Conceptualframework Forcible displacement of individuals due to conflict or fear of persecution in their homeland is at its highest rate since 1994 (UNHCR, 2013). An estimated 1.2 million people worldwide sought asylum during 2013 (UNHCR, 2013), with around 23,500 asylum applications in the UK (UNHCR, 2014). The trauma of events leading to a departure from the homeland, the journey in transit, trying to cope with the alien nature of the country of refuge and in some cases, detention, contributes heavily to mental health issues in individuals, both adults and children, who seek asylum as well as those who have received refugee status (Fazel and Stein, 2002). These include stress, anxiety and depression (MIND, 2009; Quinn, 2014) and in some cases, co-morbid issues of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problematic drug use (McCormack and Walker,2005). A further factor which contributes to poor mental health in both refugees and asylum seekers (RAS) in the UK is a lack of access to basic entitlements e.g. education, reasonable quality accommodation, and healthcare (Quinn, 2014). This is exacerbated by the often slow decision making to either grant or refuse refugee status and also dispersal, often to less ethnically diverse geographical areas and away from contacts and relationships cultivated in the diaspora (MIND, 2009). In 2013, an estimated 2,500 16 – 18 year olds, including many arriving unaccompanied, sought asylum in the UK, with the majority of applications taking place in London (Home Office, 2014). The Learning and Wellbeing Foundation (LWF) will focus on young RAS aged 16 – 18, who are a part of a wider RAS marginalised community in a high-income country i.e. the UK. The young people are based in Slough, a large, ethnically diverse town on the periphery of London, but with a lesser density of RAS support organisations. The main area of focus is the lack of access to post-16 education and the associated decreased emotional wellbeing from thissituation. The Refugee Council (2013) contends that the asylum seeking process impacts access to post-16 learning as funding rules and types of courses available are complex and continuously changing for this population. Whilst waiting for a decision on their asylum case, some individuals are left in an uncertain state, without education and with either a risk of mental health problems or an actual morbidity of these (MIND, 2009). Since 2013, the school participation age has increased to 18, regardless of immigration status,therefore ( 5 ) education to this age is a legal requirement (Coram Legal Children’s Centre, 2012). An additional problem is a lack of understanding from some learning providers of the rules and regulations which are applicable to individuals without an immigration status as well as those with refugee status (Refugee Council, 2013). The aims of this exploratory project are, therefore, to assess the needs of these vulnerable children and young adults and to raise .

1. Conceptualframework
Forcible displacement of individuals due to conflict or fear of
persecution in their homeland is at its highest rate since 1994
(UNHCR, 2013). An estimated 1.2 million people worldwide
sought asylum during 2013 (UNHCR, 2013), with around 23,500
asylum applications in the UK (UNHCR, 2014). The trauma of
events leading to a departure from the homeland, the journey in
transit, trying to cope with the alien nature of the country of
refuge and in some cases, detention, contributes heavily to
mental health issues in individuals, both adults and children,
who seek asylum as well as those who have received refugee
status (Fazel and Stein, 2002). These include stress, anxiety and
depression (MIND, 2009; Quinn, 2014) and in some cases, co-
morbid issues of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
problematic drug use (McCormack and Walker,2005).
A further factor which contributes to poor mental health in both
refugees and asylum seekers (RAS) in the UK is a lack of access
to basic entitlements e.g. education, reasonable quality
accommodation, and healthcare (Quinn, 2014). This is
exacerbated by the often slow decision making to either grant or
refuse refugee status and also dispersal, often to less ethnically
diverse geographical areas and away from contacts and
relationships cultivated in the diaspora (MIND, 2009). In 2013,
an estimated 2,500 16 – 18 year olds, including many arriving
unaccompanied, sought asylum in the UK, with the majority of
applications taking place in London (Home Office, 2014). The
Learning and Wellbeing Foundation (LWF) will focus on young
RAS aged 16 – 18, who are a part of a wider RAS marginalised
community in a high-income country i.e. the UK. The young
people are based in Slough, a large, ethnically diverse town on
the periphery of London, but with a lesser density of RAS
support organisations. The main area of focus is the lack of
access to post-16 education and the associated decreased

