Neuroscience

Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system; it also has to do with any or all sciences such as experimental psychology and neurochemistry. It
focuses on the brain and the impact it has on cognitive functions and behavior. Neuroscience is also known as neural science, it helps us get a better
understanding of what happens with people who have a neurological disorders. The three main goals for neuroscientist: first, to understand the human
brain, second, to understand the central nervous system and be able to describe how it develops, matures, and maintains, third, to be able to understand
neurological and psychiatric disorders and prevent them or cure them.
The human brain is very unique it changes as we grow and is affected by our environment.
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Neuroscience Psychology
Neuroscience
Neuroscience, otherwise known as biological psychology, is the study of how genes affect behavior. Neuroscientists believe that all that is
psychological as a biological premises, and can be traced back to a physiological cause. Biological psychology compares different species and their
behaviors, it investigates physiology with the nervous system and hormonal factors, as well as the inheritance of genes. Studies within this perspective
often involve studying twins, for example examining the similarity between identical twins, compared to the similarity between fraternal twins. If the
identical twins portray results more congruent than those of the fraternal twins, there is a clear correlation between the genetics involved in the ... Show
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It attempts to find pathways and steps in human examination of thinking, language, memory, perception, consciousness and attention. Cognitive
psychology is divided into three sections. The first is human experimental psychology or social psychology, which includes observing behaviour,
problem–solving, memory and reaction. Another is computer analogy, or the idea of comparing the human mind and control system to a metaphorical
computer; a computer stores information, information is received and sent out and many small connections make a big picture; the human mind is
assessed similarly. The third is cognitive neuroscience, which discusses a scientific view of the brain and how it reacts to external stimuli. In contrast
to behavioural psychology, cognitive psychology is concerned with the input, the mediation process, and the output. A research example for this sort of
perspective is having a memory test in an isolated lab with multiple test subjects, observing how they take in the memory (perhaps visually or through
auditory methods), what the brain does with it (stores, analyses, or confuses), and how this is later recalled in different test

Neuroscience In Entertainment Essay
Neuroscience in the News: Dreams and Emotional Memories
Psych 375 Fall 2017 L01
Samina Javeed
30020790
University of Calgary
The concept of memory and emotions are often looked at as two separate phenomena's. However, a recent article in CBC News discusses the research
published in Nature Neuroscience that addresses how rats' sleep is affected by an unpleasant experience. What this displays, is a possible connection
and an enhanced understanding about the link between dreaming and our emotions. This plays a crucial role in understanding the human brain. This
research provides ground–breaking insight that we never had before on emotional memory.
CBC article by Torah Kachur discusses the immediate question of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The statements made in the CBC news article and the research paper published in Nature Neuroscience align in their overarching message. The
differences arise in the speech that is used for the specific audience. Another difference that is crucial to note is that the correlations in neuronal
activity between neurons of the hippocampus and amygdala were observed during NREM sleep, which was not mentioned in the CBC News article.
Furthermore, the research paper in Nature Neuroscience focuses on the result that rats learn the daily location of an aversive air puff on a linear tract;
which was not mentioned in the CBC News article. Another interesting note is that whereas Girardeau, Inema and Buzsaki (2017) describe their
findings in light of reactivations of emotional memory in the hippocampus and amyglada during sleep; Kachur (2017) interprets this as a concept of
dreams helping cement emotional memories. The research seems to propose a thought, or possibility – but the article portrays these findings as having
direct effect of dreams and current emotion. As one implores the concept it becomes clear that this is just the beginning of immense research that is yet
to come.
These findings relate to the ongoing discussion of brain and behaviour as they unfold a new realm of information and insight that was not apparent

