3. Sweet:-
Bitter:-
Tasteless:-Leucine
3
Glycine, Alanine,Valine, Serine
tryptophan, histidine and proline
Isoleucine and arginine
Dr GayathriG Nair
4. Melting point:
all amino acids have high melting points
more than 2000 c
ABSORBS ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT:The
aromatic amino acids viz tryptophan,
tyrosine ,phenylalanine and histidine.
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5. Amino acids having asymmetric carbon atom
exhibit optical activity
Asymmetry arises when 4 different groups
are attached to the same carbon atom
Glycine is the simplest
amino acids with no
asymmetric carbon
atom and optically
inactive
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6. The mirror image forms
produced with reference
to alpha carbon atom are
called D & L isomers
L-AA occur in nature
therefore are called
natural amino acids
D-AA seen in small
amounts in micro
organisms and as
constituents of certain
antibiotics .
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7. All amino acids have acidic(carboxyl ) and basic (amino)
group
Acid –base behaviour : the carboxyl group of an amino
acid can donate one proton (H+ ) and behave as an acid
forming an negatively charged anion
Similiarly amino group can accept a proton and behave
as base forming positively charged cation
Substances having two way property are called
ampholytes or amphoteric
Amino acids have both acidic and basic groups and are
amphoteric in nature
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8. Zwitter in german means hybrid
At physiological pH;
The carboxyl group exists as carboxylate ion
coo-
And amino group is in the protonated form
NH3+
Mono amino mono carboxylic acids exist in
aqueous solution as dipolar or zwitter ion
which means that they have both positive and
negative charges on the same amino acids
The overall molecule is electrically neutral
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9. Definition:Thus the molecular species which
contain equal number of ionizable group of
opposite charge and as a result bear no net
charge are zwitter ion
As amino acids are both a proton donor and a
proton acceptor it is an ampholyte
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10. The pH at which the molecules carry no net
charge is known as isoelectric point or
isoelectric pH
The amino acids at its isoelectric pH does not
move in electric field as it carries no net charge
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11. Amino acids exerts chemical properties
because of their
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Side chain ‘R’
All amino acids contain first two groups and
hence undergo chemical reaction
characteristic for these group
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12. Reactions Answered by group
Biuret reaction Nitrogen in Peptide bonds
Ninhydrin Alpha amino group
Xanthoproteic test Benzene ring(phe,tyr,trp)
Millons test phenol(tyrosine)
Aldehyde test Indole (tryptophan)
Sakaguchi test Guanidinium (arginine)
Sulphur test Sulfhydryl (cysteine)
Pauly’s test Imidazole (histidine)
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15. Some of the biologically active oligopeptides
are:
1. THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
(TRH) is a tripeptide
Hormone secreted from hypothalamus
stimulate pituitary gland to releaseTSH
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16. 2. GLUTATHIONE:Tripeptide,found in all
mammalian cell except neurons with the
sequence of glu-cys-gly
Found in all mammalian cells except
neurons
Maintains RBC membrane integrity
Involved in detoxification mechanism
Transport of aa across the cell membrane.
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17. 3. Oxytocin: It’s a nano peptide (9 AA), a
hormone of posterior pituitary gland
Function: contraction of uterus
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18. 4. Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone:
Nanopeptide
It is secreted from posterior pituitary gland
Function: retention of water from renal
tubules. Increases BP
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19. 5. Angiotensin:
Angiotensin I is a decapeptide
Angiotensin II is a octapeptide, vasoconstrictor
Functions:
1) Raises blood pressure by stimulation of
adrenal gland
2) Release of aldosterone that promote sodium
retention
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20. 6. Bradykinin :Nanopeptide,
Powerful vasodilator and causes contraction
of smooth muscle
Responsible for producing peripheral and
visceral pain by stimulating pain receptors
Mediates production of Pg’n E2 from
arterial walls
7. Kallidin: Decapeptide, vasodilator
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21. 8. Methionine encephalins:
Pentapeptide found in brain
Binds to receptors in certain cells of brain
and induce analgesia (decreases pain
sensations)
9. Aspartame:
Commercially synthesized ,
Dipeptide (aspartic acid + phenylalaninie)
Its an artificial sweetner
Unsuitable for phenyl ketonurics
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22. 10. Antibiotics:Gramicidin S
An antibiotic produced by bacillus brevis
Decapeptide
It contains D-phenylalanine,
11.CARNOSINEAND ANSERINE: Dipeptide with
sequence beta-Alaninie+ Histidine
Carnosine stimulates muscle contraction
and it is methylated to form anserine
both are present in skeletal muscle
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