2. emotional wellbeing from thissituation.
The Refugee Council (2013) contends that the asylum seeking
process impacts access to post-16 learning as funding rules and
types of courses available are complex and continuously
changing for this population. Whilst waiting for a decision on
their asylum case, some individuals are left in an uncertain
state, without education and with either a risk of mental health
problems or an actual morbidity of these (MIND, 2009). Since
2013, the school participation age has increased to 18,
regardless of immigration status,therefore
(
5
)
education to this age is a legal requirement (Coram Legal
Children’s Centre, 2012). An additional problem is a lack of
understanding from some learning providers of the rules and
regulations which are applicable to individuals without an
immigration status as well as those with refugee status (Refugee
Council, 2013). The aims of this exploratory project are,
therefore, to assess the needs of these vulnerable children and
young adults and to raise learning providers’ and local
authorities’ awareness of the deleterious effects on mental
health and emotional wellbeing of their lack of knowledge
concerning admission criteria and a lack of access to education
ingeneral.
The capabilityapproach
Amartya Sen’s capability approach characterises human
development as a ‘freedom’, achievable by ‘removing the
obstacles to what a person can do in life’ (Fukuda-Parr 2003,
304). Sen (1999) defines a person’s capability as the

3. ‘alternative combinations of functionings that are feasible for
her to achieve’ (75). ‘Functionings’ can be understood as the
things people value, their existence ‘create a better conceptual
space in which to assess social welfare than utility or opulence’
(Alkire 2005, 118), taking us beyond the restrictions of a
market-based economy. Through emphasising the capabilities of
all individuals, Sen’s theory is sensitized to and redresses the
fact that women’s health might have traditionally been
overlooked (Fukuda-Parr2003).
Analysing Sen’s work, Robeyns (2005) explicitly links the
capability approach to health: it is a tool to evaluate policies
impact on people’s capabilities, including whether they have the
means and resources to be healthy. By recognising that health
goes beyond clinical and curative services, the capability
approach creates scope to engage in far broader health
promotion strategies that encourage a rights-based approach to
programming and community engagement. Relatedly and
mirroring a key principle of the Charter, Sen argues that health
equity’s contribution to achieving social justice cannot be
overestimated (Sen2002).
In contrast to other commentators, Sen has resisted providing an
exhaustive list of capabilities. By doing this he ‘demonstrates
respect for the agency of those who will use this approach’
(Alkire 2005, 128), recognising their potential to be instruments
of social change through individual and collective action. In the
absence of universal health care, as advocated for by Sen
(2015), it is of increased importance to understand what people
value, and ensure access to this (Alkire 2005). This is at the
heart of our projectdesign,
Ottawa Charter
The Ottawa Charter describes health promotion as “the process
of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health” (WHO, 2009). Whilst this project has health

4. promotion as a focus, in that it aims to facilitate RAS young
people to elucidateissues about their emotional wellbeing, it
also has an element of education in that it seeks to educate
learning providers about RASissues.
There are five key action areas in the Ottawa Charter, which
proposes the involvementof communities at all levels of health
promotion: “Building Healthy Public Policy, Creating
Supportive Environments, Reorienting Health Services,
Developing Personal Skills and Strengthening Community
Action” (WHO, 2009). The HESIAD model (Hubley and
Cooperman, 2008) which regroups the five action areas into
“Health Education, Service Improvements and Advocacy”
(Figure 1) conveys the levels at which some
ofthedeterminantsofhealthoccur,fromthemicrolevele.g.individual
,themesolevel,e.g. community through to the macro level, e.g.
public health policymakers.
Dissertation Proposal
Dissertation Proposal
Topic: Exploring the Health and educational impacts of the rise
in teenage prostitution in post war Sierra Leone

5. Introduction
Prostitution, the act of giving sexual services consequently to
instalment or other quick remuneration, is one of the world's
most established callings. In Freetown, Sierra Leone it has
picked up pace in especially the last 10 years.Offering
Providing sex in exchange for money or other resources is not
in itself unlawful, but rather solicitation is. As of now, in Sierra
Leone, sex work is, in fact, illicit. In any case, in the UK,
Netherlands, and Germany, sex for money is legitimate
Comment by Author: Possibly a ‘calling’ for some, for
others not…. Comment by Author: Where ? so is it unlawful
in Sierra Leone? Probably better to just stick to the context
you are working in rather than talking about other countries –
here you say it is not unlawful – but in the next sentence you
say it is …
A time of contention has made neediness in Sierra Leone so
terrible that numerous families can't stand to deal with their
youngsters. More than 1,500 kids live in the city in Freetown
alone, making a living doing odd employments. They are the
kids most in peril of savagery and sexual mishandle. At a truck
stop in the eastern piece of the capital, numerous youngsters
come to rest in the void shells of vehicles. Prostitutes and
addicts likewise come there. The obvious huge increment in the
quantity of teenage sex workers in the Sierra Leone after the
war is turning into a formula for disaster. Comment by
Author: Meaning what? They are not able to support them
financially? Comment by Author: Bit vague – what age? Is
this children and young people…? Comment by Author: What

