hostology

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CYTOLOGY. CELL MEMABRANE.
Tests of the “KROK-1” database
2015
A large number of cisterns flattened in the center and extended on the periphery and small vesicles
with secretory granules were found in the biopsy hepatocytes during the electron microscopic study
of the biliary pole. Name this organelle:
A. *Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosomes
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Pinocytotic vesicles
Е. Microtubules
The organism to be identified has a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Genetic material is
concentrated predominantly in the chromosomes that consist of DNA strands and protein
molecules. These cells divide mitotically. Identify these organisms:
A. *Eukaryotes
B. Bacteriophages
C. Prokaryotes
D. Viruses
E. Bacteria
2014
An electron micrograph shows a cell-to-cell adhesion consisting, in each cell, of an attachment
plaque. The intercellular space is filled with electron-dense substance including transmembrane
fibrous structures. Specify this adhesion:
A *Desmosomes
B Synapse
C Tight junction
D Nexus
E Adherens junction
2013
(questions are absent)
2012
2005-2011
The action of microbial toxins on the cells caused significant damage of the glycocalyx. What
function of the cell membrane will be significantly disordered?
A *Receptor
B Transport
C Respiratory

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D Formation of contact
E Protective
The harmful factors caused the acute disorder of the endocytosis and exocytosis in the liver and
blood cells. What layer of the cell membrane was first injured?
A. *Cortical layer
B. The layer of the lipids end proteins
C. Supramembrane
D. Integral
E. Glycocalyx
CYTOLOGY. CYTOPLASM. ORGANELLS. INCLUSIONS.
2015
2014
The secretory granules appear and disappear in the cytoplasm of the pancreatic cells during the
secretory cycle. Which structural elements can these granules be related to?
A *To inclusions
B To microfilaments
C To lysosomes
D To exocytosis vacuoles
E To granular endoplasmic reticulum
Significant reduction of the protein synthesis in hepatocytes resulted by the long-term effects of the
toxic substances on the body. What organelles are most affected by intoxication?
A *Granular endoplasmic reticulum
B Mitochondria
C Microtubules
D Lysosomes
E Golgi apparatus
2013
In the tissue culture the nucleoluses were damaged by the radioactive irradiation. Recovery of what
organelles in the cytoplasm becomes problematic?
A *Ribosomes
B Lysosomes
C Endoplasmic reticulum
D Microtubule
E Golgi apparatus
The structure of the ribosome was disordered in the cell. What process is primarily affected?
A *Protein synthesis (translation)
B Protein synthesis (transcription)
C Synthesis of carbohydrates
D Synthesis of lipids
E Synthesis of minerals
The researchers destroyed the structure of one of the cell parts during a scientific experiment. As a

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result the cell lost the ability to division. What structure was broken?
A *Centrosome
B Glycocalyx
C Plastic complex
D Microfibrille
E Mitochondria
2012
The patient was hospitalized in the hospital with poisoning. It was established that the
detoxification processes were disordered in the liver. Which organelles of hepatocytes were
injured?
A *Agranular endoplasmic reticulum
B Mitochondria
C Granular endoplasmic reticulum
D Golgi apparatus
E Ribosomes
The organelles, which consist of cisterns that flattened in the center and extended on the periphery
and small vesicles, were found at the electron microphotography of the nervous cells. What are
these organelles?
A *Golgi apparatus
B Centrioles
C Lysosomes
D Peroxisomes
E Mitochondria
The abnormal biopolymers were found in the body cells of the child (7 years) with congenital
"storage diseases". Name this organelle.
A *Lysosomes
B Ribosomes
C Granular endoplasmic reticulum
D Mitochondria
E Peroxisomes
A high content of hydrolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm was founded during the examination. Which
organelle activity shows this fact?
A *Lysosomes
B Mitochondria
C Polysomes
D Endoplasmic reticulum
E Centrioles
The organelle that is the big polyprotease complex and consists of tubular and two regulatory parts
that are located at both ends of organelle was representing on electronic photo. The function of this
organelle is proteolysis. Name this organelle.
A *Proteasome
B Centrioles
C Inclusion
D Ribosome
E Golgi complex

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The vesicles with peroxide oxidation enzymes - catalase, peroxidase (0,05-1,5 microns in diameter)
were revealed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes during the histochemical investigation. What are
these organelles?
A * Peroxisomes
B Lysosomes
C Melanosomes
D Liposomes
E Phagosomes
Low level of albumins and fibrinogen was detected in the patient's blood. Decreased activity of
what organelle of the liver hepatocytes can cause it?
A *Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C Mitochondria
D Golgi complex
E Lysosomes
2005-2011
At what component of the cell the lysosomes formation takes place?
A. *At the Golgi apparatus
B. At the nucleus
C. At the ribosomes
D. At the mitochondria
E. At the organizing cell center
The microtubules contain the protein:
A. *Tubulin
B. Desmin
C. Dynein
D. Calmodulin
E. Vimentin
An organelle that participates in glucosylation of proteins and lipids with the formation of
glycosaminoglycans was detected in the histological preparation of the spinal ganglion in the
pseudounipolar neurons after impregnation with silver salts. Name this organelle.
A *Golgi apparatus
B Mitochondria
C Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E Centrioles
Labeled aminoacids, alanine and tryptophane were introduced to a mouse in order to study
localization of protein biosynthesis in its cells. Around what organelles will the accumulation of
labeled amino acids be observed?
A *Ribosomes
B Agranular endoplasmic reticulum
C Cell centre
D Lysosomes
E Golgi apparatus

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Ultramicroscopic examination of «dark» hepatocytes population in the cell cytoplasm detected a
developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. What function has this organelle in these cells?
A *Synthesis of blood plasma proteins
B Carbohydrate synthesis
C Detoxification
D Bile production
E Calcium ion depositing
The hysterectomy was made to a 67-year-old woman because of a tumor. At the histological
investigation of this tumor the multipolar mitoses were found at the tumor cells (chromosome
migration to more than two cellular poles). Which organelles disorder can this multipolar mitosis
cause?
A *Centrioles
B Secondary lysosomes
C Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E Peroxisomes
The cell was treated by a substance, which blocks the nucleotide phosphorylation process in the
mitochondria. What process will be broken?
A. *ATP resynthesize
B. Synthesis of mitochondrial proteins
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Integration of functional protein molecules
E. Fragmentation of large mitochondria smaller
The cell of the laboratory animal was overdosed with Roentgen rays. As a result albuminous
fragments formed in the cytoplasm. What cell organelle will take part at their utilization?
A *Lysosomes
B Endoplasmic reticulum
C Cells centre
D Golgi complex
E Ribosome
CYTOLOGY. NUCLEUS. CELL CICLE.
2015
2014
The histone proteins synthesis was artificially blocked in the cell. What cell structure will be
damaged?
A *Nuclear chromatin
B Nucleolus
C Golgi apparatus
D Cell membrane
E Nuclear envelope
2013
The cell without the nucleus and nucleolus is presented at the electron microphotography. The

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chromosomes are free; the centrioles migrate to the poles. In which phase of the cell cycle is the
cell?
A *In prophase
B In anaphase
C In metaphase
D In telophase
E In interphase
2012
The culture of the tumor cells was affected by colchicine, which inhibits formation of the proteins-
tubulins that are necessary for the spindle apparatus formation. What stage of the cell cycle will be
affected?
A *Mitosis
B Presynthetic period
C Synthetic period
D Postsynthetic period
E G0 - phase
Human somatic cells in the metaphase were found in the histological preparation. How many
chromosomes the metaphase plate consists of in case if each chromosome has two sister
chromatids?
A *46 chromosomes
B 92 chromosomes
C 23 chromosomes
D 48 chromosomes
E 24 chromosomes
The cells whose nuclei contain sex chromatin (Barr body) were found in the amniotic fluid during
the investigation that obtained by amniocentesis (amniotic membrane puncture). What could it
mean?
A *Development of the female sex fetus
B Development of the male sex fetus
C Genetic abnormalities in fetal development
D Trisomy
E Рolyploidy
2005-2011
It is known that the syntheses of the proteins-tubulins are blockaded under the colchicine action.
What stage of the cell cycle will be disordered in this case?
A. *Postsynthetic (premitotic) period of the interphase
B. Prophase of mitosis
C. Synthetic period of the interphase
D. Formation of the metaphase plate
E. Presynthetic (postmitotic) period of the interphase
A very low content of heterochromatin was found at the hepatocyte nuclei during microscopic
study. What functional state of the cell does it mean?
A *Increase of protein synthesis
B Apoptosis
C Necrosis

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D Reduction of protein synthesis
E Entry into mitosis
Compaction of the nucleus was observed on the electron microphotography of the cells taken from
animals after a chemical exposure. What is the state of the nucleus in the cell?
A *Karyopyknosis
B Mitosis
C Amitosis
D Polyploidy
E Meiosis
At the electronic microphotography the nucleus is surrounded by the thin lamina of biological
membrane. How does it called?
A * Nuclear envelope
B Plasmolemma
C Cytolemma
D Nuclear pore
E Pore complex
The navy-blue chromatin granules were found at the nucleus on the slide that is stained by
hematoxylin and eosin. What is the stage of the cell cycle?
A * Interphase
B Prophase
C Metaphase
D Anaphase
E Telophase
A few cells of the oral cavity epithelium were taken for the examination. Sex chromatin (Barr body)
was found in the nuclei of epithelial cells after special processing of the histological specimen.
Which chromosome forms a sex chromatin?
A *Х – female condensed chromosome
B Х – female dispersed chromosome
C Х – male condensed chromosome
D Х – male dispersed chromosome
E Y – condensed chromosome
While studying maximally spiraled chromosomes of human karyotype the process of cell division
was stopped in the following phase:
A *Metaphase
B Prophase
C Interphase
D Anaphase
E Telophase
Moving of the daughter chromatids to the poles of the cell is observed in the mitotically dividing
cell. On what stage of the mitotic cycle is this cell?
A *Anaphase
B Metaphase
C Telophase
D Prophase
E Interphase

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The study of mitotic cycle phases of the onion root revealed the cell, in which the chromosomes are
situated in the equatorial plane, forming a star. What stage of the cell mitosis is it?
A *Metaphase
B Anaphase
C Telophase
D Interphase
E Prophase
The syntheses of proteins - tubulines, which take part in the mitosis formation, were destroyed
during the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle. It can cause the impairment of:
A *Chromosome separation
B Cytokinesis
C Duration of mitosis
D Chromosome despiralization
E Chromosome spiralization
There are three periods of the cell cycle interphase. What process takes the place during the S-
period?
A *Replication of the DNA
B Meiosis
C Cytokinesis
D Mitosis
E Аmitosis
Cells in the tissue culture were affected by colchicine, a substance that inhibits the contraction of
microtubules of the spindle apparatus, with the aim of obtaining a human karyotype. At which stage
will mitosis be stopped?
A *Metaphase
B Telophase
C Interphase
D Anaphase
E Prophase
It is known that apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in human during the whole
ontogenesis. Which of the following features are typical for apoptosis?
A * Activation of genes whose products kill the cells are taking place during apoptosis.
B Condensation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C The cell which dies often breaks up into fragments.
D Genes which primarly breaking down DNA into large and then into smaller fragments are
activated during apoptosis.
E Apoptosis often occurs in the embryonic period.
A common physiological phenomenon which is programmed and genetically controlled process that
is induced by killer genes is observed during embryogenesis. In this case there are condensation of
the nucleus, condensation of chromatin and disintegration of the nucleus into the “micronuclei”,
condensation of the cytoplasm and its fragmentation. The cell splits into bodies containing the
“micronuclei” that are phagocytosed by macrophages. What phenomenon is this?
A *Apoptosis
B Pyknosis
C Necrosis
D Endomitosis