The Human Organ That Leaves Developmental Biologists
The brain is singlehandedly the human organ that leaves developmental biologists dumbfounded at its constant timely adaptability. It has computer
programmers and electrical engineers scratching their heads at its in–built circuitry and integrative firing. It amazes artists and philosophers by being
the source of the world's creativity and thought–provoking ideas. But most notably, it leaves the present–day neuroscientist edgy and impatient to
discover more of the answers embedded deep within its neurons, synapses, ganglia, and nerves. However, it must be mentioned here that this incitement
does not arise from simply the mere fascination to gain further knowledge regarding the fundamentals of the healthy brain. This fascination is mixed
with fear. Current funding and lack of proper global integration, initiative, and broadened training schemes makes neuroscience progress unsustainable
with regard to ambitious goals of discovering more about the fundamentals of the brain and developing technologically advanced treatments for current
financially draining disorders.
One of the biggest dreads facing neuroscientists and modern day economists is that the US population is aging. Aging brings forth a tidal wave of
neurodegenerative disease and the financial burden of more than $100 billion yearly ("Society for Neuroscience" 1). Clinical research and medicine
has gone so far over the centuries that the human life expectancy has just about tripled. But there is always a catch.

Neuroscience
Chapter 2– Neuroscience and biological foundations
Glial Cells (three types): Make up about 90% of the brain's total cells. They also supply nutrients and oxygen, perform clean up tasks, and insulate one
neuron from another so that their neural messages are not scrambled.
Oligodedreocytes: helps to create the myelin sheath. Purpose speed up communication in the brain. Insulate axons. Makes Neural transmissions.
Microglia: Special immune cells in the brain. They can detect unhealthy and damaged neurons and therefore, they can help in removing those damaged
cells. – detect viruses and bacteria in the brain – Chew them up and attack foreigners
Astrocytes: The rising star of the brain – gained a lot more attention – they're ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
e.Epinephrine (adrenaline): helps out body to metabolize glucose. Fright or flight response, adrenaline rush, exercising to store energy, helps our body
release energy.
f. GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid): Control our anxiety, sleep, relax, and feel calm. Decreases level of anxiety
–> alcohol, tranquilizers, depressants.
Depress CNS activity– don't have capacity to control our conscience behavior.
Low levels of GABA may result in seizure, tremors, and insomnia.
g. Endorphins: Opiate–like substances. heroine–numb pain–> most difficult drug to get off. Involved in "runners high" relieve the pain of the muscles.
CNS: Brain and spinal chord The spinal chord is important because it coordinates signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Comprises of the
meninges in the spinal chord
PNS: All nerves and neuron connecting to CNS and the rest of the body. Divided between the Somatic and Automatic ANS. Somatic–control of
voluntary muscles (memory). ANS: Controls involuntary movement–heart rate, sneezing, coughing– Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
Sympathetic Nervous System: Mobilizes bodily resources to respond to the stressor. Emergency response is often called fright or flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for returning your body to its normal functioning by slowing down your heart rate, lowering your blood
pressure, and increasing your digestive and eliminative processes.
Hindbrain comprises of:
Medulla

Makeup Work
Brian Chu
Makeup Work
Dr. Karl Deisseroth's main research focus is in the field of optogenetics, a method developed by Deisseroth about ten years ago (famous enough to
warrant a long–form review in the New Yorker–I highly recommend it). The method involves the rendering of neurons to become light sensitive on an
individual basis, then their activation using carefully controlled beams of light. The method allows for extraordinarily detailed analysis of the brain's
inner mechanisms via both observation and manipulation. Optogenetics was first described in his seminal paper "Millisecond–timescale, genetically
targeted optical control of neural activity", published in Nature Neuroscience in 2005. The paper described the particular details of the methodology
(which happened to win Nature Method's "Method of the Year" award), such as the exploitation of an algal gene to induce sensitivity to light. Since
then, it has been cited numerous times and forms the basis of much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More recently, Deisseroth has been working on brain imaging. Unlike other tissues (such as the hearts I am currently working on), brains cannot be
simply sectioned and immunostained for detailed imaging. The complexity and delicacy of the neurons makes such a task challenging and crude.
Techniques that use light (e.g. X–rays) also are compromised due to the high levels of lipids and water, which disperse the light. In 2012, Deisseroth's
lab published the article "Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems" in Nature. They described a solution: replace the lipids
and water with hydrogel, a polymer that can both support the structure of the brain and provide a transparent medium for analysis. Thus was the birth
of CLARITY, short for Clear Lipid–exchanged Anatomically Rigid Imaging/immunostaining–compatible Tissue hYdrogel (as Dr. Michael Lin
mentioned, "One of the great things about inventing something is getting to name