6. do you mean by this? Comment by Author: Exploitation may
be a more recognise/useful term. Comment by Author: Sleep?
Comment by Author: A bit sensationalist – better to talk
in concrete terms – what is the impact of this e.g direct impacts
on health and wellbeing of young people – give some stats –
indicate what you mean by the ‘disaster’
Background
Sierra Leone civil war began on March 23, 1991. The war began
when the Revolutionary United Front with Special Forces help
tried to overthrow the government. This war led to many deaths
and instability in the country. Poverty and destruction of
property hit the nation and left many children homeless. This
led to teenagers engaging in prostitution and drug abuse.
Comment by Author: Any data to back this up?
In 2015, Sierra Leone attempted an insignificant headway in
endeavoursto wipe out the most exceedingly awful types of
child work and prostitution. Regardless of new activities to
address it, Sierra Leone is getting this evaluation since it
executed a relapse in approach that deferred headway in wiping
out the most noticeably awful types of child work. Young ladies
who were pregnant were disallowed by a Government approach
from taking auxiliary and post-optional school placement tests
or going to customary state funded schools amid the revealing
time frame, making them more defenceless against the most
exceedingly awful types of child labour. Something else, the
Government endeavours by propelling its National Ebola
Recovery Strategy and concluding its human trafficking records
and a National Referral Mechanism to help casualties of human
trafficking. Kids in Sierra Leone are occupied with hard labour
and prostitution, incorporating into farming, and in the most
exceedingly bad types of hard work, incorporating into precious
stone mining. Sierra Leone's laws don't shield youngsters from
contribution in perilous work and the nation does not have an
affirmed national law to prohibit prostitution and child labour.
Comment by Author: Meaning what? Was there a policy
change? If so what was it - ? Comment by Author: What

7. evaluation? Comment by Author: Again a bit unclear – what
exactly are you referring to here… The point seems to be that
policies, rather than promoting children and young people’s
health actually made the situation worse for them e.g by
denying access to education for pregnant girls etc…
Comment by Author: The connection is not clear – so is it
that resources were diverted to Ebola and NRM and therefore
not available to support other children/young people?
Comment by Author: Use data/literature to support these
points/
The neediness level in the nation has improved the pool of the
uneducated children in the general public, making a potential
peril for the future offspring of the nation, who might be
supported by these to a great extent uneducated present and
future moms. Thus, the paper has displayed the requirement for
young lady tyke instruction in the Sierra Leone country building
process. It has additionally highlighted various post struggle
stretch issue and different difficulties which were experienced
by the children. At long last, it requires all partners in the
nation to advance instruction in one way or the other for
enhanced national improvement. Comment by Author: A bit
unclear again – not sure I understand what the main point is
here…
Sierra Leone is positioned as having the most astounding under-
five death rate on the planet, with right around one out of each
three kids passing on before the age of 5 years. Young people
aged 10–19 years constitute around 20% of the populace and a
large portion of them achieve adulthood with little learning
about reproduction. Most youngsters matured in the vicinity of
10 and 25 years have no correct learning about sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and dangerous
sexual conduct is basic among them. Since 2008, a noteworthy
segment of the re-establishedendeavours to enhance dietary
status of youngsters and prevent lack of healthy sustenance has
been the appropriation of group based administration of intense
hunger. This approach advances the treatment as outpatients in

