areas that can generally be perceived
as formal definitions.
– Not:
• the ‘soft’ issues that may be observed
• Informal dependencies and behaviours
(they are constraints and results)
• Methods
• Functional definitions
– extending traditional meaning of ‘functional’ to HFI design areas

HVs and MODAF
OV-4
OV-2
OV-3
OV-6
SV-10
OV-
1a,b
SV-7
OV-5
OV-
1c
SV-2
SV-3
SV-8
SV-9
SV-6
SV-5
SV-1
StV-
3,5
StV-2
StV-4
SV-4
HV-A:
Personnel
Availability
HV-B: Quality
Objectives and
Metrics
HV-C: Human
Interaction
Structure
HV-D:
Organisation
(designed)
HV-E: Human
Functions and
Tasks
HV-G: Dynamic
Drivers of Human
Behaviour
HV-F:
Roles and
Competencies
HV-D:
Organisation
(present)
HV-C: Human
Interaction
Structure
HV-G: Dynamic
Drivers of Human
Behaviour
HV-A:
Personnel
Availability
HV-B: Quality
Objectives
and Metrics

Outlook
• Issue 1 of HV Handbook
• Applications
• Guidance
– Process
– Methods
• Harmonisation with NATO HVs
• Further alignment with MODAF developments
• Issue 2 of HV Handbook (release early 2009)

MODAF Human Views
– details & examples

StV-6 for tele-working
Requirements: Operational Activity to Capability Mapping

HV-E: Human Functions and Tasks
Information access,
transmission and
sharing
Systems
Enable
Fulfill
Human-
computer
Interface
Have
System Functions
Behaviours
HCI Team work Task work
HV-E
Roles/
Responsibilities
Operational
Functions
Human Functions/
Tasks
Interaction with
Equipment
Teamwork/
Interaction
Taskwork
(decomposition)
Require
Interface
with
Require
Conduct
Define
Nodes
Perform
Structure

Tele-working concerns: HV-E
• OV-5: Relevant types of work
– Research; Design; Consultancy; Business Management
(i.e. activities of ‘Knowledge Workers’)
• HV-E: describes human activities
– for research:
• Project planning, information gathering, document writing
– the practice of tele-working itself may introduce new tasks, e.g.
• Work monitoring – through more extensive project planning
– fosters sense of accountability
• AoF: Options for tool support:
– Automated time and activity logging – to support monitoring
– OR: remote workers may be trusted and organisational
mechanisms used
Human Functions and Tasks

HV-F: Roles and Competencies
Human
Functions/Tasks
Information access,
transmission and sharing
Roles/
Responsibilities
Relate
through
Conduct
Interaction
with
Equipment
Teamwork/
Interaction
Taskwork
(decom-
position)
HV-F
Consist
of
Competency Requirements
Skills Attributes Knowledge
Personnel
Development
Need
Organisational Units
Units Teams Posts
Require
Define Person
in Post
Have
Require
Needs
People
availability

Tele-working roles/tasks/skills
Function:
Method Development
specific skill requirements - able to:
 take responsibility for own results
 work independently
 log own working hours
 plan and control work progress
 use communication technologies
 collaborate remotely
 organise highly constrained meeting schedules
 operate time & activity logging tools
Role:
Research & Consultancy
Job:
Senior Consultant
project planning
information gathering
information synthesis
document writing
project management
business development
collaboration
Function:
Interface Design
Role:
Design & Development
consult users
interpret requirements
use case study & review
produce design drafts
manage review process
document design
Function:
Remote Working
additional pre-planning
accessing data remotely
phone & email use
teleconferencing
document exchange
progress monitoring
meeting organisation
Role:
Other
Function:
Other

Interactions affected by tele-working
Role Interaction Requirements for tasks organised through tele-working
Consultant
Manager
Collaborator
project
planning
idea
forming
progress
monitoring
meeting
organisation
document
search
activity
coordination
project
planning
project
planning
idea
forming
progress
monitoring
meeting
organisation
idea
sharing
idea
sharing
activity
coordination
meeting
organisation
document
search

HV-C: Human Interaction Structure
Organisational Units
Units Teams Posts
Human
Functions/
Tasks
Interaction
with
Equipment
Teamwork/
Interaction
Taskwork
(decom-
position)
Formal
Dependencies
Facilities
Information
access,
transmission
and sharing
Consist
of
Systems
Locations
actual virtual
Roles/
Responsibilities
Enable
Relate
through
At
At
Fulfill
Human-
computer
Interface Have
System
Functions
Environment
With
Conduct
Require
Require
Require
HV-C
Interface with
Are
defined
through
Interaction
Purpose
Operational
Functions
Nodes
Perform
Structure
Have
Affect
Affect
Determine
Require
Moving

Tele-working (as-is situation)
On the Move
Office - Hot Desk
Home X
Office
Voice Communication
Data Exchange
Home
Researcher 1
(tele-working)
Broadband
Mobile (Phone)
Company Intranet
Email
Shared Working
Environment (Data)
Phone (landline)
Secure network
World Wide Web
Mobile (Modem)
Documents
Information
password
access
secure
access
application
Researcher 1
(tele-working)
Researcher 1
(hot-desking)
Researcher 2
Mobile (Phone)
Networked
workstation
Company Network
Company
Documents
Management
Data
Manager
Researcher 4
password
Laptop
Laptop
Laptop
Mobile (Phone)
Researcher 3
Landline Network
Mobile Network
Teleconferencing
Desk
Chair
Lamp
Shelf
Wireless
Mail Services
Letters, packages