Neuroscience In Psychology
Mikayla Prettyman
Psychology
Neuroscience
The human brain has billions of individual pieces, trillions of connections, and works on electrochemical energy. The human brain allows you to ride
a bike, read a book, laugh at a joke, and remember your friends phone number. Your brain controls your emotions, appetite,sleep, heart rate, and
breathing. Now we are going to see the similarities and differences between a computer and your brain.
Computers and brains both need energy to work. When you plug your computer into the wall and push a button it will run. The brain it gets energy in
the form of glucose from the food you eat. Your diet is a main part of brain functioning, it provides essential materials, such as vitamins and minerals
for proper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a computer is turned on either the electrical signals send or they do not, a computer uses on and off switches. Neurons are not on or off they can
receive information from thousand of other neurons. When information is transferred from one neuron to another, neurotransmitters are released from
the end of one neuron. Then they attach to receptors which causes a
small electrical response within the receiving neuron. When the small signals come and form one single large signal then the message will continue.
Both a brain and a computer can store memories, computers do it on chips, and disks whereas a brain uses neuronal circuits throughout the brain. They
both can be modified to perform new task. New hardware and software can be installed in computers to add more memory and programs. The brain
undergoes continual modification and can learn new things, the brain can sometimes rewire itself when necessary. When someone has a brain injury
undamaged brain tissue can take over functions previously performed by the injured area.
Computers and brains can both monitor their surroundings and respond with behavior to manipulate their environment. Sensors attached to computers
can

Music Neuroscience
When you listen to music, multiple areas of your brain become engaged and active, but when you actually play an instrument that activity becomes
more like a full body brain workout. This statement was written by Anita Collins a researcher at Ted Ed. She and her colleagues developed a film
entitled "How playing an instrument benefits your brain," which helped to explain what really happens inside your brain when you play an instrument.
Research in the new field of Music Neuroscience shows that it is important to learn to play an instrument because it increases your intelligence, it could
help to build character, and it is an outlet for creativity.
Anita Collins showed in her film that playing an instrument increases creativity because playing music engages every part of the brain at once. This
includes the auditory, visual, and motor cortexes. Playing music has been found to increase the volume and activity in the brain's corpus callosum.
When you play music, the two sides of the brain send messages to the rest of the brain faster. This helps the brain to solve problems more effectively
and creatively. Music has more influence on the brain than performing any other type of art. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This builds perseverance and achievement of goals. Other people have found that this is correct. One person's name is Diana Lam, the head of the
Conservatory Lab Charter School in Boston. According to George Hicks, from CommonHealth.wbur.org, Lam says, "Music is part of her school's
core curriculum because it teaches students to strive for quality in all areas of their lives and because it gets results." She also said, "Music addresses
some of the behaviors and skills that are necessary for academic success. Since we started implementing El Sistema, the Venezuelan music program, as
well as project–based learning, our test scores have increased to

Essay on Baby DJ School
The word "DJ" stands for disc jockey, "a person who uses samples of recorded music to make music". The educational experience of Baby DJ School is
a portal into the wonderful worlds of electro, hip–hop, and house music. Baby DJ school originated in Brooklyn, New York and was opened by Natalie
Elizabeth Weiss, DJ, composer and playwright. She opened the school in order to "attribute gross and fine motor skills, spatial reasoning, and
language skills and foster a special bond between caretaker and baby." The school provides an interactive music program for toddlers and teaches them
how to make their own beats via using their own creativity. Baby DJ School familiarizes infants with musical patterns, improves their language skills via
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of the Baby DJ School gained massive amounts of popularity via media and internet and became a spectacular day–care for kids. The school
has gained so much popularity recently that even Vice Media, a broadcasting company that reaches a large global audience, published a video about
Baby DJ School. The video contains dozens of awesome images of babies playing around with the equipment, along with lots of positive vibes from
the teacher and the parents. However it is not an advertisement. Vice displays a more realistic portrayal of the school instead of advertise it to a
specific audience.
The success of the school is due to the daycare aspects as well as the learning piece that goes along with listening to music and rhythms at such a
young age. Not only are babies increasing their motor functions and brain development, but the parents can listen and feel involved in the process of
their kid learning something new. This type of music education at such young age could change the entire way that education has worked in the past
for infants. The multifaceted benefits of the program far outweigh the disincentives of a normal daycare education, now students go learn how to mix
music with turntables and spin records instead of going to story–time. The school only costs 200 dollars per class and I believe signing a kid to this
school will be one of the greatest investments that a parent can do for forging strong bonds with the

