War gases mainly include chemicals widely used in warfare against enemy. this presentation is about classification of war gases, mechansm of action & treatment to some extent.
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Dr Ashutosh B. Potdar discusses war gases and their qualities
1. Dr Ashutosh B. Potdar,
Prof & Head,
Dept of Forensic Medicine,
D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur
2. 2013
â˘The Syrian military
used sarin gas against
civilians during the
Syrian Civil War; killed more than 1300
â˘Bashar al-Assadâs government
relinquishes its arsenal of chemical
weapons after threats of U.S. air strikes
3. War gases
â˘War gases: agents used to kill, injure or
incapacitate enemies
â˘In civil conditions: to disperse the unruly mob
â˘First World War: more than 100,000 people
died and about 1.2 million affected due to
use of chlorine, phosgene, and nitrogen
mustard
4. War gases
â˘Second World War: Germans developed
and used number of nerve agents (tabun,
sarin and soman together referred as âGâ
military agents)
â˘English developed
â˘VX in 1952
5. Qualities of IdealWar Gas
â˘Capable of being manufactured cheaply in
enormous quantities as any industrial
byproduct
â˘Highly toxic in low concentration
â˘Heavier than air
6. Qualities of IdealWar Gas
â˘Capable of enough
volatilization pervading
assailed area
â˘Gas should not corrode
the containers used for
storages
8. Lacrimators
â˘These are tear gases and cause tearing
of eyes
â˘E.g. Chloracetophenon (CAP)
â˘Bromobenzyl cyanide (BBC)
â˘Ethyl-iodo-acetate (KSK)
10. Lacrimators
â˘Chloroacetophenone (CAP): a solid, in a finely
divided powder form, locust flower odour and
disintegrates rapidly
â˘Bromobenzyl cyanide (BBC): heavy oily dark
brown liquid with fruity odour. Its effect may
persist for a maximum of 3 days
â˘Ethyliodoacetate (KSK) is also heavy oily liquid,
with its effect persisting for 10 days
11. Action
â˘Intense irritation of eye
and profuse lacrimation
â˘Spasm of eyelids
â˘Nausea and vomiting
â˘Irritation of air passage
and sore throat
â˘Rhinorrhea, Cough
â˘Prolonged exposure leads
to blistering of skin,
conjunctivitis, corneal
ulceration, keratitis, and
pneumonitis
â˘In rare case, they may
cause acute
laryngotracheobronchitis
or death.
12. Treatment
â˘Shift the patient to fresh air
â˘Eye care: irrigate/ wash the eyes with
normal saline or boric acid solution
â˘Skin, nose and other site: apply weak
solution of sodium bicarbonate
13. Lung irritants
â˘These are asphyxiants or choking agents
â˘E.g.: Chlorine
â˘Phosgene
â˘Diphosgene
â˘Chloropicrin
14. Lung irritants
â˘Chlorine (Cl2) and phosgene (COCl2), are gases,
but are hot liquid under pressure
â˘Chloropicrin, diphosgene are liquids
⢠All these are used in shells
â˘Phosgene is ten times and chloropicrin is four
times more toxic than chlorine
â˘Phosgene and diphosgene are called âgreen
cross.â
15. Action
â˘Mainly act on the alveoli
â˘Dyspnoea, tightness in the chest, cough, irritation of
conjunctivae followed by
â˘Restlessness, rapid and stertorous respiration
(breathing having a heavy snoring sound)
â˘Cyanosis, followed by collapse and death due to
acute pulmonary edema
16. Treatment
â˘Shift to clean atmosphere
â˘Give oxygen and adrenaline
â˘Eyes: irrigation/ washing with normal saline/
boric acid
â˘Symptomatic measures (e.g. codeine for
cough, and antibiotics for respiratory
tract/lung infection)
17. Vesicants (Blister Gases)
â˘Agents that cause blisters
1. Mustard gas (dichloroethyl sulphide,
yellow cross, yperite, etc.)
2. Lewisite
â˘Both are liquid form
â˘Fired during an attack in the artillery shells so
as to saturate the area of attack
18. Clinical features
â˘Produce severe irritation of eyes, nose,
throat, and respiratory passages
â˘Severe irritation of the skin especially
over the oily areas, such as face, axillae,
pubis, scrotum
â˘Redness, vescication/blister formation (of
varying size)
19. Clinical features
â˘Ulceration especially over the moist areas
â˘Intense itching of the skin
â˘Nausea, vomiting, pain abdomen,
diarrhoea, etc
â˘Rarely death due to bronchopneumonia
20. Treatment
â˘Remove contaminated clothing worn and
wash the body with soap and water
â˘Solution of sodium bicarbonate for
irrigation of eyes (2%) and nose (5%)
â˘BAL is antidote for lewisite
21. Sternutators (Nasal Irritants,
Vomiting Gases)
â˘These are nasal irritants
â˘E.g.: Diphenylamine chlorarsine (DM)
â˘Diphenyl chlorarsine (DA)
â˘Diphenyl cyanarsine (DC)
â˘Diphenyl chlorarsine is six times heavier
than air
22. Sternutators (Nasal Irritants,
Vomiting Gases)
â˘Diphenyl chlorarsine ď the vomiting centre
â˘Intense pain and irritation in nose and
sinusesď leading to sneezing, malaise, and
headache
â˘Salivation followed by nausea, vomiting and
chest pain
â˘Symptoms of arsenic poisoning
25. Nerve Gases
â˘Compounds of phosphate esters in action
and toxicity
â˘Colourless and odourless volatile liquids
â˘Absorbed from lungs, gastrointestinal
tract, skin and conjunctivae
â˘Sarin and tabun, Soman, VX
26. â˘Act mainly by inhibiting cholinesterase at
cholinergic synapses
â˘Consequent accumulation of acetylcholine
results in muscle twitching, glandular
hypersecretion and cognitive and mood effects
â˘High doses cause seizures and death from
respiratory failure
â˘Nerve agents affect both main types of
cholinergic receptorâmuscarinic and nicotinic
28. Treatment
â˘An oxime is given to detach the agent
from cholinesterase, thus reactivating the
enzyme
â˘Mitigates both nicotinic and muscarinic
effects, for those nerve agents against
which oximes are effective
29. Treatment
â˘Muscarinic antagonist atropine is used to
quell the effects of excessive
acetylcholine action
â˘Atropine is of special value when the
nerve agent is oxime-resistant (soman) or
when symptoms are severe