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E Endoreproduction
A tumor of the pyloric part of the stomach was diagnosed in the patient. What proteins are able to
inhibit the mitotic division of newly formed cells?
A. *Keylons
B. Ribonuclease
C. Lysozyme
D. Hemoglobin
E. Myoglobin
The scraping from the mucous membrane of the cheeks was taken. A smear was made and stained
with methylene blue. Hemispherical clumps of heterochromatin near the inner membrane of the
epithelial cells nuclei are visible under a microscope. What structure is this?
A *Barr body
B Fordyce spots
C Bisha adipose body
D У-chromosome
E Ribosomes
EMBRYOLOGY. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS
2015
2014
(questions from this topic are absent)
2013
The chicken embryo at the stage of the mesoderm differentiation to somites and splanchnotom was
revealed in the histological preparation. What material is the axial skeleton developing from?
A *Sclerotome
B Dermatome
C Nephrotome
D Splanchnotom
E Myotome
The gametes precursors (gonoblasts) were revealed in the embryo at 2nd - 3rd weeks of
embryogenesis. Where do these cells differentiate?
A *In the yolk sac
B In the mesenchyme
C In the embryonic ectoderm
D In dermatomes
E In the embryonic endoderm
Study of the biopsy material of an embryo revealed a zone of developmental abnormality in a
somite. The zone was located close to the endoderm and the notochord. What formations may
abnormal development in case of pregnancy continuation have?
A *Skeletal tissues
B Genito-urinary system

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C Skeletal striated muscle tissue
D Cardiac striated muscle tissue
E Fibrous connective tissue of the skin
2012
The sclerotome was destroyed in the bird embryo during the experiment. What structure disorder by
this manipulation can be caused?
A * Axial skeleton
B Skin connective tissue
C Internal organs stroma
D Gonadal stroma
E Chord
The myotome was destroyed in the rabbit embryo during the experiment. What structure disorder
by this manipulation can be caused?
A * Skeletal muscle
B Axial skeleton
C Skin connective tissue
D Smooth muscle
E Serous membranes
The outer germ layer (ectoderm) was destroyed in the frog embryo during the experiment. What
morphological structure of this embryo will be not developed?
A * Epidermis
B Somites
C Nephrotome
D Splanchnotom
E Bone tissue
2011-2005
(questions from this topic are absent)
EMBRYOLOGY. EMBRYOLOGY OF HUMAN 1
2015
An embryo at an early gastrula stage was found during forensic medical examination of a woman
who died in a car accident. Name the place of its localization under normal development.
A. The wall of the uterus
B. Ampulla of the uterine tube
C. Uterine part of oviduct
D. Ovary
Е. Abdominal cavity
2014
The embryo on the stage of early gastrulation was found during the forensic medical expertise of a
woman who died in the road accident. Name the place of the embryo localization in case of its
normal development.
A *Uterus wall
B Ampullar part of the oviduct
C Uterus part of the oviduct
D Ovary

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E Abdominal cavity
The embryo composed of to blastomeres was found during the microscopic investigation of female
reproductive organs removed during the operation. Name the place of the embryo localization in
case of its normal development.
A * Oviduct, close to its ampullar part
B Oviduct, close to its uterus part
C Uterus cavity
D Abdominal cavity
E Ovary
2013
The process of a zygote cleavage ends with the blastula formation. What type of blastula is typical
for a human?
A * Blastocysts
B Coeloblastula
C Discoblastula
D Amphiblastula
E Morula
2012
The human embryo that doesn’t attach to the endometrium was found in the uterus cavity. What
stage of embryogenesis is this?
A * Blastocyst
B Zygote
C Morula
D Gastrula
E Neurula
2011-2005
The human ovum represented on histological preparation. There are small amount of yolk
inclusions in the cytoplasm of it. Identify the type of ovum.
A *Secondary isolecithal
B Isolecithal
C Telolecithal
D Alecithal
E Centrolecital
Chronic poisoning of 38-year-old miner by cadmium compounds resulted in male sterility. Semen
analysis revealed the inability of sperm to move. Damage of what cytoskeleton components for this
pathology may be responsible?
A *Axoneme microtubules
B Actin microfilaments
C Intermediate filaments
D Microtubule spindle
E Actomyosine complex
EMBRYOLOGY. EMBRYOLOGY OF HUMAN 2

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2014
The primary Hensen's node wasn’t formed in the embryo during the gastrulation. The development
of what axial organ will be inhibited?
A * Chorda
B Neural crest
C Neural groove
D Neural tube
E Mantle layer of the neural tube
2013
The human blastocyst implantation begins. What period of embryogenesis does at the same time
with implantation start?
A * Gastrulation
B Invagination
C Differentiation
D Histogenesis
E Cleavage
The chorion is determined at the microscopic examination of the embryo membranes. What is the
main function of this organ?
A * Exchange of substances between the mother and fetus
B Hematopoietic
C Production of the amniotic fluid.
D Formation of the primordial germ cells.
E Formation of the lymphocytes
The early gastrulation of the human embryo occurs by delamination of the embryoblast. At what
structure does the nervous system rudiment situate?
A * At the epiblast
B At the trophoblast
C At the hypoblast
D At the marginal zone of the hypoblast
E At the central zone of the hypoblast
2012
The hydramnios was diagnosed at the pregnant women during the ultrasound examination. Disorder
of what extraembryonic organ function can in such pathological condition result?
A *Amniotic membrane
B Chorion
C Placenta
D Yolk sac
E Allantois

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Ectodermal cells differentiated into neuroblasts and spongioblasts in the neural tube of the human
embryo. Layers formed in consequence of the movement of these cells in the neural tube. Which
layer mainly contained bodies of the neuroblasts?
A *Mantle layer
B Ependyma layer
C Edge veil
D White matter
E Sheath of the spinal cord
Embryonic shield with two layers of cells (ectoderm and entoderm) was revealed in the human
embryo taken from spontaneous abortion. At what stage of an embryonic development was an
embryo?
A * Gastrulation
B Cleavage
C Progenesis
D Organogenesis
E -
It is known that the megalocytes may appear in the human peripheral blood. When the appearance
of these cells in the blood is normal?
A * In the embryonic period
B At the age of 1 year
C At the age from 1 to 30 years
D In old age
E During the pregnancy
The human embryo implantation in the uterine wall (during the 7th day) is the one of the critical
periods of embryogenesis. What gastrulation process does in embryoblast during this period occur?
A * Delamination
B Migration
C Epiboly
D Invagination
E Neurulation
"A person was born in a shirt." What kind of "shirt" is referred in this proverb about?
A * Amniotic
B Yolk
C Serous
D Chorionic
E Trophoblastic
2011-2005
It is known that cells of neural crest migrate for long distances and are the progenitors of many cell
types in the human body. What cells do not develop from neural crest?
A. *Myocytes
B. The nerve cells of the autonomic ganglia
C. Medulla of adrenal glands
D. Melanocytes
E. Sensitive nuclei of cranial nerves

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Disorder of the cerebrum development was found during the ultrasonic scanning of the pregnant
woman. The chronic alcoholism is in anamnesis. What critical period of the embryogenesis can this
pathology related to?
A. *15-20 weeks of embryogenesis
B. 20-24 weeks of embryogenesis
C. 7-8 days of embryogenesis
D. 3-8 weeks of embryogenesis
E. Neonatal period
The mesenchyme at the yolk-sac wall was destroyed on the early stage of embryogenesis. What
consequences can be happened after this manipulation?
A. *Disorder of the blood vessels formation
B. Disorder of embryo trophisity
C. Disorder of metabolic products excretion
D. Disorder of the allantois formation
E. Disorder of the amnion formation
During the examination of a pregnant woman, the doctor drew attention to the data of anamnesis,
which indicated that in the 3-4 weeks of pregnancy woman had an acute infectious disease. Which
stage of embryogenesis may be disordered?
A. *Formation of the intestinal tube.
B. Implantation
C. Placentation
D. Development of the brain
E. Formation of the reproductive system
The works of Speman prove that the development of certain structures of the embryo is a result of
the action of inductors. What develops under the influence of inducers of the dorsal lip of
blastopore?
A. *Neural tube
B. Chorda
C. Mesoderm
D. Primary gut
E. Somites
Sex hormone supports the function of the corpus luteum. The level of this hormone in a woman’s
blood used as a pregnancy test. Which structure produces this hormone at the end of the second
week of embryo development?
A *Syncytiotrophoblast
B Cytotrophoblast
C Amnionic epithelium
D Epithelium of the yolk sac
E Allantois
Neural tube, neural crests, placodes, skin ectoderm and prechordal plate develop from the
embryonic ectoderm during the process of differentiation. How is called the process of the neural
tube formation?
A *Neurulation

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B Gastrulation
C Somitogenesis
D Histogenesis
E Organogenesis
The germ of a provisional organ shaped as elastic cord, covered by amniotic epithelium and
surrounded by mucous connective tissue is determined during the study of the early stages of
human embryogenesis. Name this organ.
A *Umbilical cord
B Yolk sac
C Allantois
D Placenta
E Amnion
EPITHELIAL TISSUE.
2015
2014
(questions from the named topic are absent)
2013
The villus of the small intestine is covered by the tissue that consists only of the cells, which form a
layer on the basement membrane. The tissue does not contain blood vessels. What tissue does the
surface of the villus cover?
A * Epithelial tissue
B Cemented irregular fibrous connective tissue
C Dense irregular connective tissue
D Smooth muscle tissue
E Reticular tissue
2012
The structures of tight junction between the epithelial cells were affected during the experiment.
What function of the epithelium will be disordered?
A * Mechanical
B Absorption
C Vitamin D-producing
D Secretory
E Excretory
2001-2011

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM.
2015
2014
A slide contains the preparation of a gland composed of several secretory saccule-shaped parts that
open in the common excretory duct. What gland is it?
A *Simple branched alveolar gland
B Compound branched alveolar gland
C Simple unbranched alveolar gland
D Compound unbranched alveolar gland
E Simple branched tubular gland
The secretory parts of the apocrine glands contain myoepithelial cells. What is the function of these
cells?
A *Contractive
B Secretory
C Protective
D Regenerative
E Supporting
2013
2012
A diagram shows an exocrine gland that has unbranched excretory duct with a terminal part in form
of a saccule opening into the duct. How is this gland called according to the morphological
classification of exocrine glands?
A *Simple unbranched alveolar
B Compound branched alveolar
C Simple branched tubular
D Compound unbranched alveolar
E Compound unbranched alveolar tubular
2005-2011
The gland that consists of two acinary secretory parts which open into common excretory duct was
found in the skin. What kind of a gland is this?
A *Simple branched alveolar gland
B Compound branched alveolar gland
C Simple unbranched alveolar gland
D Compound unbranched alveolar gland
E Simple branched tubular gland
BLOOD
BLOOD. RED BLOOD CELLS.