Motivation And Synthesis Essay: Why Do We Sleep?
Every day I wake up and every night I sleep. My curiosity always wanted to know why do we have to sleep? Some say that we sleep because we do
it for energy. However, I never understood that because food and nutrients give us energy. So won't that mean as long as we are always getting
food and nutrients, we will have energy? That really perplexed me. I felt like the energy reason was not sufficient enough. However, I do know
that when we sleep it gives our body time to recover. That is plausible, but I would like it to be more detailed. So I decided to delve deeper into the
reason(s) on why we sleep? I searched the internet and I found many different theories on why we sleep? These theories include: Inactivity Theory,
Energy Conservation Theory, Restorative Theories, and Brain Plasticity Theory. Furthermore, I found resources that help link the some of the
theories together to give a stronger answer to why we sleep.The first method for any question I have is to google it and that's what I did with this
question. I googled "why do we sleep" and numerous links came up. The first source I decided to use was an article that was published by the
Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School titled "Why Do We Sleep, Anyway?" As I read the article it explained there is no definite
answer for why we sleep. Instead it gives a few theories on why we sleep. These theories include the inactivity theory (evolutionary), energy
conservation theory, restorative theory, and the

Sensorimotor And Neurophysiological Basis Of Human...
1. In–depth knowledge in one or more of the following areas: Sensorimotor and Neurophysiological Basis of Human Movement, Motor Learning and/or
Adaptation, Neuromechanics, or Biomechanics.
I held a position as a lecturer in Human Movement Studies (2001–2004) – teaching motor control & learning – before starting my PhD. I have a
masters degree in motor control and my PhD work was about sensorimotor control of interceptive actions. Since finishing my PhD (8 years ago), I have
been an active researcher in the field of sensorimotor control of movement. I consistently review manuscripts for the major specialist journals in my
area of expertise (see https://publons.com/author/1179228/welber–marinovic#profile). I have published 35 peer–reviewed ... Show more content on
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2. Evidence of clear and effective science communication.
I have presented my work in 12 conferences and was invited to be a guest speaker at an international conference in 2012. I was a lecturer at the
University of Queensland (2015) and regularly contributed as a guest lecturer in both undergraduate and graduate levels. As the first author of most of
my papers (в‰€70%), I believe my communication skills are exemplary.
3. Advanced skills in collection, analysis and management of human data, particularly related to sensorimotor and neurophysiological basis of human
movement; and research methods.
I have extensive experience with data collection using: movement recording systems (Optotrak 3020), force transducers, electromyography (EMG),
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and eye–tracking. I am particularly experienced with
integrating these different systems to collect human data using Matlab and Labview. I also write my own code in Matlab to process the data I collect
and perform all statistical analyses in R.
4. Demonstrated ability to write scientific proposals to seek internal and external funding.
I have been awarded a very competitive ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award (DECRA 2012
–2014) to study how the brain can predict the
future position of objects in motion and use these predictions to control our actions (AU$ 375K). I was the leading CI on a seeding grant awarded by

Dr. Carter 's Letter
I am pleased to write this letter in strong support of Dr. Marilyn Carter's outstanding research work as a scientist in the field of neuroscience. Based on
her research skills, publication records, and both her proven and ongoing contributions to the field, I am absolutely confident that Dr. Carter will
continue to discover new aspects of neurodegenerative diseases and thus facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic methods, ultimately serving the
national interests.
Before providing further details of Dr. Carter and her research, I would like to introduce myself. I am a Professor of Neuroscience and Neurology in the
department of Neurosciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH. I obtained my B.A. in Chemistry and
Biochemistry at University of Michigan in 1974, and completed Ph.D. in Neurosciences in 1979 at University of Michigan. I spent three years in
Harvard School of Medicine as a Postdoc Fellow before I joined Case Western University as a faculty. I am currently a director of Alzheimer
Research Laboratory and a director of the department of Neuroscience at Case Western School of medicine as well. My research interests include
investigating roles of important players in Alzheimer's disease (AD) including amyloid beta (AОІ) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). My laboratory
identifies molecular components participating in AОІ aggregation or degradation and searches for therapeutic agents to counteract the catastrophic
neurodegeneration

