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Cardiovascular System Marieb.ppt
1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
The Cardiovascular
System
(Chapter 15)
Adapted by H. Goon, North HS, Phoenix, AZ
5. Can you describe the location of
the heart?
The heart is ________ to the lungs,
________ to the sternum, ________ to
the vertebral column, and ________ to
the diaphragm.
Its ________ end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of the 5th
intercostal space.
6. The heart is medial to the lungs,
posterior to the sternum, anterior to
the vertebral column, and superior to
the diaphragm.
Its distal end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of
the 5th intercostal space.
19. d) The valve cusps are held in place by
chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) which
originate from papillary muscles
protruding from the inside of the ventricle
wall
23. g) valve pathology
• an incompetent valve can lead to
backflow, heard as a “heart murmur”
and repumping (regurgitation) of the
same blood
• stenosis = narrowing of valve increases
workload on heart to pump out blood
• Treatment: valve repair or replacement
31. http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?
ClientID=65&TopicID=773
* Video clip of mitral valve disease
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+of+coronary+circulation&view=detail&mid=8B
64DE6E57407A5A5E1B8B64DE6E57407A5A5E1B&first=0&FORM=LKVR&adlt=strict#vi
ew=detail&mid=7B67DD929983076406EC7B67DD929983076406EC
• Video clip Coronary Heart Bypass surgery
34. 2. Events of the cardiac cycle
Diastole
I. Atria and ventricles fill with blood
II. Atria contract (simultaneously) to
complete the filling of ventricles;
ventricles are relaxed
35.
36. Systole
III. Ventricles contract forcing blood
up and out of the heart arteries; AV
valves shut (“lup”)
IV. Backflow in the aorta & pulmonary
arteries cause semilunar valves to shut
(“dup”)
41. i. sinoatrial (SA) node = “pacemaker”
(located in the wall of the right atrium)
ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at
the junction of the R & L atria)
iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His
(in the interventricular septum)
iv. bundle branches (right and left)
v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)
44. • is a recording of the electrical changes in
the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
C) electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
45.
46. P wave: atria depolarize
QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles;
repolarization of ventricular muscles
mV
Time, msec
48. D) Pathology of the Conduction
System
• fibrillation =an irregular & often rapid
heart rate; decreases blood flow
• tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min
• bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min
49. Possible causes of atrial fibrillation
Abnormalities /damage to the heart's structure due to:
• High blood pressure or Heart attacks
• Abnormal heart valves
• Congenital heart defects (you're born with)
• An overactive thyroid gland
• Stimulants (medications, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol)
• improper functioning of SA node
• Emphysema or other lung diseases
• Viral infections
• Stress due to pneumonia, surgery
• Sleep apnea
50. E) Cardiac Output
1. is the amount of blood pumped by
the ventricle in one minute
2. Formula for cardiac output
= (heart rate) x (stroke volume*)
* volume of blood pumped by a
ventricle in one contraction
55. F) Regulation of Heart Rate
1. Stroke volume usually remains
relatively constant
2. The most common way the body
changes cardiac output is by changing
the heart rate.
59. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
• Inadequate circulation
• Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial
Infarctions
• Left side fails = pulmonary congestion and
suffocation
• Right side fails = peripheral congestion and edema
Editor's Notes
Base is at the 2nd rib, apex at the 5th intercostal space
Atrial septal defects occur in about 10% of children born with congenital heart defects.
Atrial septal defects occur during fetal life when the partitioning process (during the formation of the heart chambers) does not occur completely, leaving an opening in the interatrial septum.
Most children have no symptoms and seem healthy. The mixing of blood through the ASD produces an overload of blood in the right heart. This is usually well tolerated. Some of the atrial septal defects, if small enough, may become smaller with time and even close spontaneously. Patients with small to moderate ASD are usually asymptomatic. If the ASD is large or moderately large then it will allow a large amount of blood to pass through the opening into the right heart and the right ventricle and lungs will become overworked, and symptoms may be noted. Symptoms may include: Delayed weight gain and poor growth Child tires easily, especially when playing Fatigue Excessive sweating Rapid breathing Poor feeding Shortness of breath Frequent respiratory infections including pneumonia
http://mykentuckyheart.com/information/AtrialSeptalDefect.htm
http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=773
Incompetent valves may be damaged and not close tightly, or prolapse back into the chamber
Mitral valve prolapse affects up to 6% of population—caused by Streptococcus strain; infected patients need antibiotic treatment prior to dental surgery
Stenosis may be caused by congenital heart defect of valve, rheumatic fever, with age—calcium deposit build up on valve
NOTE: Heart muscle cells contract without nerve impulses in a regular, continuous way; the pacemaker “overrides” and sets the heart rate
Possible causes of atrial fibrillation Abnormalities or damage to the heart's structure are the most common cause of atrial fibrillation. Possible causes of atrial fibrillation include:
High blood pressure
Heart attacks
Abnormal heart valves
Heart defects you're born with (congenital)
An overactive thyroid gland or other metabolic imbalance
Exposure to stimulants such as medications, caffeine or tobacco, or to alcohol
Sick sinus syndrome — improper functioning of the heart's natural pacemaker
Emphysema or other lung diseases
Previous heart surgery
Viral infections
Stress due to pneumonia, surgery or other illnesses
Sleep apnea