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2015
18% of erythrocytes of the spherical, flattened, globular and spinosum forms were revealed in the
blood of a 26 years old man. Other erythrocytes were in the form of the byconcave disks. How is
this phenomenon called?
A. Physiological poikilocytosis
B. Pathological poikilocytosis
C. Physiological anisocytosis
D. Pathological anisocytosis
E. Erythrocytosis
2014
The patient blood was taken for analysis. The 30% of red blood cells with an irregular shape were
found. Clinically, this phenomenon is described as:
A * Pathological poikylocytosis
B Anisocytosis
C Physiological poikylocytosis
D Macrocytosis
E Microcytosis
2013
2012
The acute decline of the hemoglobin was revealed in the patient's blood during the examination at
the clinic. What function of the blood will be disordered?
A * Respiratory
B Humoral
C Homeostatic
D Protective
E Trophic
The anemia developed in a 50-year-old patient with chronic nephritis. What was the most likely
cause of the anemia at this patient?
A * Decreasing of erythropoietin production
B Absence of gland
C Lack of vitamin B12
D Disorders of porphyrin synthesis
E Immunological damage cells - precursors of erythropoiesis
The reduced hemoglobin amount was revealed in the blood test. What function of the blood will be
disordered?
A * Transport of gases
B Transport of hormones
C Providing immunity
D Clotting
E Transport of nutrients
It was revealed 18% of erythrocytes of the spherical, ball-shaped, flat and thorn-like shape in the

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blood of a 26-year-old man. Other erythrocytes were in the form of the biconcave disks. How is
such phenomenon called?
A *Physiological poikylocytosis
B Pathological poikylocytosis
C Physiological anisocytosis
D Pathological anisocytosis
E Erythrocytosis
The 12,5% erythrocytes with diameter greater than 8 microns and 12.5% erythrocytes with diameter
less than 6 microns were revealed in the patient's blood. The rest of the red blood cells have a
diameter of 7,1–7,9 microns. What is the name of this phenomenon?
A * Physiological anisocytosis
B Pathological anisocytosis
C Physiological poikylocytosis
D Pathological poikylocytosis
E Erythrocytosis
2001-2011
Transfusion of Rh-positive blood to Rh-negative patient results in the formation of Rh antibodies
and hemolysis. What blood cells are the carriers of Rh factor?
A *Erythrocytes
B Platelets
C Lymphocytes
D Monocytes
E Neutrophils
LYMPH. WHITE BLOOD CELLS. PLATELETS.
2015
2014
The signs of inflammation: pain, redness, edema as signs of immediate hypersensitivity were
revealed at the child around the skin wound. Which blood cells do these changes cause?
A * Basophils
B Eosinophils
C Neutrophils
D Lymphocytes
E Monocytes
The forensic pathologist determined that it was female blood according to results of the blood stains
studying at the crime scene. What signs were present on the ground of this conclusion?
A * Presence of the satellite in the neutrophils nuclei
B Presence of the microcytes and macrocytes
C Poikylocytosis
D Presence of the eosinophils specific granules
E According to the number of red blood cells

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The cells with the histamine and heparin granules in the cytoplasm were defined in the blood smear.
What kind of cell is this?
A * Basophils
B Neutrophils
C Eosinophils
D Monocytes
E Erythrocytes
The cells, which accounts for 0,5% of the total leukocytes number with the S-shaped curved
nucleus and metachromatic colored granules in the cytoplasm, were founded in the patient's blood
smear. What are these cells?
A * Basophils
B Neutrophils
C Eosinophils
D Monocytes
E Lymphocytes
The numerous plasma cells plasmocytes were revealed in the blood of a 16 years old girl with
autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland. With the proliferation and differentiation of what
blood cells the increase of the plasmocytes number is associated?
A * B-lymphocytes
B T-helper
C Tissue basophils
D T-killer
E T-suppressor
The B-lymphocytes were marked with the tracer in the experiment. The foreign protein was injected
under the skin of the animal. Which cells will this tracer contain in the connective tissue?
A * Plasmocytes
B T-lymphocytes
C Macrophages
D Tissue basophils
E Fibroblasts
One of the blood cells populations was selectively stimulated in the experiment. Permeability of
blood vessels was significantly increased as result of it. That leads to edema of perivascular tissue
end deceleration of the blood clotting. Which blood cells were stimulated?
A * Basophils
B Erythrocytes
C Platelets
D Eosinophils
E Lymphocytes
The rounded cells with the segmented nuclei are predominating of the leucocytes in the smear of
peripheral blood. The granules of their cytoplasm stained with both acidic and basic dyes. What are
these cells?
A * Segmented neutrophils
B Basophils
C Eosinophils
D Young neutrophils
E Monocytes

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The large cells with low-basophilic cytoplasm and bean-shaped nucleus were found in a blood
smear. The cell is the largest from visible in the visual field. What are the cells?
A * Monocytes
B Macrophages
C Plasmocytes
D Middle lymphocytes
E Small lymphocytes
2013
A specimen of the human red bone marrow smear revealed accumulation of gigantic cells located
near sinusoidal capillaries. Name formed elements of blood which formed from these cells.
A. *Platelets
B. Red blood cells
C. White blood cells
D. Lymphocytes
E. Monocytes
To determine the functional activity of blood cells the suspension of the microorganisms was
introduced into a test tube containing leukocyte mass. Inside of what cells will the phagocytized
bacteria be detected?
A * Neutrophils and monocytes
B Lymphocytes and basophils
C Lymphocytes and eosinophils
D Monocytes and lymphocytes
E Lymphocytes and neutrophils
The neutrophils were defined during the study of the connective tissue microslide. What is the
function of these cells in the tissues?
A * Phagocytosis of microorganisms
B Trophic
C Support function
D Regulation of the smooth muscle cells contraction
E Dilatation of the blood vessels.
It is known that plasmocytes produce specific antibodies against the antigen. The number of
plasmocytes increases after the antigen introduction. At the expense of which blood cells will the
plasmocytes number be increased?
A * B-lymphocytes
B T-lymphocytes
C Monocytes
D Basophils
E Eosinophil
2012
The increasing of the total leukocytes number was revealed in the general blood analysis of a
patient with pneumonia. What is the name of this phenomenon?
A * Leukocytosis
B Anemia
C Leukopenia
D Anisocytosis
E Poikylocytosis

21
The chromatin of one of the neutrophils nucleus segments is forming the drumstick. What is the
name of this structural formation?
A * Barr's body
B Lyon’s body
C Decondensed chromatin
D Euchromatin
E Pacinian corpuscles
The helminthosis was diagnosed at the 6-year-old child. What changes of the leukogram (WBC)
can be expected?
A * Increasing of the eosinophils number
B Increasing of the neutrophils number
C Reducing the eosinophils number
D Increasing of the monocytes number
E Increasing of the lymphocytes number
The nurse complains about hands injury that resembles the eczema. She said that after streptomycin
injection (she makes it to the patient) the skin itching is increased and the vesicles with the watery
fluid appear on the skin. The symptoms disappear during the holidays. The blood test was made on
suspicion of allergic reaction. Increased number of what blood cells can be detected?
A * Eosinophilic leukocytes
B Basophilic leukocytes
C Monocytes
D Neutrophilic leukocytes
E Lymphocytes
The 20% large (diameter 20 mm), rounded cells with low-basophilic cytoplasm and bean-shaped
nucleus were found in a blood smear. Clinically, this phenomenon is described as:
A * Monocytosis
B Lymphocytosis
C Leukopenia
D Neutrophilia
E Reticulocytosis
The cells, which make up 0.5% of the total white blood cells number, were revealed at the patient's
blood smear. They have S-shaped nucleus and metachromatic colored granules in the cytoplasm.
What are these cells?
A *Basophils
B Neutrophils
C Eosinophils
D Monocytes
E Lymphocytes
The helminthosis was detected at the child (10 years). What changes can be expected in the
leukogram (WBC)?
A * Number of eosinophils will increase
B Number of platelets will increase
C Number of red blood cells will increase
D Number of segmented neutrophils will increase
E Number of basophils will increase

22
In the analysis the laboratory assistant made an additional conclusion that the blood belongs to the
female. Specific features of what cells structure enable us to conclusion?
A * Neutrophilic leukocytes
B Erythrocytes
C Lymphocytes
D Monocytes
E Basophilic leukocytes
Blood analysis is recommended to be performed on an empty stomach and in the morning. What
changes in the blood composition can occur if to perform blood test after food intake?
A *Increased contents of leukocytes
B Increased contents of erythrocytes
C Increased plasma proteins
D Reduced contents of thrombocytes
E Reduced contents of erythrocytes
2005-2011
Plasma cell produces specific antibody for specific antigen. During injection of antigen quantity of
plasma cell increased. At the expense of what blood cells occurred increasing of plasma cells
quantity?
A. *B lymphocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. T lymphocytes
E. Monocytes
A large number of rounded cells with segmented nucleus (three or more segments) and small pink-
purple granules in the cytoplasm were revealed in a blood smear of patient with pneumonia. What is
this cell?
A *Neutrophils
B Monocytes
C Eosinophilic granulocytes
D Basophilic granulocytes
E Lymphocytes
General blood test of a child found the percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the ratio of
45:45. Which age may correspond to a physiological crossroads?
A * 5 days and 5 years
B 14 years
C 1 day and 3 years
D 1 year
E 1 day
Presence of inflammation in the kidney observed at a patient. Blood test was made. There was
observed a large number of cells with following cell morphology: nucleus with 2 - 5 segments, pink
– purple granules in the cytoplasm. What is this cell?
A *Neutrophilic granulocytes segmented
B Monocytes
C Lymphocytes
D Acidophilic granulocytes

23
E Basophilic granulocytes
A blood test was made to a patient with allergic rhinitis. In the blood was observed a large number
of cells with following cell morphology: nucleus with 2 - 3 segments, oxyphilic cytoplasm filled
with bright pink large granules. What cell is this?
A *Acidophilic granulocytes
B Lymphocytes
C Monocytes
D Basophilic granulocytes
E Neutrophils
Among of blood cells there are cells whose number is 3-11% of the total number of leukocytes. The
main characteristic of these cells is to converse into a macrophagic system cells and phagocytosis.
What are these cells?
A *Monocytes
B Basophils
C Eosinophils
D Lymphocytes
E Neutrophils
A blood test made to a patient with pneumonia. The blood test reveals increased number of the cells
that have bean-shaped and rod-shaped nucleus, small granules, some of which are dyed basophilic
other oxyphilic. Name such changes of leukogram (WBC).
A. *Leukocyte formula shift to the left
B. Leukocyte formula shift to the right
C. Neuthrocytopenia
D. Neuthrocytosis
E. Lymphocytosis
Philopodium of megakaryocytes are going through the pores of red bone marrow sinusoidal
capillaries into the lumen of blood vessels, where they are fragmenting into individual plates. What
blood cells are formed in this way?
A * Platelets
B Erythrocytes
C Lymphocytes
D Reticulocytes
E Monocytes
In blood was observed a large number of cells with following cell morphology: nucleus with 2 - 3
segments, a cytoplasm filled with large granules that at staining showing metachromasia. What are
these cells?
A. *Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C Eosinophils
D. Monocytes
E. Red blood cells
One of the blood cells populations was selectively stimulated. As a result of it the process of blood
clotting was significantly slowed. Which blood cells subjected to stimulation?
A. *Basophils
B. Platelets
C. Monocytes