8. group based wellbeing offices of seriously malnourished kids in
a steady therapeutic condition and with craving. Comment by
Author: Need to reference/support these claims Comment by
Author: So this is all about nutrition. While it is important to
note that children/young people are malnourished (one of the
causes that may lead to prostitution) – its important not to get
detracted from the main topic of your dissertation –
The execution of this bundle has brought about an expanded
scope of medical care to malnourished kids from three
customary feeding units to nine that are very much incorporated
into the group based administration of intense malnutrition.
Significant endeavours keep on ensuring that there is no less
than one feeding centres in each hospital.
Gender is the state of being female or male. The World Health
Organization characterizes gender as the aftereffect of socially
developed thoughts regarding the conduct, activities, and parts a
specific sex performs. The convictions, qualities and demeanour
taken up and displayed by them is according to the pleasing
standards of the general public and the individual assessments
of the individual is not taken into the essential thought of task
of sex and inconvenience of sex parts according to the relegated
gender. Intersections of the endorsed limits have no place in the
field of the social build of the expression "sexual orientation".
The expanding field of sexual orientation and political conduct
demonstrates that the path in which customary subjects
interface with the fair procedure is gendered. Sex contrasts in
voting conduct and interest rates hold on crosswise over popular
governments. In the meantime, nations fluctuate significantly in
the extent of these sex crevices. In contemporary races, ladies
women tend to bolster radical gatherings more than men in
numerous nations. Despite the fact that men and ladies vote at
comparative rates today, ladies still trail men in vital
participatory mentalities and exercises, for example, political
intrigue and dialog. Imbalances in political contribution
undermine the nature of consideration, portrayal, and

9. authenticity in the fair procedure.The administration is
attempting to bring kids once again into schools, so they are not
presented to the perils of the streets. In any case, aid specialists
say until the main problems of destitution and manhandle in
homes change, the number of road children in Sierra Leone will
increase thus will the danger of them being trafficked,
mishandled, and sexually misused. Comment by Author: I am
not sure the full relevance of this section – could be stated in
one or two sentences about gender inequality and how that
contributes to the problem you are looking at – keep focused on
the issue you are investigating – a few too many tangents here.
Comment by Author: Meaning? Comment by Author:
Meaning what exactly? Comment by Author: GOOD this is a
really key point
Conceptual framework (My tutor had advise that I use the
Ottawa Charter and it three key elements and the Capacity
approach as my Conceptual Framework
OTTOWA CHARTER
CAPABILITY APPROACH (?) =
This review uses the descriptive strategy for research. The
motivation behind utilizing the distinct strategy is to portray the
way of a condition, as it happens amid the time of the review
and to investigate the cause or reasons for a specific condition.
The scientist picked to utilize this sort of research considering
the longing to gain direct information from the respondents to
plan objective and sound conclusions and suggestions for the
review. As indicated by Creswell (1994), the elucidating
strategy for research is to accumulate data about the present
existing condition. Since this review is concentrated on the
discernment or assessment contrast of the two settings, the
expressive technique is the most proper strategy to utilize. In
this research I’ll be choosing gender relations and human
capital theory. Comment by Author: Meaning what exactly?
Comment by Author: Which two settings? Comment by
Author: But you need to engage with health promotion and

10. particularly the Ottawa Charter as one of your frameworks
1. Gender relations(Delete)
Gender relations are the social and monetary connections which
exist in any family, group, working environment or society
amongst betweenmales and females. Brutality against women in
Sierra Leone is a tireless issue that can confine the capacity of
ladies to add to society and advancement. As per the UN, about
all Sierra Leonean women endure some type of savagery in their
lifetime. Guaranteeing both men and women comprehend
brutality as an encroachment of their basic rights and have
sufficient plan of action to change for savagery is in this
manner imperative in activating the whole populace in
endeavours to modify the nation and move towards
advancement. Comment by Author: Reference Comment by
Author: I doubt the UN uses this term do they? Comment by
Author: A word that has no clear definition – can you find
something more concrete to explain the circumstances
Most of these teenage prostitute go through brutality mostly by
men. They are raped, beaten and end up not being paid after the
sexual offer. These female prostitutes end up contracting sexual
transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Young ladies
are tortured by men who even fail to pay after the sexual
favours. They are forced to have unprotected sex and other un
natural sexual activities like sodomy. Comment by Author:
You haven’t yet said anything about the scale of this
problem/issue – this is what needs to be set up in the
introduction; are you focusing on girls/young women - ? how
many are there? Where are they? What exactly is the problem
of their involvement in prostitution and its impact on their
health and wellbeing – you have a few insights in your
introductory section but the statement of the problem and
rationale for your project are not quite clear enough yet.
2. Human capital theory(delete)
Human capital is a term promoted by Gary Becker, a financial
expert from the Chicago University, and Jacob Mincer that
refers to a load of knowledge, habit, social and identity