Paper On Neuroscience
What did you learn that was surprising to you?
It was surprising to me that Neuroscience is not just about biology, indeed is an interdisciplinary field that mix biology, chemistry, physics, computer
science, psychology, history, philosophy, etc, to have a complete understanding of how the brain works.
What did you learn that confirmed your previous conceptions?
I learned that it is necessary to have a Ph.D. to have more freedom to choose any job position and that comes also with higher paying scale. Also I
confirmed that neuroscientist do not just research in a lab, but also in the nature, offices, hospitals or the may consider to teach.
What did you learn that was disappointing?
Certainly is a little disappointing to know that eventually I would have to compete for funds for my research and sometimes i will not get them. ... Show
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It is exciting that this career offers quite freedom when choosing a research topic, so I could do the research and experiments I would like if I have the
resources.
Describe one positive aspect of your career choice.
If i choose to be a neuroscientist I would always learn something new about my field of study and I like to learn and understand things a lot, actually.
Describe one negative aspect of your career choice.
One negative aspect is that a bachelor's degree is not enough to have a high paying position, because those requires a doctorate and in some cases,
postdoctoral

The Laboratory Of Neural Systems
I joined the Laboratory of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning and Memory (NSDSLM), also known as the Mizumori laboratory on April
2015. Mizumori laboratory is a laboratory located in the psychology department of University of Washington, Seattle. Its primary focus is to understand
the neural mechanism of natural and adaptive behaviors. Spatial navigation, a behavior central for an animal's survival has remained the model under
analysis in this laboratory. The principal investigator of this lab, and my primary research mentor is Dr. Sheri Mizumori. Upon joining the Mizumori
laboratory, I have been shadowing the postdoctoral research associate of the Mizumori laboratory, Dr. Philip Baker. He introduced me to laboratory
research study and facilitated in the progressive improvement of my comprehension in neuroscience research.
The initial study that I began working on with Dr. Baker was about lateral habenula's (LHb) involvement in behavior switching when presented with a
cue. The LHb is a structure identified for its role in signaling negative outcomes or cues (Bomberg–Martin et al, 2011; Proulex et al, 2014). It projects
to dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and norepinephrine systems that are acknowledged to be important when switches in behavior are required (Robbins
and Arnsten, 2009; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). My responsibilities in this study mainly included handling and training rats, recording of rat behaviors
through a series of sensors and robotic doors around

Case Study Of Neuromarketing
IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT:
For quite a long time, advertisers utilized demographics as a point of convergence of their battles and in spite of the fact that that strategy works, there
is another type of marketing that is picking up a ton of consideration.
Marketing is about making a premium and buzz around an item/benefit keeping in mind the end goal to expand deals, yet now advertisers are utilizing
neuroscience as an approach to target particular gatherings. Customary marketing has constantly centered around the conscious mind by approaching
customers about their purchasing encounters and adverts. This exploration will dependably be imperative yet there is a farthest point to how much
understanding it can offer.
Neuromarketing is a totally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this manner, Neuromarketing truly provides advertisers with a frame work they need to develop with the current marketing technics to upgrade and
enhance their present marketing strategies, making it achievable to target people with the information that Neuromarketing can push the limits farther
than expected.
ACADEMIC LITERATURE:
Marketing has generally focused on value and competitive advantage. In any case, a more holistic way to deal with marketing, including the
enthusiastic part of the basic leadership process is increasing impressive ground in contemporary marketing. This line of research compares extremely
well with Kotler's most recent Notion of marketing, Marketing 3.0 in which he contends for a need of companies to address shoppers as entire
individuals, which he characterizes as comprising of four parts: physical body, mind, heart, spirit. Kotler now contends for the need of companies to
address the emotions of their customers and intend to comprehend their tensions and their longings, if they want to prevail in the contemporary
marketing