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D. Eosinophils
E. Neutrophils
16% rounded cells with sizes 4.5-7 mm, having a large spherical nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm
forming a narrow border around the nucleus were detected in a blood smear of a patient after
suffering from flu. What state of blood do they describe?
A. * Lymphocytopenia
B. Monocytosis
C. Neuthrocytosis
D. Lymphocytosis
E. Monocytopenia
HEMATOPOIESIS.
2015
During postembryonal haemopoiesis in the red bone marrow the cells of one of the cellular
differons demonstrate gradual decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia as well as increase in oxyphilia,
the nucleus is being forced out. Such morphological changes are typical for the following
haemopoiesis type:
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Lymphopoiesis
C. Neutrophil cytopoiesis
D. Eosinophil cytopoiesis
E. Basophil cytopoiesis
2014
The significant reduction of megakaryocytes was found during the histological investigation of the
red bone marrow punctate of a 35-year-old patient. How will the correlation of blood cells change
in this case?
A * Number of platelets will decrease
B Number of red blood cells will decrease
C Number of eosinophils will decrease
D Number of neutrophils will decrease
E Number of B-lymphocytes will decrease
It is known that megalocytes can be present in the peripheral blood of human. When can these cells
be present in the peripheral blood in normal condition?
A *In the embryogenesis
B Till the age 1 year
C At the age from 1 to 30
D At the old age
E During the pregnancy
2013
2012

25
The megakaryocyte with demarcation channels in the peripheral part of the cytoplasm was
determined at the electron microphotograph of the red bone marrow. What is the function of these
structures?
A * Formation of platelets
B Increasing of the cell surface
C Increase of the ion channels number
D Cell division
E Cell destruction
The cells of granulocytic series were revealed at the biopsy material of the red bone marrow.
Specify what changes do in the nucleus occur during the differentiation of these cells?
A * Segmentation
B Polyploidisation
C Pyknosis
D Enucleation
E Increasing the size
The cells, differentiation of which is characterized by pycnosis and nucleus removing, were
revealed in the myeloid tissue punctate of a 6-year-old child. What kind of hematopoiesisis
characterized by such morphological changes?
A * Erythropoiesis
B Thrombocytopoiesis
C Lymphocytopoiesis
D Granulocytopoiesis
E Monocytopoiesis
A newborn baby has disorder of the thymus development. What type of the hematopoiesis will be
disordered?
A * Lymphocytopoiesis
B Monocytopoiesis
C Erythropoiesis
D Granulocytopoiesis
E Thrombocytopoiesis
2005-2011
In course of an experiment, a big number of stem cells of the red bone marrow were in some way
destruct. What cell population regeneration in the loose connective tissue will be inhibited?
A *Of macrophages
B Of fibroblasts
C Of pigment cells
D Of lipocytes
E Of pericytes
Clusters of developing erythrocytes surround and receive iron from some cell in groupings called
erythroblastic islands. Identify this cell.
A *Macrophage
B Fibroblasts
C Endothelial

26
D Lipocyte
E Pericyte
The least differentiated cells that are forming populations and characterized by self-inducing
differentiation in several ways through the progenitor cells into functionally mature cells, are
present at every tissue during the human life (or were present in embryogenesis). What are these
cells?
A * Stem cells
B Specialized cells
C Multifunction cells
D Cells of histogenesis
E Blastomere
The cells that characterized by polychromatophilia, appears of meshwork (remnants of granular
endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes) in the cytoplasm present in the blood smear. Their
number is normally 1-5% of the total number of red blood cells. Increased number of them is
diagnostic feature of enhanced hematopoiesis. What are these cells?
A * Reticulocytes
B Erythroblasts
C Erythroblasts polychromatophilic
D Basophilic erythroblast
E Proerythroblast
A significant number of hematopoietic cells were died after the massive exposure of the mice in the
laboratory condition. There were a rapid renewal of the stem cells and all commited progenitor cells
after a while. At the level of which class of the blood cell lineages the hormonal regulation of the
process of hematopoiesis by hemopietins is happened?
A. *Ш class – unipotential progenitor cells
B. ІІ class – polypotential partially determinate progenitor cells
C. І class – polypotential blood stem cells
D. V class – maturing cells
E. VI class – mature cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUE. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. CELLS.
2015
The inflammatory process in tissues and organs is accompanied by their redness and swelling. What
leukocytes in the connective tissue provide the expansion of blood vessels and increase their
permeability?
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Т-lymphocytes
E. В-lymphocytes
2014
The cells of next morphology: intensely basophilic cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nucleus with
chromatin, which is located in a "spoke wheel" and highlights the cytoplasm near it – were found in
the lymph node histological sections of the experimental animals after the antigen stimulation. What

27
is the type of cell?
A * Plasmocytes
B Macrophages
C Fibroblasts
D Adipocytes
E Tissue basophils (mast cells)
The histamine plays a central role in the development of allergic clinical manifestations. What cells
produce it?
A * Mast cells
B T lymphocytes
C Macrophages
D B-lymphocytes
E Plasmocytes
The local esophagus stenosis as a result of scar formation developed at the patient after the
esophagus chemical burn. Which cells of the loose connective tissue involved in the formation of
scars?
A * Mature specialized fibroblasts
B Young unspecialized fibroblasts
C Fibrocytes
D Myofibroblasts
E Fibroclasts
2013
A foreign body entered into the skin and leads to inflammation development. What connective
tissue cells take place in the skin reaction against of the foreign body?
A * Neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts
B Macrophages
C Melanocytes
D Adipocytes
E Adventitial cells
2012
The cesarean section was performed to a patient. The uterus wall was cut and fetus released. By
what mechanism the myometrium regeneration will be in the area of the wound?
A *Formation of connective tissue scar
B Formation of new smooth muscle
C Formation of striated muscle fibers
D Proliferation of myosatellitocytes
E Hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells
A live vaccine was injected into a human organism. Increased activity of what connective tissue
cells can be expected?
A *Plasma cells and lymphocytes
B Macrophages and fibroblasts
C Pigmented cells and pericytes
D Adipocytes and adventitial cells
E Fibroblasts and labrocytes

28
The connective tissue scar is developing in the wound place during the healing. Which cells provide
the process?
A * Fibroblasts
B Macrophages
C Fibrocytes
D Mast cells
E Melanocytes
The allergic dermatitis of both hands developed at the women as a result of the contact with the
chromium compounds at the production. Which skin cells mainly participated in the realization of
this disease?
A * Tissue basophils
B Plasmocytes
C Macrophages
D Neutrophils
E Lymphocytes
A big number of the elongated cells with dense nucleus and many lysosomes, phagosomes and
pinocytotic vacuoles in the basophilic cytoplasm were found in the lavage of the patient with acute
tibia wound. What are these cells?
A * Macrophages of connective tissue
B Fibroblasts
C Fibrocytes
D Plasmocytes
E Tissue basophils
In course of an experiment a big number of stem cells of red bone marrow was destructed in some
way. Regeneration of what cell populations will be inhibited in the loose connective tissue?
A *Of macrophages
B Of fibroblasts
C Of pigment cells
D Of lipocytes
E Of pericytes
A significant number of red bone marrow stem cells was destroyed at the experiment. What cells of
connective tissue renewal will be inhibited?
A * Macrophages
B Fibroblasts
C Pigment cells
D Adipocytes
E Pericytes
An inflammation is characterized by the dilation of the blood capillaries at the site of injury,
decreased blood circulation, increased vascular permeability. Which of the following cells play the
primary role in these processes?
A * Tissue basophils
B Fibroblasts
C Plasmocytes
D Eosinophils
E Macrophages
2005-2011

29
After the radioactive exposure a patient has stem cells disorder. The regeneration of what cells of
friable connective tissue will be damaged?
A. *Macrophages
B. Pericytes
C. Fibroblasts
D. Pigment cells
E. Adipocytes
Low concentration of the specific antibodies was found in the blood of a patient with influenza. The
function of what cell of connective tissue is inhibited?
A. *Plasmocyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Macrophage
D. Macrophage
E. Labrocyte
The microscopic examination of wound lavage of a patient with acute wound process of his shin
revealed big content of irregular extended-formed cells, with dense nucleus, the basophilic
cytoplasm which includes many lysosomes, phagosomes and pinocytotic vesicles. What cells were
found in the wound?
A. Tissue basophils
B. *Connective tissue macrophages
C. Fibrocytes
D. Fibroblasts
E. Plasmocytes
A bleeding accompanied by slow blood clotting (at normal number of platelets in blood tests)
occurred in women after the limb injury. What substance of loose connective tissue prevents the
blood clotting process? By what cell does it produced?
A. * Heparin, tissue basophils
B. Heparin, macrophages
C. Histamine, tissue basophils
D. Heparin, plasma cells
E. Heparin, fibroblast
The allergic reaction in the form of urticaria developed at a patient (formations of the vesicles under
the epidermis as result of the plasma release into loose connective tissue). What substance of mast
cells causes an increase of blood vessel permeability?
A. * Histamine
B. Heparin
C. Hyaluronic acid
D. Chondroitin sulfate type A
E. Chondroitin sulfate type C
Leading role in the vascular phase of inflammation plays the histamine. Which cell of loose
connective tissue produces histamine?
A. * Tissue basophils
B. Fibroblasts
C. Plasma cell
D. Fibrocyte
E. Macrophage

30
The drug ketotifen, which is able to inhibit the histamine release from a particular cell type, is used
for long-term therapy in patients with asthma. Name these cells.
A *Mast cells
B Lymphocytes
C Eosinophils
D Macrophages
E Plasma cells
Increased number of basophils in the connective tissue of the mucous is accompanied by oedema of
the tissues duirng allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa). With what function of the
tissue basophils does it connected?
A * Biogenic amines synthesis
B Intercellular substance production
C Phagocytosis
D Antibody production
E Heat production
CONNECTIVE TISSUE. DENCE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. INTRACELLULAR SPACE.
2015
A microslide represents a tissue with spherical cells, each of them containing a large fat drop
covered with thin cytoplasm layer in its center. Nucleus is compressed and situated at the cell
periphery. What tissue is it?
A. White adipose tissue
B. Brown adipose tissue
C. Mucous tissue
D. Pigmented tissue
E. Reticular tissue
2014
The lower limb was injured during the athlete training. Traumatologist diagnosed the tendon
rupture. What type of connective tissue the tendon belongs to?
A * Dense regular fibrous tissue
B Dense irregular fibrous tissue
C Loose connective tissue
D Reticular tissue
E Cartilage tissue
2013
The damaged Achilles tendon function was renewed after the treating. What is the mechanism of
tendon regeneration?
A * Synthesis of the collagen fibers
B Synthesis of the hyaline cartilage
C Formation of the adipose tissue
D Synthesis of the fibrous cartilage
E Replacements of the place of injury by the muscle tissue

31
Decreased blood supply of the organs causes hypoxia that activates fibroblasts function. Volume of
what elements is increased in this case?
A *Intercellular substance
B Vessels of microcircular stream
C Nerve elements
D Parenchymatous elements of the organ
E Lymphatic vessels
2012-
The substance that disorders the collagen fibers formation was introduced to the animals. How will
change the tendon properties in this case?
A * The tendon hardness to a rupture will decrease
B No change
C The tendon elasticity will decrease
D The tendon hardness to a rupture and elasticity will decrease
E The tendon hardness to a rupture will increase but elasticity will decrease
2005-2011
Collagen, elastin and reticulin belong to the fibrillar elements of the connective tissue. Indicate the
aminoacid which constitutes only collagen, and identification of which in biological fluids is used
for the diagnosing of the connective tissue diseases.
A. *Hydroxyproline
B. Proline
C. Lysine
D. Phenylalanine
E. Glycine
The hyaluronidase increase occurs at a patient under the action of bacteria. How the intracellular
substance permeability will change in this case?
A. *Increase of permeability
B. No effect
C. Reduce of permeability
D. Slowing of metabolism
E. Reduce the content of glycosaminoglycans
BONE TISSUE
2015
2014
The local resorption of some bones was noticed by the physician on the roentgenogram of a 57-
year-old patient. With what cells the increased activity can these changes be associated?
A * Osteoclasts
B Chondroblasts