11. properties, including inventiveness, embodied in the capacity to
perform work so as to deliver monetary value.
Researchers of financial advancement have contended that war
can affect later monetary performance of a nation: war
devastates physical capital and foundation and upsets human
capital collection, and it might likewise harm establishments by
making political instability, annihilating the social texture and
jeopardizing common liberties.
As per the case of Sierra Leone, human economic productivity
was greatly reduced by the civil war. Many people were left
dead and incapacitated hence labourers reduced greatly. Most
children turned to the streets for up keep after the civil war in
Sierra Leone. This meant that they no longer went to school due
to poverty, instability and lack of shelter brought about after the
war. The kids engaged in prostitution to earn their daily bread.
This meant that most kids failed to attend school due to lack of
funds and directions from parents. Comment by Author: This is
good and would be better in your introductory section since it
more clearly explains what the issue/problem is.
Low school turn out ensured that little or no children graduated
from school institutions. These kids would not get formal
employment due to lack of qualifications. This meant that these
kids would not contribute to the economy and development due
to lack of employment. Comment by Author: Again important
background
Aims and objectives of the study
The essential goal i Comment by Author: Link to SDGs
The overall aim iss to look at and determine the components
identified with the rise in teenage prostitution in Sierra Leone.
The major objective of the research is to determine the cause of
the rise of teenage prostitutes in Sierra Leone. The attempts
may answer the following questions:
1. What is already known about are some of the reasons
situation of that causes children prostitution phenomenon in
Sierra Leone? Comment by Author: This will be answered by
your literature review

12. a) What are its causes?
b) What have been the responses from government/non-
governmental organisations (in Sierra Leone and elsewhere)?.
2. Why are young women become involved in prostitution and
what at are the challenges affecting these street children as they
practice prostitution them? .
3. What could policies/interventions do to better promote the
health and wellbeing of children and young people in
prostitution?
Methodology(I am using focus group/peer group discussion/
through an NGO like FAWE/Street Kids as highlighted by my
tutor.
Introduction
CASE STUDY – ONE AREA;’YOUNG WOMEN ATTACHED
TO/SUPPORTED BY 1 NG0 =
· Discuss with NGO about what would be useful to
know/understand to support their work with young women
involved in prostitution
· 10-15 young women
· Possible small groups/ focus groups or individual or paired
interviews
Focus is on – what led them into prostitution; challenges they
face and what they would value in terms of intervention/support
-=
This study will focus on teenage prostitution phenomena in
Sierra Leone. It deals with how the teenagersyoung women end
up in the streets and the problems they go through there in
relation to . These children suffer and engage in prostitution and
child labour.
Overall approach
This study will use comparative approach. The decision of
comparative approach is because of the need to decide as

13. obviously as could reasonably be expected, exactly how
seriously burdened streetkids are and how they suffer in the
streets due to poor health and lack of education.Three hundred
street children will be questioned on matters relating to their
health and education. Overview and interview strategies were
the two inquire about instruments utilized for the information
gathering. Comment by Author: Comparing what Comment by
Author: Far too many Comment by Author: So has the
research already been done?
Study design
This review will utilize the descriptive technique for research.
The reason for utilizing the descriptive strategy is to portray the
way of a condition, as it happens amid the time of the review
and to investigate the cause or reasons for a specific condition.
I selected to utilize this sort of research considering the longing
to secure direct information from the respondents to detailed
and sound conclusions and proposals for the review.
Comment by Author: Rather unclear – let’s discuss in
tutorial
Methods
1. Literature search
I will utilize two sorts of information: the essential and the
auxiliary information. The essential information will gotten
from the appropriate responses respondents will give in the
organized interview. What's more, the data got from the meeting
likewise will give essential research information that will
bolster the review. The auxiliary information then again, will be
gotten from the discoveries expressed in distributed records and
literary works identified with the examination issue. These will
be based on the current written works identified with street kids
and the ideas referred to by the respondents. Comment by