Neuroscience Background
Neuroscience Background
Lifelong bilingualism has been associated with enhanced cognition. Scientists suggest that the bilingual experience is closely related to neurological
variations observed in brain anatomy and function of bilinguals versus monolinguals. For instance, research conducted by Olsen et al. (2015)
investigated the structural brain differences of lifelong bilingualism. Given the importance of the frontal and temporal lobes in executive and language
functions, they hypothesized that bilinguals would exhibit greater volume of these cortical areas. The researchers discovered that bilinguals had more
white matter in frontal lobe regions, which emphasizes the importance of preserved white matter in executive function. Following immersion in a
second language, young adults also demonstrated increases in grey matter in the inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe (Stein et al., 2012).
Not only have scientists examined white and grey ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I., Grady, C., Chau, W., Ishii, R., Gunji, A., & Pantev, C. (2005). Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: evidence from MEG.
NeuroImage, 24(1), 40–49.
Olsen, R. K., Pangelinan, M. M., Bogulski, C., Chakravarty, M. M., Luk, G., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2015). The effect of lifelong bilingualism
on regional grey and white matter volume. Brain Research, 1612, 128–139.
MГҐrtensson, J., Eriksson, J., Bodammer, N. C., Lindgren, M., Johansson, M., Nyberg, L., & LГ¶vdГ©n, M. (2012). Growth of language–related brain
areas after foreign language learning. NeuroImage, 63(1), 240–244.
Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Koenig, T., Wirth, M., Strik, W., Wiest, R., Brandeis D., & Dierks, T. (2012). Structural plasticity in the language system
related to increased second language proficiency. Cortex, 48(4), 458–465.
Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S. (2014). Bilingualism trains specific brain circuits involved in flexible rule selection and application. Brain and language, 137,

The Effect Of Scientific Information On The Explanation Of...
Previous research has shown the effect of neuroscience information in the explanation of psychological phenomena. This study aimed to replicate such
findings and what effects other superfluous scientific information had on the perceived quality of explanations. 340 university students were instructed
to read and evaluate a brief description on a psychological phenomenon followed by explanation of varying quality and superfluous information of
various types. Good explanations were rated with a significantly higher perceived quality of explanation in comparison to bad explanations.
Explanations containing neuroscience information showed significantly higher ratings of quality in comparison to explanations containing hard science
and social science information. There were no significant differences between bad explanations containing neuroscience and social science information
or between conditions which contained social science and hard science information. As our findings demonstrate the seductive effect of neuroscience, it
can be concluded that there is something about the brain in relation to the theory of mind that makes it the most alluring explanation for psychological
phenomena.
Public interest in psychological phenomena is evidenced in news articles and other forms of social media reporting neuroscientific findings and hence
implications on how people evaluate information and make decisions has been an ongoing area of research. Previous research has shown

What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality
Patricia S. Churchland 's book entitled Braintrust: What Neuroscience tells Us About Morality, takes us on a walk through the scientific advances in
evolutionary biology, genetics and neuroscience that have lead us to the question of wether morality can be explained or justified by science. The goal
being an attempt at creating a framework for which to understand human morality. Churchland, a professor at the University of California San Diego
in her book asks what is morality? Is it divinely inspired, or instinct, or an abstract set of rules? She argues, that a real understanding of morality begins
with an understanding of the brain.
Churchland begins by agreeing with the observations of Aristotle, Hume and Darwin that humans are social animal but extends them by asking what
they mean in terms of brain physiology. However, David Hume 's argument still remains, one cannot deduce what ought to be from something that is.
I.e knowing why people lie, will not deduce reasoning behind when it is ok to lie. In this case translating to, "you cannot derive moral values directly
from facts uncovered by science". This is the basis of the only true respectable type of thought, for most anglo–american philosophers, known as
'deductive thinking '. With this in mind, it seems as though science has no place in our understanding of morality, and therefore no need for the book?
However, Churchland argues, without trying to disprove, early on, that this type of philosophical approach in its