32
C Osteocytes
D Osteoblasts
E Chondrocytes
2013
The signs of regenerative process (callus) are present in the histological preparation of the bones.
What tissue is the described structure forming?
A * Membrane reticulated bone
B Loose connective tissue
C Reticular tissue
D. Epithelial tissue
E Lamellar bone
2012
A tissue was represented in the histological slide. The cells of this tissue don’t have the processes.
Each one of them contains tens of nuclei and one border is ruffled. Through this border the
secretion of hydrolytic enzymes is going. What tissue is presented on histological slide?
A * Bone tissue
B Cartilage tissue
C Epithelial tissue
D Nervous tissue
E Muscular tissue
The ossification resulted by the increasing of the calcium level in the bones was revealed at the
worker of the enterprise, which produces vanadium compounds. With activity of what cells can it
be associated?
A * Osteoblast
B Osteocytes
C Osteoclasts
D Chondrocytes
E Fibroblasts
The resorption of bone was revealed at the patient. With the increased activity of what cells can it
be associated?
A * Osteoclast
B Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C Osteocytes and osteoblasts
D Osteoblasts
E Osteocytes
The patient with a diagnosis of the clavicle fracture was admitted into a hospital. What cellular
elements will take part in the regeneration of the bone tissue?
A * Osteoblasts
B Osteoclasts
C Osteocytes
D Chondrocytes
E Fibroblasts
The excessive loss of bone tissue mass (it reflects the development of osteoporosis) is observed at
the elderly people. Activation of what bone cells can cause the development of this disease?

33
A * Osteoclast
B Osteoblasts
C Macrophages
D Tissue basophils
E Osteocytes
2005-2011
The bones knitting at the fracture place is resulted by the osteoblasts activation. What is the
function of these cells?
A. *Formation of the osteoid substance and transformation into osteocytes
B. Formation of the connective tissue primary, from which will be bone formation
C. Formation of the cartilage isogenic group
D. Proliferation and calcification
E. Formation of the bone and transformation into osteoclasts
The hydroxyapatite crystals deposition along the collagen fibers takes place during the intercellular
substance of bone calcification. Presence of alkaline phosphatase is necessary for this process in the
intercellular substance. What cell produces this enzyme?
A *Osteoblasts
B Osteocytes
C Osteoclasts
D Chondroblast
E Chondrocytes
CARTILLAGE TISSUE
2015
2014
The disorder of the motile function resulted by the age changes of the hyaline cartilage was revealed
at a 70-year-old patient. What age changes caused limitation of the joints movement?
A * Deposition of calcium in the intercellular substance
B Increasing the number of isogenic groups
C Increasing the number of cartilage cells
D Thickening of the perichondrium
E Increasing the hydrophilicity of the ground substance
The isogenic cells groups were revealed at the histological slide of the cartilage. What cells are the
primary in the formation of these groups?
A * Chondrocytes I type.
B Chondroblasts
C Prechondroblasts
D Chondrocytes II type
E Chondrocytes III type
2013

34
The tissue was represented in a histological slide. The cells of this tissue are situated singly or by
isogroups and the fibrous structures of the intercellular substance are not visible. What tissue is
represented in the slide?
A * Hyaline cartilage
B Smooth muscle tissue
C Epithelial tissue
D Fibrous cartilage
E Bone tissue
2012
The tissue is visible at the larynx tumor biopsy material. The cells of this tissue are situated singly
or forming the isogenic cells group located in the same plane. The presence of elastic and collagen
fibers is detected histologically. Which structures could develop this tumor?
A * Elastic cartilage
B Hyaline cartilage
C Fibrous cartilage
D Smooth muscle tissue
E Bone tissue
The two slides were proposed to the student. On the 1st one there is the elastic cartilage (stained by
the orcein), and on the 2nd one – the hyaline cartilage (stained by the hematoxylin-eosin). According
to what features can we tell one from the other?
A * Presence of the elastic fibers
B Presence of the cells isogenic groups
C Presence of young cartilage zone
D Presence of the perichondrium
E Presence of amorphous substance
2005-2011
The elongation of the bones is stopped after the puberty. Decrease of what cell proliferation will
stop elongation of the bones?
A. *Chondroblasts
B. Osteocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Fibroblasts
E. Neutrophils
During the study of histological preparations of the airways it was found that the supporting
structures of the large and medium bronchi wall are different according to their tissue composition.
What tissue replaced the hyaline cartilage in the fibro-cartilaginous layer of secondary bronchi
(compared to the large bronchi)?
A * Elastic cartilage
B Loose connective
C Hyaline cartilage
D Smooth muscle
E Fibrous cartilage
Synovial fluid normally doesn’t contain collagen. Analysis of synovial fluid of patient suffering
from rheumatism, showed the presence of various types of collagen. Specify the type of erosive

35
tissue if the synovial fluid is determined by collagen type II.
A *Articular surface of the cartilage
B Synovial membrane
C Vascular endothelium
D Myocytes vessels
E Bone epiphysis
CARTILLAGE TISSUE. BONE TISSUE. OSTEOCHONDROGENESIS.
2015
2014
The basophilic cells with highly developed organelles with synthetic activity were found at the
histological examination of a tubular bone diaphysis. These cells are situated under the fiber layer.
They take place at the regeneration process of the bone. At what layer of diaphysis are they
situated?
A * Periosteum
B Proper bone
C Osteoid layer
D Layer of external general plate
E Layer of external general plate
2013
The articular cartilage, as it is known, doesn’t have the perichondrium. What kind of growth is
possible at this cartilage during the regeneration process?
A * Interstitial
B Appositional
C By application
D Appositional and interstitial
E It is not growing
2012
In course of indirect histogenesis of tubular bone tissue a plate is formed between epiphyseal and
diaphyseal ossification centers that provide further longitudinal growth of bones. What structure is
it?
A *Metaphyseal plate
B Osseous cuff
C Osseous plate
D Osteon
E Layer of interior general plates
The disorder of cartilage tissue regeneration resulted by the injury of the undifferentiated cartilage
cells was observed at the patient with severe upper extremity injury. What cells were injured?
A * Cells of the perichondrium inner layer
B Cells of the perichondrium outer layer
C Isogenic groups cells
D Cells of the young cartilage zone

36
E Cells originating from blood vessels
2005-2011
The cartilage part of the rib was damaged as a result of trauma. At the expense of what layer of
perichondrium the regeneration of the cartilage will be possible?
A * Chondrogenic
B Fibrous
C Elastic
D Collagen
E Connective tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE
2015
2014
The destruction of the thin myofilaments is observed after the action of the hydrolytic enzymes.
What structures were damaged?
A * Actin myofilaments
B Myosin myofilaments
C Tonofibrils
D Tropocollagen complexes
E Nucleoprotein complexes
The tissue was represented at the histological slide. The structural unit of this tissue is the muscle
fiber, which consists of the myosymplast and satellitocytes and is covered by a basement
membrane. What tissue is characterized by this structure?
A * Skeletal striated muscle tissue
B Smooth muscle tissue
C Cardiac muscle tissue
D Loose connective tissue
E Reticular tissue
2013
Negative environmental factors have caused the dysfunction of myosatellite cells. What function of
the whole muscle fiber is likely to be changed in this case?
A *Regeneration
B Contraction
C Trophism
D Contractile thermogenesis
E Relaxation
2012

37
A microspecimen of the submandibular salivary gland shows some basket-shaped cells
concentrated around the acinus and excretory ducts. These cells surround bases of the serous cells
and are called myoepitheliocytes. These cells relate to the following tissue:
A *Muscular tissue
B Epithelial tissue
C Neural tissue
D Special connective tissue
E Loose fibrous connective tissue
In course of a conditional experiment the development of mesenchyme cells was completely
inhibited. Development of the following muscle tissue will be disturbed:
A *Smooth muscle tissue
B Neural muscle tissue
C Epidermal muscle tissue
D Cardiac muscle tissue
E Skeletal muscle tissue
A big number of the intermediate microfilaments that contain desmin were revealed at the
cytoplasm of the cell which is spindle-shaped and has a rod-like nucleus. What tissue do these cells
belong to?
A * Muscle
B Nervous
C Epithelial
D Connective
E –
The destruction of the thick myofilaments is observed after mechanical injury of striated muscle
fibers. Where is the localization of the pathological changes?
A * In the disk A
B In the disk I
C In the disk A half
D In the A and I disks
E In the disk I half
Patient with injured muscles of the lower extremities was admitted to the traumatology department.
Due to what cells is reparative regeneration of the muscle fibers and restoration of the muscle
function possible?
A *Satellite-cells
B Myoblasts
C Myofibroblasts
D Fibroblasts
E Myoepithelial cells
2005-2011 рр.
It is known, that calcium ions, along with other factors, provide contraction of the muscle tissue.
With what structures does calcium interact during contraction?
A. *Protein troponin of thin fibrils
B. Protein myosin of thick fibrils
C. Protein actin of thin fibrils
D. Actomyosine complex of sarcolemma
E. Protein sequestrin

38
The skeletal muscle fibres are damaged due to injury. What structures can be the source of
reparative regeneration of the skeletal muscle fibers?
A. *Myosatellitocytes
B. Myofibrils
C. Miofilaments
D. Sarcolemma
E. Endomysium
Name the protein that is the main component of the thin myofilaments of the muscle cells.
A. *Actin
B. Tubulin
C. Dinein
D. Desmin
E. Keratin
General increase of the skeletal muscle mass takes place at the sportsman. Hypertrophy of what
kind of the skeletal muscle fibers will be prevailed in this case?
A. *White muscle fiber
B. Red muscle fiber
C. Intermediate muscle fiber
D. Cardiac muscle fiber
E. Smooth myocytes
The non-cellular structure with elongated oval shape and many nuclei under the plasmolemma
appears in histological preparation stained by hematoxylin-eosin. The cytoplasm is transverse
striated. What structure is this?
A *Skeletal muscle
B Collagen fibers
C Myelinated nerve fiber
D Contractive cardiac muscle fiber
E Smooth muscle cells
The labels of the tongue and stomach slides were mixed in the laboratory. Is it possible to define the
slides according to the muscle structure? Name a specific feature of the tongue muscle.
A *Yes. Presence of the symplast.
B No
C Yes, the intercalated discs presence
D Yes, the lack of transverse-striation
E Yes, the central position of the cell nuclei
NERVOUS TISSUE. NEURONS. NEUROGLIA.
2015
(Questions are absent)
2014
A sensitive neural ganglion consists of roundish neurons with one extension that divides into axon

