2. Dr. Md.Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS, FCPS, MD, FACC, FESC, FRCP, FSCAI,
FAPSC, FAPSIC, FAHA
Associate Professor of Cardiology
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com
3. Objectives
Establish a differential diagnosis for chest pain
Know what clues to obtain on history to rule-in or out MI,
PE, pneumothorax and aortic dissection
Identify risk factors for MI
Know how to do a focused physical exam, identifying
features that would distinguish between MI, PE,
pneumothorax and aortic dissection.
Identify investigations required in diagnosing MI
Outline management strategy in MI
5. Case Scenario----1
A 65 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and
dyslipidemic gentleman from Mymensingh district
presented with central chest tightness on exertion for last 1
months. His pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95 mm Hg,
HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG was normal . What should be his
next investigation? What was the probable cause of his
chest tightness?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome
d. acute pericarditis
6. Case Scenario----2
A 55 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and
dyslipidemic gentleman from Dhanmondi presented with
central chest tightness with excessive sweating for last 30
minutes not relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His
pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His
ECG showed ST segment elevation in V1-V5 . What was the
probable cause of his chest tightness?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI)
d. acute pericarditis
7. Case Scenario----3
A 55 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic
gentleman from Tejgaon presented with central chest tightness
with excessive sweating for last 30 minutes not relieved by
taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95
mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG showed ST segment depression
in V1-V5 . His Troponin I level is 30 ng/L. What was the
probable cause of his chest tightness?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome(NSTEMI)
d. acute pericarditis
8. Case Scenario----4
A 52 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic
gentleman from Bashaboo presented with central chest
tightness with excessive sweating for last 20 minutes not
relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 110 b/min,
BP-140/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-9.2%. His ECG showed T inversion
in V1-V4 . His Troponin I level is normal. What was the
probable cause of his chest tightness?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome(Unstable angina)
d. acute pericarditis
9. Case Scenario----5
A 32 years old smoker gentleman from Naogaon
presented with central chest pain for last 5 days with fever.
His pulse was 120 b/min, BP-140/95 mm Hg. His ECG
showed ST segment elevation in lead V1-V6 and lead 2, 3
and aVF . What was the probable cause of his chest pain ?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome
d. acute pericarditis
10. Case Scenario----6
A 42 years old smoker gentleman from Rajshahi
presented with central chest pain for last 35 days increased
at night lying flat relieved by taking antacid syrup. His
pulse was 80 b/min, BP-130/85 mm Hg. His ECG showed
normal. What was the probable cause of his chest pain?
a. Reflux esophagitis
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome
d. acute pericarditis
11. Case Scenario----7
A 22 years old lady from Khulna district presented with
central chest pain with palpitations for last 5 months.
Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-120/80 mm Hg. Her ECG
showed normal , Echocardiography showed normal study,
ETT done previously for 2 times were negative. What was
the probable cause of his chest pain?
a. Reflux esophagitis
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome
d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
12. Case Scenario----8
A 25 years old lady from Kustia district presented with
central chest heaviness with palpitations with low grade
fever for last 2 months. Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-
110/70 mm Hg. Her ECG showed low voltage ,
Echocardiography showed echo free space in pericardium.
What was the probable cause of his chest pain?
a. Reflux esophagitis
b. Chronic stable angina
c. Pericardial Effussion
d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
13. Case Scenario----9
A 25 years old lady from Kustia district presented with
central chest heaviness with palpitations with low grade
fever for last 2 months. Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-
110/70 mm Hg. Her ECG showed low voltage ,
Echocardiography showed echo free space in pericardium.
What was the probable cause of his chest pain?
a. Reflux esophagitis
b. Chronic stable angina
c. Pericardial Effussion
d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
14. Case Scenario----10
A 19 years old smoker gentleman from Panchagor
presented with central chest pain for last 5 days with fever
and shortness of breath. His pulse was 120 b/min, BP-
110/75 mm Hg. His ECG showed T inversion in lead V1-
V6 . His echocardiography showed global hypokinesia with
EF-40%, Troponin I positive. What was the probable cause
of his chest pain ?
a. Myocarditis
b. Chronic stable angina
c. acute coronary syndrome
d. acute pericarditis
15. Case Scenario----11
A 27 years old gentleman from Chuadanga district
presented with occasional chest pain with palpitations
for last 2 years. His pulse was 110 b/min, BP-110/70 mm
Hg. His ECG showed normal , Echocardiography showed
echo mitral valvular disease. What was the probable cause
of his chest pain?
a. Mitral valve prolapse
b. Chronic stable angina
c. Pericardial Effusion
d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
16. Case Scenario----12
A 21 years old gentleman from Sathkhira district
presented with occasional central chest pain with
palpitations for last 3 years. He was diagnosed as a case
of Marfans Syndrome. His pulse was 112 b/min, BP-110/70
mm Hg. His ECG showed normal , Echocardiography
showed echo aortic root dilataion. What was the probable
cause of his chest pain?
a. Mitral valve prolapse
b. Chronic stable angina
c. Pericardial Effusion
d. Aortic Aneurysm
17. Case Scenario----13
A 50 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic
gentleman from Jatrabari presented with severe tearing central
chest pain with excessive sweating for last 30 minutes not
relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 104 b/min,
no pulse in lower limbs BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His
ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy . What was the
probable cause of his chest tightness?
a. Esophageal spasm
b. aortic dissection
c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI)
d. acute pericarditis
18. Case Scenario----14
A 70 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and
dyslipidemic gentleman from Jessore presented with
central chest pain with burning sensation in mouth while
taking food. His pulse was 86 b/min, BP-140/95 mm Hg,
HbA1c-8.2%. Oral examination showed oral thrush. His
ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy . What was the
probable cause of his chest tightness?
a. Esophagitis ( Fungal infection)
b. aortic dissection
c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI)
d. acute pericarditis
19. 26 Old army officer had flu last week,felt chest pain while driving his car,pain
increased by deep breath,he has no history of DM or HTN,nonsmoker,lipid profile LDL
2.0 MMMOL/L
20. A 26 year old woman presented 1 week post
delivery of her first baby. She has sharp L sided
chest pain and she is short of breath.