14. Author: You won’t use interview data in your literature review
– need to separate out these elements of your research – let’s
discuss
Which databases will be used?
Which research terms?
Over what time period will your search cover?
What inclusion/exclusion criteria will you use for your
literature review ?
2. Field work
The study will utilize a questionnaire to gather data on factors
leading to prostitution, lack of education and health impact to
these prostitute teenagers. The main aim of the questionnaire is
to find out the major causes of teenagersprostitution, health and
educational impact of it in Sierra Leone. Comment by Author:
Is this the best approach for such a sensitive topic
Through these questions, I will manage to limit answers to the
main topic of the study.
(a)Sampling
Data will be collected from the town of Freetown by means of a
questionnaire. The participants will be street children aged 13-
19 years. The location was chosen due to a high number of
teenage prostitutes.
(b) Data collection
The data will be collected by interviewing the participants and
filling in the questionnaire. This method is chosen because it
has a personal approach to the participants.
(c) Data analysis
The questionnaire questions will be easy and direct to answer.
The responses will be analyse and a chart formed showing and
comparing the percentage of each section. The questionnaire
will look like this: Comment by Author: Comparing what with
what? ?
QUESTIONNAIRE Comment by Author: What will these
questions tell you?
Please tick on the appropriate answer.
What is your age

15. 10-14
15-19
Do you go to school?
Did you go to school before you came to the streets?
Yes
No
How would you describe your health now?
good
Poor
How was your health before the street life?
good
Poor
Do you know how to read?
Yes
No
Ethical issues
As this review will use human members, certain issues will be
tended to. The thought of these issues is vital for guaranteeing
the protection and also the security of the members. These
issues will be distinguished ahead of time so as counteract
future issues that could ascend amid the examination procedure.
Among the noteworthy issues that will be viewed is included
assent, secrecy and information security. Securing authorization
and picking up the assent consent of the members for this
review is a vital moral thought. Every member will be asked to
finish an assent shape, ?expressing in detail every one of the
exercises required and in addition the motivation behind the
review. The reasons why they will be chosen as members is
likewise expressed in order to empower the chosen members to
interface the points of the examination with that of the members
Capabilities. In the assent frame, I will examine in detail all the

16. strategies that will be done before the examination procedure.
Building compatibility and picking up the trust of the members
will be viewed as basic all through the examination procedure.
These will aid in guaranteeing the participation and eagerness
of the members to give tried and true and adequate information
that will be important to the review. In spite of the fact that the
members may at first give their assent for the examination
handle, I will additionally give the confirmation that they are
permitted to pull back from the review even without giving any
reason. Comment by Author: ? Comment by Author: What
ex Comment by Author: What ‘examination procedure’ –
sounds very clinical
Conclusion
This paper will examine the phenomenon of teenagers in Sierra
Leone who are engaging in prostitution due to poverty and other
factors brought by the civil war. Most of these teenagers are
located in Freetown. These street children do not get education
or proper health attention. They go through a lot of misery in
the streets. The government of Sierra Leone has not taken
enough measures to ensure that this trend of teenage
prostitution has ceased. The issue of teenage prostitution is
global. Girls are mostly at risk because of exposure to violence.
Comment by Author: This is good background – should be
at the start
There are many street kids in Makeni, Freetown and Kenema
towns than the other towns. Young ladies are the majority in
these towns. The survey uncovered that an expansive number of
youngsters in the city get by in the city by prostitution, betting
furthermore, captivating in child work. Their survival depends
for the most part on asking and conveying merchandise and
working for market ladies and men. The war brought about
loads of interruption prompting to numerous youngsters taking
to the road. Street children we talked with seem, by all
accounts, to be happy with living in the city particularly the
individuals who have been in the city for over six months. Then
again, it is clear from this that the youngsters are yearning for

17. legitimate care and insurance. They understand the requirement
for them to be out from the street and get to be distinctly
similar to different children living in family homes. The issue is
when is this going to happen and what help they can get to
enhance their lives and return to their family homes. One of the
elements this review was set to focus on is whether youngsters
in the city are more liable to end up disappointments in the
public arena. This could be dictated by the various answers and
reaction got during the reviews. Kids in the city are faced with
troublesome living conditions, the absence of essential facilities
and failure to learn. Going to class is the connection to turning
into an informed individual who can lead out in the public arena
or your communities. Comment by Author: What survey???
Comment by Author: These sound like conclusions to
research that you haven’t yet conducted…. This is a proposal
for what you are going to do – you don’t know yet what your
conclusions are.