39
and dendrite at some distance from the perikaryon. What are these cells called?
A *Pseudounipolar
B Unipolar
C Bipolar
D Multipolar
E Apolar
2013
(Questions are absent)
2012-
The degeneration of the nerve fibers is accompanied by breakage of axial cylinders. Myelin
destruction may develop in case of traumatic injury of the upper limb. What neural structures will
renew the myelin during the regeneration?
A * Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
B Mesaxon
C Perineurium
D Endoneurium
E Astrocytes
2005-2011 рр.
The tigroid lysis is observed in a case of functional exhaustion of the neuron. It is resulted in decay
of basophilic substance and brightening of the neuroplasma. What organelles changes do this
phenomenon is associated with?
A. * Granular endoplasmic reticulum
B. Neurofibrils
C. Lysosomes
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Mitochondria
The patient who had an accident was admitted to the hospital. A tourniquet had been imposed on a
forearm to stop the bleeding for a long time. This resulted in a loss of sensation and movement in
the arm. Examination of the patient revealed a violation of nerve conduction in a mixed nerve
caused by its destruction without displacement of nerve fibers fragments. Proliferation of what cells
will provide the axial cylinders regeneration in mixed nerves?
A. * Schwann's cell
B. Fibrous astrocytes
C. Neurons
D. Ependymal cell
E. Protoplasmatic astrocytes
Elderly patient consulted a neurologist with complaints about the difficulty of the neck movements,
numbness and loss of the right hand sensation. Examination of the patient revealed a deformation of
the spine in the lower cervical and upper thoracic part of the spinal cord caused by excessive
deposition of calcium salts. What cells dysfunction influences the loss of sensitivity in the hand?
A. * Pseudounipolar neurons
B. The neurons of the spinal cord anterior horns
C The neurons of the spinal cord posterior horns
D. The neurons of the spinal cord lateral horns
E. Pyramidal neurons

40
The multipolar neurones are observed in the gray matter of the histological specimen of the
cerebellum cross-section. According to what morphological feature does these cells attribute to
multipolar?
A * Amount of the processes
B Length of the processes
C Shape of the terminal axon extension
D Shape of the perikaryon
E Size of the cells
The cells of neuroglia are forming from two sources: ectoderm and mesenchyme. What cells have
the mesenchymal origin?
A * Microgliocytes
B Ependymal cell
C Fibrillar astrocyte
D Protoplasmic astrocyte
E Oligodendrocyte
The spongioblasts were destroyed during the experiment. What nerve tissue violations will occur
during it differentiation?
A *Disorder of neuroglia development
B Disorder of white matter of the spinal cord development
C Disorder of gray matter of the spinal cord development
D Disorder of the spinal ganglion development
E Disorder of the cerebrum development
The channel that is surrounded by a dense layer of cells we can see on the cross-section of the
spinal cord. What are these cells and where they are located in the body?
A * Ependymal cells, all cerebrum ventricles
B Astrocytes, all cerebrum ventricles
C Oligodendrocytes, gray matter of the spinal cord
D Astrocytes, white matter of the spinal cord
E Neuron, myelin sheath
The area of peripheral nerve longer than 10 cm was damaged after a mechanical injury. The motor
activity of the upper extremity is impaired because of it. An allotransplantation of the nerve was
proposed to the patient. What glial cells will take a part in the regeneration of the damaged area?
A. * Neurolemmocytes
B. Fibrous astrocytes
C. Protoplasmic astrocytes
D. Ependymal cells
E. Microgliocytes
The convulsions that associated with incomplete nerve fibers myelination can easily arise at the
children of the first year. What glial cells associated with this situation?
A. * Oligodendrocyte
B. Ependymal cells
C. Fibrous astrocytes
D. Microglia cells
E. Protoplasmic astrocytes

41
NERVOUS TISSUE. NERVE FIBERS. NERVE ENDINGS. SYNAPSES.
2015
As a result of a mechanical injury over 10 cm portion of a peripheral nerve was damaged. This
caused an impairment of the upper limb activity. The patient was offered nerve transplantation.
What glial cells will participate in regeneration and provide the trophism of the injured limb?
A. Schwann cells
B. Fibrous cells
C. Protoplasmic cells
D. Microglia
E. Ependymal cells
Several axial cylinders with mesaxons are clearly visible in the electron microscope picture of the
fiber cross-section. What fiber is it?
A. *Nonmyelinated nerve fiber
B. Reticular fiber
C. Collagenous fiber
D. Elastic fiber
Е. Myelinated nerve fiber
2014
(Tests on the subject available)
2013
The toxic substances action violates the mechanism of nerve impulses transmission in the
experiment. What structure does the implementation of this function provide?
A * Synapse
B Neurolemma
C Neurofibrills
D Mitochondria
E Chromophilic substance
2012
(Tests on the subject available)
2005-2011
The concentrically oriented dark and bright rings, which are located around the axial cylinder, were
revealed in the electron microscope pictures of the myelin fiber cross-section. What substances are
forming the dark rings?
A *Lipids
B Protein
C Vitamins
D Carbohydrates
E Water
The several axial cylinders with mesaxon were revealed in the electron microscope pictures of the
fiber cross-section. What kind of fiber is this?

42
A * Nonmyelinated nerve fiber
B Reticular fiber
C Collagen fiber
D Elastic fiber
E Myelinated nerve fiber
The fiber with one of its shell that is black and has a light notches located at an angle to the axial
cylinder was founded in the nervous tissue slide colored by osmic acid. What is a shell?
A *Myelin
B Neurolemma
C Aksolemma
D Basement membrane
E Endoneurium
NERVOUS SYSTEM. CEREBRAL CORTEX
2015
2014
A part of the central nervous system has layerwise allocation of neurocytes, among which there are
cells of such forms: stellate, fusiform, horizontal, pyramidal. What part of the CNS has this
structure?
A. *Cortex of large hemispheres
B. Cerebellum
C. Hypothalamus
D. Medulla oblongata
E. Spinal cord
2013
An organ of nervous system which consists of grey and white substances is presented in a
histological specimen. Grey substance is located on the periphery and consists of 6 layers:
molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and the layer
of polymorphic cells.
A. *Cerebral cortex
B. Cerebellum
C. Pons cerebelli
D. Spinal ganglion
E. Spinal cord
Precentral gyrus section of the cerebral cortex is presented in the histological specimen. Indicate
which layers mostly developed in this case.
A. *Pyramidal external and internal and layer of polymorphic cells
B. Molecular
C. External and internal granular
D. Molecular and layer of polymorphic cells
E. Molecular, pyramidal external and internal

43
2012
One of sections of central nervous system has layerwise arrangement of neurocytes. There are cells
of the following forms: stellate, fusiform, horizontal, pyramidal among them. What section of
central nervous system is this structure typical for?
A Cortex of cerebrum
B Spinal cord
C Cerebellum
D Medulla oblongata
E Hypothalamus
A specimen, dyed by the method of silver impregnation, is being investigated. Pyramidal cells of
different size are seen in this specimen. Short processes come off their tips and lateral surfaces; one
long process comes off the base of the cells. Name the specimen.
A. *Cerebral cortex
B. Spiral organ of the inner ear
C. Retina of the eye
D. Cortex of the cerebellum
E. Spinal ganglion
NERVOUS SYSTEM. SPINAL CORD. CEREBELLUM
2015
2014
As a result of an injury, the integrity of the anterior spinal cord root was broken. Specify the
neurons and their processes that had been damaged:
A *Axons of motor neurons
B Motor neuron dendrites
C Axons of sensory neurons
D Dendrites of sensory neurons
E Dendrites of association neurons
As a result of trauma a patient has damaged anterior roots of the spinal cord. What structures have
been affected?
A *Axons of motoneurons and axons of neurons of lateral horns
B Central processes of sensitive neurons of spinal ganglions
C Peripheral processes of sensitive spinal ganglions
D Axons of neurons of lateral horns
E Dendrites of neurons of spinal ganglions
2013
Alcohol intoxication, as a rule, is accompanied by the coordination of movements’ disorder and
imbalance caused by the damage of cerebellum structural elements. The function of what cells of
cerebellum is affected first of all?
A. *Purkinje’s cells
B. Basket cells

44
C. Betz cells
D. Stellate cells
E. Granule cells
Cerebellar cortex is revealed in a specimen impregnated with silver salts. It includes pyriform,
basket, stellate and granule cells. What neurons constitute molecular layer?
A. *Basket, small and large stellate cells
B. Stellate and pyramidal cells
C. Granule cells and large stellate cells
D. Large stellate cells and spindle cells
E. Pyriform cells
Cerebellar cortex is revealed in a specimen impregnated with silver salts. It includes pyriform,
basket, stellate and granule cells. Which from mentioned above cells is efferent neuron of
cerebellum?
A. *Pyriform cells
B. Stellate cells
C. Granule cells
D. Pyramidal cells
E. Spindle cells
An organ of nervous system, which consists of grey and white substances, is represented in a
histological specimen. Grey substance is located in the center and consists of efferent neurons,
projection neurons and interneurons. Name this organ.
A. *Spinal cord
B. Pons cerebelli
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Cerebellum
E. Spinal ganglion
2012
55-year-old patient has disorder of the movements’ coordination and balance as a result of
permanent using of alcohol and developing intoxication. What nervous structures of the CNS have
been disordered?
A. *Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
B. Basket cells of the cerebellum
C. Stellate cells of the cerebellum
D. Motor neurons of the spinal cord
E. Olive of the medulla oblongata
15-year-old patient was admitted to the clinic with diagnosis poliomyelitis. This disease is
accompanied with disorder of movements. What nervous structure destruction can explain this
disorder?
A. *Motor neurons of the spinal cord
B. Sensory neurons of the spinal ganglions
C. Vegetative nucleuses of the spinal cord
D. Substantia gelatinosa
E. Neurons of the cerebellum
A patient with poliomyelitis (which characterized by spinal cord damage) has disorder of skeletal
muscles function. What neurons destruction can explain this disorder?

45
A. *Motor neurons
B. Pseudounipolar
C. Associative (interneurons)
D. Pseudounipolar and associative (interneurons)
E. Interneurons and motor
An organ of nervous system, which consists of grey and white substances, is presented in a
histological specimen. Grey substance is located on the periphery. Neurons in the grey matter form
three layers molecular, Purkinje and granular. What organ has this structure?
A. *Cerebellum
B. Spinal cord
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Medulla oblongata
E. Pons
A specimen, dyed by the method of silver impregnation, is being investigated. Pyriform cells with
2-3 climbing up prominent dendrites are seen in this specimen. Name the specimen.
A. *Cortex of the cerebellum
B. Spiral organ of the inner ear
C. Retina of the eye
D. Cerebral cortex
E. Spinal ganglion
Grey substance was revealed during microscopic investigation of the CNS. Neurons of it form three
layers molecular, Purkinje and granular. Name neurons which form second layer?
A. *Pyriform cells
B. Small stellate cells
C. Granule cells
D. Large stellate
E. Basket cells
In the microspecimen of the spinal cord nucleus neurons of which form motor ending in the skeletal
muscles have to be analyzed. Indicate this nucleus
A. *Nucleus proprius of the ventral horn
B. Nucleus thoracicus
C. Intermediolateral nucleus
D. Nucleus proprius of the dorsal horn
E. Nucleus proprius of grey substance
As a result of trauma anterior roots of the spinal cord were damaged in a 47-year-old patient. What
neurons processes were damaged?
A. *Axons of motor somatic and vegetative nucleuses neurons
B. Axons of sensory pseudounipolar neurons
C. Dendrites of sensory pseudounipolar neurons
D. Dendrites of motor and axons of lateral horns nucleuses
E. Dendrites and axons of sensory pseudounipolar neurons
2005-2011
The VII-X thoracic vertebrae were damaged as a result of injury in patient. The hematoma which
formed by this injury compresses the dorsal roots of spinal cord. Which pathway will be suffer from
the damaging effects?