HV-C elements for tele-working
Requirements focus
Manager
(office) Consultant
(home)
External
collaborator
Reporting
Tasking /
Advice
Share insight/
coordinate
activities
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
People
in office
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
Tele-
worker
People in
office
Small network Large network
Office
Homes
productive
research activities
face-to-face
discussions
remote group
communication
data & email
access
remote group
communication
data & email access
(public and company)
Fast Internet connection
Ergonomic working
space
Tele-conferencing facilities
Sufficient hot-desks
Wireless for internet
Extensive meeting
rooms

Tele-working concerns: HV-C
• New travelling and office attendance patterns
• Distributed working environment with
– remote communication
– data sharing
• Equip employees with the necessary tools, e.g.
– light laptop, mobile phone, remote email access
– home-based infrastructures (e.g. networking facilities, furniture).
• Central office spaces receive different functions, e.g.
– hot desks combined with mobile document lockers
– many meeting rooms, teleconferencing facilities
– catering shared with other companies
– separate wireless networks outside secure company network
Human Interaction Structure

HV-B: Quality Objectives and Metrics
Human
Functions/Tasks
Detailed
through
Human Performance
Criteria & Metrics
Methods of
Compliance
Mapped
to
Target
Measures
Specified
with
Mapped to
Behaviours
HCI
Team
work
Task
work
Assessed
through
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
definitions
Level 1...n
HV-B
At
Define
Time/Epoch

HV-B: Tele-working example
Generic
Value
Objectives
Health &
Safety issues
minimised
Effective
Collabo-
ration
Efficient
use of
resources
Quality
priorities
Low absence
and accident
rates
Reduced
car use
External
recognition
high
Increased
time
efficiency
Health & Safety
legislation
followed
consistently
Behavioural
objectives
HFI
Metrics
Target
Measures
Income
through
successful bids
increased
by 5%
Successful
bid rate high
Projects to
90% on time
and budget
according to
plans
Time and
budget
efficieny
Absence rate
decreased by
10% over
3 year
timescale
Health-related
unavailability
reduced
Questionnaire
returns 30%
increase in
employee
satisfaction
Security
levels
maintained
Minimised
stress
and
fatigue
Effective
project
planning
Customer
feedback
positive
Many effective
business
contacts
maintained
High worker
motivation &
satisfaction rating
‘Greener’
travel
behaviours
Car travel
reduced by 30%
per yearly
average use
Number of
employees
using cars
People
turnover
reduced by
30%
High retention
of experienced
employees
Employee
performance
consistency
Maintain
market
share
Less time
spent
traveling
High
employee
commitment
High-quality
project
results
Reduced
interruptions
and increased
focus
‘Green’
company
image
Effective
IT tool
support
Tool
usability
Average
acceptability
ratings above
70%
Tool assessment
questionnaire with
pass/fail criteria

The complete HV meta-model
Behaviours
HCI Team Task
Formal
Dependencies
Part-whole
Rank
Conditions
Operational
Configurations/
States 1...n
Human
Functions/
Tasks
Facilities
Detailed
through
Human Performance
Criteria & Metrics
Methods of
Compliance
Mapped
to
Target
Measures
Specified
with
Mapped
to
Information
access,
transmission
and sharing
Systems
Locations
actual virtual
Roles/
Responsibilities
Competency Requirements
Skills Attributes Knowledge
Personnel
Development
Need
Organisational
Units
Units Teams Posts
Formal
Processes/
Procedures/
Values
Enable
Relate
through
At
At
Are
defined
through
Define
Define
Needs
Require
Trends/
Forecasts
Fulfill
Human-
computer
Interface
Have
System
Functions
Affect
Actual
People
Person
in Post
Has
Environment
With
Use
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
Level 1...n
HFI Value
definitions
Level 1...n
Conduct
Require
Interaction
with
Equipment
Teamwork/
Interaction
Taskwork
(decom-
position)
Require
Require
People
availability
Define
Numbers Characteristics
Have
Person
(through
Post) in
Role
Define
Have
Ensures Have
At
Time/Epoch
Assessed
through
Define
Affect
State
Changes
Time
Units
Have
For
Scenario 1...n
(representative)
For
Describe
Define
At
Dynamic properties
Have Interface
with
Have
status
of
Display
Display
Display
Display
Consist of
HV-A
HV-G
HV-E
HV-D
HV-F
HV-C
HV-B
Formal
Task-Based
Organisation
Affect
Affect

Experiences
• Comprehensive framework – capturing breadth of HF
concerns
• Clarified effects of change on other design aspects
• Scrutiny – clarified open questions and raised issues
• Graphical versions – facilitate communication between
experts
• ‘To-Be’ models need to be grounded in ‘As-Is’ models
• Representation options need further development

Benefits of using HVs
• HVs model the human side of transformations needed for
energy-saving work solutions, including:
– HV-A: Who could be made available for tele-working?
– HV-B: How may human-related benefits be expressed and measured?
– HV-C: What are the human interaction structures to be supported by
technology solutions?
– HV-D: What are the required changes to formal organisational structures?
– HV-E: Which human activities are to be supported by technology
functions, and how should human and systems complement each other?
– HV-F: Which human roles and skills need to be supported?
– HV-G: What are the time structures, conditions, and scenarios to be
supported for different configurations?
• HVs enable an overarching approach to manage change by
embedding HVs in an existing Architectural Framework

MODAF the solution of energy-saving.ppt

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to MODAF the solution of energy-saving.ppt

Similar to MODAF the solution of energy-saving.ppt (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

MODAF the solution of energy-saving.ppt