21. Pulmonary Embolism
Why ?
Young female
Pegnancy hypercoagulable state
Occurrence one week post partum
22.
23. 65 year old man(H/O DM,HTN) presented with a 1 hour history
of severe central crushing chest pain. He is sweaty, clammy and
has vomited twice .
Anterior (extensive) Myocardial infarction.
Why ?
Male 65 years.
H/O DM+HTN( remember INTERHEART study)
Crushing chest pain.
Associated sweaty,clammy,vomiting.
24. 70 years old male with long history of untreated HTN,
nonsmoker came complaining of chest pain migrated to
interscapular region & became severe(tearing), SBP 200,ECG
mild inferior changes
Most likely diagnosis is
? AMI
?PE
?Esophagear Rupture
?Aortic Dissection
25. 26 yr old thin man with sudden onset of severe L
sided sharp chest pain , tachypnoeic.
26. Myocardial ischemia or infarction
Pressure-type of chest pain
Generally involves central to left-sided pain with radiation
to jaw or arms
Exacerbated by activity, relieved with rest
Relieved with nitro spray
Associated with nausea, diaphoresis, syncope, shortness of
breath
Enquire about cardiac risk factors: age, sex, smoking
history, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous
myocardial infarction and family history
27. Myocardial ischemia or infarction
↓BP indicates cardiogenic shock
↑JVP, pulsatile liver and peripheral edema seen in right-
sided heart failure
Oxygen desaturation, crackles, S3 seen in left-sided heart
failure
New murmurs: mitral regurgitation murmur in papillary
muscle dysfunction
28. Work-up
EKG (should be knee-jerk reflex in chest pain scenario!)
CXR to look for signs of congestive heart failure
Cardiac enzymes: CK (will begin to rise 6 hours after
infarct and remain elevated for 24-48 hours), troponin (will
begin to rise 12 hours after infarct and remain elevated for 2
weeks). Need to follow serially if first set negative.
29.
30.
31. Management Strategy for NSTEMI
Initial therapy
Morphine for pain
Oxygen if hypoxic
Nitro spray/drip for pain
Aspirin
32. Management Strategy for
NSTEMI/NST Chest Pain
Establish risk level using the TIMI scoring system:
Low risk: May be discharged after symptom control
Moderate risk: Admit for further evaluation; add beta
blockers , Ace inhibitors . Follow cardiac enzyme levels.
If Mi ruled out, Exercise or Adenosine stress test before
discharge
High Risk: Admit for cardiac catheterization
33. Management Strategy for STEMI
Morphine, oxygen, nitro, aspirin
Beta blockers, Ace inhibitors
Early invasive strategy with either thrombolytic therapy
or percutaneous coronary intervention (preferred)
34. Pulmonary Embolism
Sudden-onset sharp chest pain
Exacerbated by inspiratory effort
Can be associated with hemoptysis, sycope, dyspnea, calf
swelling/pain from DVT
Risk factors: immobilization, fracture of a limb, post-
operative complications, hypercoagulable states
(underlying carcinoma, high-dose exogenous estrogen
administration, pregnancy, inherited deficiencies of
antithrombin III, activated protein C, S, lupus
anticoagulant, prior history of DVT/PE [Virchow’s triad]
35. Pulmonary Embolism
Anxious patient, sense of impending doom
Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxia
EKG: sinus tachycardia most common, S1Q3invertedT3
with large embolus (classic, but rare!), look for right-axis
deviation
V/Q scan very sensitive but not specific
Spiral CT with contrast show large, central emboli
Pulmonary angiogram is gold standard but carries risk
Consider Doppler U/S of legs
36. Pneumothorax
Can be asymptomatic or present with acute pleuritic
chest pain and dyspnea
Primary pneumothorax predominantly in healthy
young tall males
Due to trauma (MVA accidents – associated with rib
fractures, iatrogenic – during line placement,
thoracentesis)
Increased alveolar pressure from asthma or
barotraumas (BiPAP, ventilator-associated)
Rupture of bleb in COPD patients
37. Pneumothorax
Decreased expansion of chest
Decreased breath sounds and
Decreased tactile/vocal fremitus on side of
pneumothorax
Hyperresonant percussion note
Usually easily confirmed by CXR
38. Aortic Dissection
Abrupt onset
The pain usually is described as ripping or tearing
Tearing or ripping pain that is felt in the intrascapular area
New diastolic murmur, asymmetrical pulses, and
asymmetrical blood pressure measurements
Risk factors: HTN, Marfan syndrome, coarctation of aorta..
Widened mediastinum on a portable anteroposterior (AP)
radiograph
TEE considered diagnostic test of choice
39. Key Points
Not every chest pain is MI, however every chest pain should be
considered as ischemic until proven otherwise
A good history and physical exam may help with the diagnosis
EKG is the best single diagnostic test to help rule out MI
Use the TIMI scoring system to help for the diagnosis and prognosis of
MI
40. Chest Pain Definitions
Acute Chest Pain:
Acute - sudden or recent onset (usually within minutes
to hours), presenting typically <24 hrs
Chest - thorax midaxillary to midaxillary line, xiphoid
to suprasternum notch
Pain – noxious uncomfortable sensation
Ache or discomfort
41. Initial Approach
Triage
Chest pain
Significant abnormal pulse
Abnormal blood pressure
Dyspnea
These pts need IV, O2, Monitor, ECG