46
A. *Tractus cuneatus
B. Tractus spino-cerebellaris dorsalis
C. Tractus corticospinalis lateralis
D. Tractus vestibulospinalis
E. Tractus rubrospinalis
Nerve cells that provide in the human body next function were found during the histological
examination of the spinal cord in the anterior horns:
A. *The transmission of nerve impulses to the striated muscle tissue.
B. The transmission of signals from the thermoreceptors to cells of the optic hill.
C. The transmission of nerve impulses in the prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia of the
sympathetic nervous system.
D. The transmission of nerve impulses to the secretory apparatus of the digestive system.
E. Secretion of the neurotransmitters that affect vascular tone.
There are two specimens: of the spinal cord and spinal node. Which glial cells can be seen only in
specimen of the spinal cord?
A *Ependimal cells
B Protoplasmic astrocytes
C Fibrous astrocytes
D Glial macrophages
E Olygodendrocytes
Small cells with short dendrites which have appearance of a “bird’s foot” are visible in the electron
microscope picture of the cerebellar cortex in the granular layer. The mossy fibers form synapses in
the glomeruli of the cerebellum with dendrites of these cells. What are these cells?
A *Granular cells
B Golgi cells
C Fusiform horizontal cells
D Stellate neurons with short dendrites
E Stellate neurons with long dendrites
Large pear-shaped cells were found in the specimen of the CNS impregnated with silver salts. They
are arranged in a single row, their top leaves 3-4 processes that ramify in one plane. Name this cells.
A *Purkinje cells
B Betz cells
C Dogel cells
D Golgi cells
E Martinoti cells
NERVOUS SYSTEM. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
2015

47
2014
2013
Parenchyma of the organ consists of the nervous tissue in which pseudounipolar neurons are
revealed. Perikaryon of the neurons is covered with glial and connective tissue membranes and
located in bunches. Name this organ.
A. *Spinal ganglia (sensory ganglia)
B. Vegetative ganglion
C. Epiphysis
D. Spinal cord
E. Cerebellum
2012
2005-2011
The patient of the neurological department has a loss of sensitivity which associated with disorders
of pseudounipolar neurons. Pseudounipolar neurons are a type of bipolar neurons and localized in
only one place of the human body. Name it.
A *Spinal nodes
B Retina
C Spiral ganglion of the ear
D Intramural autonomic ganglia
E Thalamus
NERVOUS SYSTEM. VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
2015
2014
2013
An organ of nervous system, which consists of grey and white substances, is presented in a
histological specimen. Grey substance is located in the center and forms butterfly. Neurons in the
grey matter locate in bunches and form nucleuses. Which nucleus belongs to the central part of the
vegetative nervous system?
A. *Intermediate lateral nucleus
B. Nucleus proprius of the dorsal horn
C. Nucleus proprius of the ventral horn
D. Nucleus thoracicus
E. Intermediate medial nucleus

48
2012
2005-2011
An organ of the nervous system which has star-shaped form is presented in a histological specimen.
This organ is covered with connective tissue capsule and contains multipolar neurons which have
different functions. What organ is this?
A *Autonomic ganglion
B Spinal ganglion
C Spinal cord
D Cerebellum
E Medulla oblongata
The autonomic ganglion which is composed of neurons that are surrounded by a glial sheath is
presented in a histological specimen. What neurons according to the morphological classification
are found in the autonomic ganglia?
A *Multipolar neurons
B Unipolar neurons
C Bipolar neurons
D Pseudounipolar neurons
E -
SENSORY ORGANS. ORGAN OF VISION.
2014
An infectious disease caused contractive activity of muscles that contract and dilate eye pupil
(paralytic state). What functional eye system was damaged?
A *Accommodative
B Dioptric
C Ancillary
D Photosensory
E Lacrimal apparatus
A 14-year-old patient has twilight vision impairment. What vitamin deficiency takes place in the
organism?
A. *A
B. B 1
C. В 6
D. C
E. В 12
During the examination the doctor found that the patient does not distinguish blue and green colors
with normal perception of other colors. What structure is disordered?

49
A *Cones receptor cells
B Rod receptor cells
C Bipolar neurons
D Amacrine neurons
E Horizontal neurons
2013
Deficiency of the vitamin A results in the impairment of twilight vision. Name the cells that have
the above-mentioned photoreceptor function:
A *Rod receptor cell
B Horizontal neurons
C Cone receptor cells
D Bipolar neurons
E Ganglion neurons
An ophthalmologist has detected that patient has disorder of green color perception during
examination. Which retina cells absence may cause this sight disorder?
A. *Cone receptor cells
B. Rod receptor cells
C. Epithelial pigmented cells
D. Bipolar neuron
E. Ganglionic nerve cell
An eyeball structure without blood vessels was detected in a histological specimen. What structure
is characterized by this morphological sign?
A. *Cornea
B. Ciliary body
C. Choroid
D. Iris
E. Retina
Cells peripheral part of which consists of two segments were revealed in the electron
microphotograph of the sense organ. The outer segment has membrane half discs and the inner one
has ellipsoid. In what organ does this structure locate?
A. *In the organ of vision
B. In the organ of taste
C. In the organ of smell
D. In the vestibular organ
E. In the auditory organ
The increased intraocular tension is observed in the patient with glaucoma. Secretion of aqueous
humor by the ciliary body is normal. Injury of what structure of the eyeball wall does the disorder
of outflow from the anterior chamber cause?
A *Venous sinus
B Ciliary body
C Choroid
D Ciliary muscle
E Back epithelium of cornea

50
2012
Damages of vascular membrane are detected in the histological specimen of a fetus eyeball. What
embryonic material was probably damaged during the development of the eye?
A. *Mesenchyme
B. Ectoderm
C. Endoderm
D. Outer layer of the eyeball
E. Internal layer of the eyeball
In the electron microphotograph revealed cell of neural origin. Terminal part of the cell dendrite has
cylindrical shape and consists of 1000 enclosed membrane discs. What cell is this?
A. *Rod cell
B. Ventral horn of the spinal cord
C. Sensory ganglia neuron
D. Cerebral cortex neuron
E. Cone cell
A lot of people with age have clouding of the lens (phacoscotasmus or cataract). It became opaque
that leading to the partial blindness. What optical and chemical properties of the lens fibers protein
will be disordered?
A. *Crystalline
B. Vitrein
C. Dinein
D. Rhodopsin
E. Iodopsin
In the histological specimen of the eyeball wall, structure which consists of three neurons chain is
revealed. Bodies of these neurons form outer, inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. Which eye
component has this morphologic structure?
A. *Retina
B. Iris
C. Sclera
D. Choroid
E. Ciliary body
Underdeveloped epithelium of cornea is observed in the histological specimen of a fetus’ eyeball. A
part of what embryonal layer was probably affected in the process of embryogenesis?
A. *Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Outer layer of the eyeball
E. Inner layer of the eyeball
Patient with eye trauma consulted a doctor. During examination of corneal epithelium was revealed
changes. What epithelium was damaged?
A. *Stratified squamous non keratinized
B. Simple pseudostratified
C. Stratified squamous keratinized
D. Stratified cuboidal
E. Stratified cylindrical

51
Transplantation of the cornea was done to the patient. Which peculiarities of the cornea structure
give expectation to engraftment of it?
A. *Absence of blood and typical lymphatic vessels
B. Presence of stratified anterior epithelium
C. A huge innervations
D. Presence of connective tissue
E. Presence of simple squamous epithelium
Patient has appealed to the ophthalmologist with complaints about hurt in his eyes, which revealed
itself after long presence of the patient in the field during dust storm. Doctor diagnosed superficial
injuries of the external corneal epithelium. Which cells provide regeneration of the injured
epithelium?
A. *Basal cells
B. Cells of stratum corneum
C. Cells of stratum granulosum
D. Cells of stratum spinosum
E. Cells of stratum lucidum
Ciliary body was damaged in the patient. Function of what eye apparatus will suffer in this case?
A. *Accommodative
B. Protective
C. Trophic
D. Photosensitive
E. Dioptric
An infectious disease caused contractive activity of muscles that contract and dilate eye pupil
(paralytic state). What functional eye system was damaged?
A *Accommodative
B Dioptric
C Ancillary
D Photosensory
E Lacrimal apparatus
55-year-old man went to the doctor with complains about the significant increase in the distance
that he has the ability to read without glasses. What part of the eye has undergone age-related
changes that have led to this condition?
A. *Lens
B. Cornea
C. Sclera
D. Iris
E. Ciliary body
Nutrition of the cornea is carried out:
A. *By diffusion from the fluid of the anterior chamber of the eye
B. From its own blood vessels
C. By diffusion from the fluid of the posterior chamber of the eye
D. From the lymphatic vessels
E. Due to the secret of the lacrimal glands
As a result of petechial hemorrages to the retina, the patient lost the ability to see objects in the
center of the view field. Where was bleeding in the retina?

52
A. *Macula lutea
B. Ciliary part of the retina
C. Blind spot
D. Choroid
E. -
A cell of the retina in which one of the processes has a segment with hemidiscs is visible in the
electron microscope picture. What pigment is contained in the structure of the membrane of these
hemidiscs?
A *Iodopsin
B Rodopsin
C Melanin
D Hemosiderin
E Lipofuscin
The patient attended the ophthalmologist with nyctalopia (night blindness). The doctor examined
the retina and found degenerative changes in the photosensory layer of the rods of the retina. What
vitamin will be prescribed by a doctor?
A *Vitamin А
B Vitamin С
C Vitamin D
D Vitamin В1
E Vitamin В12
Cells of the retina which have outer and inner segments in the dendrites are presented in the
electron microscope picture. The outer segment contains hemidisc and inner segment contains lipid
droplet surrounded by mitochondria. What do these cells?
A *Provide daylight and color vision
B Provide black and white vision
C Refract the light
D It is the source of regeneration of the photoreceptor neurons
E Form the efferent way – optic nerve
SENSORY ORGANS. ORGAN OF HEARING. ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM.
2015
2014
2013
In an electronic micrograph of a sense organ hair cells are seen, on their apical part there are short
microvilli – stereocilii and a polar located kinocilium. What sensory organ are such cells typical
for?
A. *Vestibular organ

53
B. Vision organ
C. Olfactory organ
D. Hearing organ
E. Taste organ
A histological specimen represents a receptor zone of a sensoepithelial sense organ. Cells of this
zone are placed upon the basal membrane and include the following types: external and internal
receptor cells, external and internal phalangeal cell, stem cells, external limiting cells and external
supporting cell. The described receptor zone belongs to the following sense organ:
A *Acoustic organ
B Visual organ
C Gustatory organ
D Equilibrium organ
E Olfactory organ
2012
Cristae ampullaris have been damaged in a 32-year-old patient as a result of head trauma. What
stimuli perception has been disordered?
A. *Angular movement
B. Vibration
C. Gravitation
D. Linear movement
E. Vibration and gravitation
A patient had taken high doses of streptomycin and consequently became deaf. The function of
what cells of the inner ear was damaged in this case?
A. *Hair
B. Phalangeal
C. Pillar
D. Deiters’
E. Connective tissue
2005-2011
The patient lost the ability to hear loud bass sounds after suffering a viral illness. Which cells of the
spiral organ are injured?
A. *Inner hair cells of the upper parts of the cochlear duct
B. Phalangeal cells
C. Outer hair cells of the lower parts of the cochlear duct
D. Inner hair cells of the lower parts of the cochlear duct
E. Pillar cells
The supporting cells, which are arranged in 3-4 rows, rest on the basement membrane close to the
external columnar cells are visible in the electron microscope picture of the organ of Corti. Bowl-
shaped recess presents in the upper third of these cells, which includes the basic of external sensory
cells. What cells are these?
A *Outer phalangeal cells
B Outer border cells
C Outer supporting cells
D Inner phalangeal cells