18. References
Cohn, Ilene (2001), "The Protection of kids and the Quest for
Truth and Justice in Sierra Leone" Retrieved
from:https://www.questia.com/library/history/african-
history/african-countries/sierra-leone-history.
Archibald, Steven (2002) "Converts to Human Rights? Popular
Debate about War in Rural Central Sierra Leone” Retrieved
from: https://www.questia.com/library/history/african-
history/african-countries/sierra-leone-history
MORE REVISION ON THIS PROPOSAL
Please find additional feedback from my tutor:
= The main issues I think to address are:
- clarity of the issue/problem (including data/information to
demonstrate the scale of the problem)
- clarity about your rationale for the study (ie why it is
important);
- Clarity of language; I suggest simplifying it to make the
points much clearer - sometimes you tend to go off on tangents
which though important to mention, detract from your overall
argument.
- Strengthening the conceptual framework - you need to engage
with the Ottawa Charter
Page15 | 16
Topic: The rise of teenage prostitution in post war Sierra Leone:

19. Exploring education and health outcome.
Structure of the dissertation proposal
· Around 6-8 pages in length (about 2000-3000 words), and
include a:
· Title
· Rational for the study
· Conceptual framework
· Aim and overarching research questions
· Methodology and methods
· Ethical issues
· Timeline
· References
The table, below, offers an example of a proposal template
developed you can adapt for your own use.
Research Proposal (2000-3000 words in total) – suggested
template
1. Title(this can be working title which you might revise later
on)
2. Background (about 400 words). This section should briefly:
a. Inform readers about what is known about the problem or
issue at the international, regional, national and local level
b. Inform readers about what has already been published on the
problem/ issue
c. Outline what gaps you identified regarding what is known
about the issue
d. Provide a brief discussion of key concepts in your field
(about 250 words). For example,
i. For education in general, you may wish to outline what you
mean by education and learning and its political and social
nature
ii. For planning, you may wish to briefly outline what is meant
by planning and/or which planning approach you are using and
why

20. iii. For health and wellbeing, you may wish to discuss how you
locate your study with regard to the World Health Organisation
definition of health and wellbeing, and what you understand to
be the key features of health promotion
iv. For gender, you may wish to outline what you mean by
‘gender’, and note its social, political and relational features
3. Conceptual framework (about 300 words)
Describe which conceptual framework(s) you are using to guide
your research and why. This may relate to the overarching
concepts addressed in the core CTI module, such as rights-based
approaches, the capability approach, gender relations, human
capital theory, the Ottawa Charter.(Please choose gender
relations and human capital theory).
4. Aim and overarching research questions (which guide the
study overall)
The aim will provide readers with a general sense of the
purpose of the study, such as to increase an understanding of….
(for example, issues that affect the quality of education)
Overarching research questions let readers know what answers
the study is likely to provide with regard to the aim. They might
follow this format:
1. What is already known about [such and such] an issue in
general terms: (This could be answered through your literature
review)
2. What are the current factors that relate to the issue in the
context in which you are interested? (This could be answered
through data/information collected through your field (or desk-
based) study)
3. What implications do findings have for the development of
…. – forexample, policy, practice and research. (This could be
answered through the discussion of your findings and your
implications)
5. Methodology (usually include all the headings and sub-
headings in bold) (about 600 words)
a. The overall approach: Whether the study adopts a broadly
positivist, interpretive or a critical approach – and why you

21. have adopted this approach
b. Study design: What overall design will be used (such as case
study or survey or another design you decide) – and why this
design is being used
c. Methods
i. For the literature review: information about how you will
conduct the literature review. Which usually has two sub-
headings:
1. Literature search: information about which databases and
search terms you will use
2. Literature analysis: how you will analyse the literature to
answer a research question
3. What do you know about why young people end up in
prostitution?
4. The impact of prostitution on their health and education
5. Implication for appropriate policies/response
ii. For the fieldwork: how the fieldwork will be conducted with
the following sub-headings:
1. Sampling: What site (general geographical area), settings
(local settings or organisations) and people you will sample and
your reasons for choosing each of these
2. Data collection: How you will collect data/information and
what led you to select one or more particular methods
3. Data analysis: What steps you are going to take to ‘make
sense’ of the data collected
6. Ethical issues (about 300 words): What ethical issues are to
be addressed and which ethical guidelines you are following –
such as those from BERA or the BSA
7. Management and timescale: What tasks you will complete by
which particular time
8. References