54
E Inner pillar cells
The perception of the vibration oscillation was impaired in a patient with meningitis. What cells of
the organ of hearing and balance are affected?
A *Hair sensory cells of the macula of spherical sacculi
B Hair sensory cells of the macula of elliptical saculi
C Supporting cells of the macula of spherical sacculi
D Supporting cells of the macula of elliptical sacculi
E Hair sensory cells of the cristae ampullaris
SENSORY ORGANS. ORGAN OF TASTE.
2015
2014
2013
2012
A 30-year-old man has damaged mucosal membrane which covers upper part of upper conchae as a
result of trauma. What consequences did this lead to?
A. *Disorder of smell substances perception
B. Disorder of air moistening
C. Disorder of secretory activity of goblet cells
D. Disorder of air warming
E. Disorder of air moistening and warming
A boxer has disturbance in smell perception after a trauma of the nose. What cells damage may
cause the loss of smell?
A. *Neurosensory
B. Supporting epithelial cells
C. Basal epithelial cells
D. Microvillous epithelial cells
E. Brush cells
On the electron microphotograph neural origin cell is presented. This cell constitutes part of mucosa
membrane epithelium. Distal part of peripheral process of the cell has knob-like expansion from
which arise 10-15 cilia. What cell is it?
A. *Olfactory cell
B. Bipolat neuron of spinal ganglion
C. Sensor epithelial cell of organ of taste
D. Rode cell
E. Cone cell
2005-2011

55
There are cells that perform a protective function in the epidermis. They are similar in morphology
to the dendritic cells of the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus and have a monocytic origin. What are
these cells?
A. *Langerhans cells
B. Melanocytes
C. Keratinocytes of the basal layer
D. Keratinocytes of the spinosum layer
E. Keratinocytes of the granular layer
Five-month-old baby was admitted to the pediatric clinic with the changes of the skeletal system
such as: softening of some flat bones of the skull, enlargement of the fontanels, characteristic
swelling of ribs. The baby nutrition was normal but he rarely walked. The baby was diagnosed with
rachitis. What function of the skin was violated in this case?
A. *Synthesis of vitamin D
B. Water-salt metabolism
C. Heat exchange and thermoregulation
D. Deposition of blood
E. Protection from environmental influences
One of the skin diseases is accompanied by the separation of the epidermis from the basement
membrane and the formation of the bubble as a result of autoimmune reaction. Which structure of
the epidermis is damaged in this reaction?
A *Hemidesmosomes
B Desmosomes
C Zonulae occludentes
D Gap junction
E Synapse
There are cells that form so-called Mongolian spot in people of the Mongoloid race in the dermis of
coccygeal area of the skin. It is known that these cells originate from cells of the neural crest and
synthesize melanin pigment. What are these cells?
A *Pigment cells
B Macrophages
C Fibroblasts
D Lipocytes
E Adventitial cells
Pemphigoid was diagnosed in the patient with damage of certain areas of the skin in the form of
bubbles filled with fluid. This is an autoimmune disease which is accompanied with destruction of
the basement membrane of the epidermis that causes its separation from the connective tissue.
Which glycoproteins of the basement membrane perform the adhesive role under the normal
condition?
A *Laminin and fibronectin
B Globin
C Actinin and vinculin
D Vimentin
E Tubulin
The palms and soles are covered with thick skin and other parts of the body covered with a thin
skin. Which layer is missing in the thin skin?
A. *Stratum lucidum
B. Stratum basale

56
C. Stratum spinosum
D. Stratum granulosum
E. Stratum corneum
SKIN MORPHOLOGY
2015
The method of dactylography is used extensively in the forensic medical expertise. This method is
based on the strictly individual picture of the skin surface made by the papillary layer of the derma.
What tissue is forming this layer of the derma?
A * Loose connective tissue
B Dense irregular fibrous tissue
C Dense regular fibrous tissue
D Reticular tissue
E Adipose tissue
A 12-year-old patient has white non-pigmented spots on the skin. The spots appeared after the
patient became 10-year-old, and they constantly grow. This spots appeared due to the lack of the
following skin cells:
A. *Melanocytes
B. Adipocytes
C. Fibrocytes
D. Plasmocytes
E. Labrocytes
2014
Cells with processes and dark brown granules in the cytoplasm were revealed in the skin epidermis
of the biopsy material. What are these cells?
A. *Melanocytes
B. Intraepidermal macrophages
C. Keratinocytes
D. Merkel cells
E. Lymphocytes
Trauma of skin reticular layer was happened. At the expense of what cells differon activity
regeneration of this layer will happen?
A. *Fibroblastic
B. Macrophagic
C. Lymphoblastic
D. Neuroblastic
E. -
Under the radiation influence epidermal cells of the stratum basale were damaged. What function of
the epidermis will be weakening or depressed first of all?
A. *Regenerative
B. Protective
C. Absorptive
D. Barrier

57
E. Dielectric
With age human skin undergoes changes, which may declare themselves by reduction of skin
elasticity. What structures of the connective tissue provide skin elasticity most of all?
A. *Collagen and elastic fibers
B. Ground substance
C. Epidermis cells
D. Connective tissue cells
E. Reticular fiber
In the course of experiment on a frog embryo the external embryonic layer – ectoderm – has been
destroyed. Which of the following morphological structures has not been developed henceforth?
A. *Epidermis
B. Somites
C. Nephrotome
D. Splanchnotome
E. Sclerotome
2013
One of the surgery rules is performing sections along the so-called Langers’ lines (lines of skin
tension). Which from mentioned below tissues form papillary layer (the strongest layer in the
derma)?
A. *Dense irregular connective tissue
B. Reticular connective tissue
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Epithelial tissue
E. Dense regular connective tissue
In an electron micrograph of skin epidermis among the cells of cuboidal form dendritic cells are
detected. In their cytoplasm Golgi apparatus is well-developed; there are a lot of ribosomes and
melanosomes. Name these cells.
A. *Melanocytes
B. Keratinocytes
C. Cells of Langerhans
D. Merkel’s cells
E. Mast cells
Study of fingerprints (dactylography) is used by criminalists for personal identification as well as
for diagnostics of genetic abnormalities, particularly Dawn’s disease. What layer of skin determines
individuality of fingerprints?
A *Dermopapillary
B Horny
C Reticular
D Clear (stratum lucidum)
E Basal
2012
A child has abraded skin of the palm when falling down. What epithelium was damaged?
A. *Stratified squamous keratinized
B. Stratified squamous non-keratinized

58
C. Simple low columnar
D. Transitional
E. Simple squamous
Method of dactyloscopy is largely used in forensic medicine. This method is based on strictly
individual print of the skin surface which determines papillary layer of derma. Which tissue forms
this layer of the derma?
A. *Loose irregular connective tissue
B. Reticular connective tissue
C. Dense irregular connective tissue
D. Adipose tissue
E. Dense regular connective tissue
There is histological specimen of the skin epidermis biopsy sample taken from the healthy adult.
Cells division can be seen in the stratum basale. What process does provide these cells?
A. *Physiologic regeneration
B. Differentiation
C. Adaptation
D. Reparation
E. Apoptosis
Some layers are absent on a limited area of epidermis after a trauma. Only germinative layer is
preserved. Name the cells, which will become the main source of its regeneration.
A. *Layer of basal cells
B. Layer of spinosum cells
C. Layer of granulosum cells
D. Layer of spinous and granular cells of undisturbed area
E. Cells of lucidum layer of undisturbed area
The central part of epiblast cells (ectoderm) sags and neurulation process begins during the third
week of embryogenesis. In which direction will the remaining ectodermal cells differentiate?
A. *Skin
B. Somites
C. Gut
D. Chord
E. Yolk sac
Stratified structure organ which covered with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is
represented on the histological specimen. There is loose connective tissue which forms convexity in
the form of papilla located under epithelial basal membrane. Dense irregular connective tissue
located under it and form reticular layer. What organ has these morphological peculiarities?
A. *Skin
B. Tongue
C. Esophagus
D. Tonsil
E. Cervix of the uterus
There are next layers in the skin histological specimen: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum,
lucidum and corneum. Which part of the human body does this epithelium belong to?
A. *Palm skin
B. Face skin
C. Hairy part of the head skin

59
D. Shoulder skin
E. Thigh skin
Skin malignant tumor was revealed at 30-years old patient. What epidermis cells take place in the
immune response?
A. *T-lymphocytes
B. Keratinocytes
C. Keratinocytes and Merkel cells
D. Merkel cells
E. Stratum spinosum cells
Trauma of derma reticular layer was happened. At the expense of what cell differon activity
regeneration of this layer will happen?
A. *Fibroblasts
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphoblasts
D. Mast cells
E. Plasma cells
Process of the dorsal mesoderm segmentation and somites formation was disordered in the embryo.
In what part of the skin is disorder development possible?
A. *Derma
B. Hair
C. Sebaceous glands
D. Epidermis
E. Sweat glands
2005-2011
There are cells that perform a protective function in the epidermis. They are similar in morphology
to the dendritic cells of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and have a monocytic origin. What are
these cells?
F. *Langerhans cells
G. Melanocytes
H. Keratinocytes of the basal layer
I. Keratinocytes of the spinosum layer
J. Keratinocytes of the granular layer
Five-month-old baby was admitted to the pediatric clinic with the changes of the skeletal system
such as: softening of some flat bones of the skull, enlargement of the fontanels, characteristic
swelling of ribs. The baby nutrition was normal but he rarely walked. The baby was diagnosed with
rachitis. What function of the skin was violated in this case?
F. *Synthesis of vitamin D
G. Water-salt metabolism
H. Heat exchange and thermoregulation
I. Deposition of blood
J. Protection from environmental influences
One of the skin diseases is accompanied by the separation of the epidermis from the basement
membrane and the formation of the bubble as a result of autoimmune reaction. Which structure of
the epidermis is damaged in this reaction?
A *Hemidesmosomes

60
B Desmosomes
C Zonulae occludentes
D Gap junction
E Synapse
There are cells that form so-called Mongolian spot in people of the Mongoloid race in the dermis of
coccygeal area of the skin. It is known that these cells originate from cells of the neural crest and
synthesize melanin pigment. What are these cells?
A *Pigment cells
B Macrophages
C Fibroblasts
D Lipocytes
E Adventitial cells
Pemphigoid was diagnosed in the patient with damage of certain areas of the skin in the form of
bubbles filled with fluid. This is an autoimmune disease which is accompanied with destruction of
the basement membrane of the epidermis that causes its separation from the connective tissue.
Which glycoproteins of the basement membrane perform the adhesive role under the normal
condition?
A *Laminin and fibronectin
B Globin
C Actinin and vinculin
D Vimentin
E Tubulin
The palms and soles are covered with thick skin and other parts of the body covered with a thin
skin. Which layer is missing in the thin skin?
F. *Stratum lucidum
G. Stratum basale
H. Stratum spinosum
I. Stratum granulosum
J. Stratum corneum
SKIN. APPENDAGES OF SKIN.
2014
2013
2012
A patient complains about dryness of head skin, itching, fragility and loss of hair. He was diagnosed
with seborrhea after examination. Disturbed activity of which cells caused this condition?
A *Cells of sebaceous glands
B Cells of sudoriferous glands
C Epithelial cells
D Adipocytes
E Melanocytes
2005-2011

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