Reflection Of The Brain
By far, the most interesting concept that I have ever come across in my life is the brain. The brain is a an array of complexities involving lobes, such
as the frontal and temporal, that have different functions and control a different part of a human's life. I think that the more one digs deeper into the
way that the brain works, the more one begins to realize just how many things can go wrong in the brain which can lead to a lifetime of devastation.
Looking at the bigger picture, I think that I am more than honored to work in any research project that involves anything remotely related to the
neuroscience because I am always looking for ways to expand my knowledge about the brain and essentially the nervous system in general. To be
specific, I am interested in how to handle any dementia–related diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, since I think that these diseases along with
diseases such as Huntington's affects a lot of people nationwide, and focusing research on neuroscience diseases in general will help and impact
many individuals worldwide. Going into more detail, I would like to research what kind of mechanisms or biotechnology we can use in order to alert
future patients of their future risk for these neuroscience diseases. For example, maybe the percentage of the time they stay in REM sleep might help
with the configuration of a formula that can be generated into an app that tracks on sleeps states and combined with their genetic disposition, science
will be able to determine their risk for Alzheimer's and so on. In addition, I would like to seek a research project that kind of nails down the diagnostic
stage of Alzheimer's. Currently, there is research out there that talk about the buildup of plaque but there also counter arguments that state how 80
years olds present with this plaque do not even show the slightest symptoms of dementia which counters what modern medicine is saying about the
plaques being linked to Alzheimer's. I think that if we had a hard set on what the official diagnosis for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, or any
neurological disease for that matter, it would be beneficial to the world at large. Diverting away from neuroscience, I am also interested in the

Marketing : An Integral Part Of Any Business
Neuroscience in Marketing In recent times, Marketing has become an integral part of any business. Your business may offer the best products or
services in the industry, but without continuous projection of the product to the customers, the chances of your competitors taking over your products
is very high.
Marketing has evolved over the ages to a stage where every aspect of its technology is examined scientifically and improved techniques are applied to
win over the customers and retain them.
But what does the future hold for marketing?
Marketing, then and now
In the early 1950s and 1960s, marketing was production oriented and the quality of the production was the driving factor of marketing. Also, production
was demand oriented and creation of demand was not the primary focus of the manufacturer.
Later, as new production technologies started to develop, techniques evolved simultaneously to meet the needs of the customers and efforts were made
to maximize customization. Nowadays, a holistic marketing approach is used that integrates several aspects of marketing.
But the next major advancement in marketing is literally hacking the brain of the customer.
The next big step
Neuroscience is the field of study where the response to products and consumer decision–making is understood at the level of body and mind. The
Neuromarketing concept is based on a model wherein the major thinking part of human activity, including emotion, takes place in the subconscious
area that is below

Defining Motivation : Well Known And Unsolved
Defining motivation: Well–known and unsolved When we see a person acting in an abnormal way, we cannot help but think "why are they doing that?"
We form judgements about people and question the reasoning behind their actions in an attempt to better understand their situation. This ability to
understand intentions plays an important role in today's society, allowing us to relate to one another and form deep connections through picturing
ourselves in that same position. Nevertheless, there are times when we are unable to relate, and unable to understand why someone chooses to act in a
certain way, say a certain thing, or be a certain type of person. This desire– this motivation to do something – has been felt by each and every human
being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That being said, the characteristics when defining a concept include being 1. Simple and easy to understand; 2. Useful in the field to which it relates;
3. Specific enough to refer to one and only one possible entity, being the definiendum; 4. Measurable; 5. Reflect current scientific knowledge (Gupta,
2008).
The nature of motivation has traditionally been separated into two qualitatively distinct forms: a) intrinsic interest and; b) extrinsic motivation (Deci &
Ryan, 1985). This assumption has served as the foundation of many psychological theories and experiments. Yet, when this same concept is viewed
from a neurological standpoint, there is evidence to suggest that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations activate the same areas in the striatum that are
associated with rewards, implying that they may both part of the same reward based system. (Murayama et al., 2010) This, along with other examples
(see Shultz & Lepper, 1998), suggest that neuroscience and computational theories may be able to account for complex phenomena in much simpler
terms. This could allow for greater generalizations and uniformity in future models of the brain, leading to insights we might not have otherwise made.
Whether it is a morning cup of coffee, the

Laboratory Of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning...
Laboratory of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning and Memory (NSDSLM), also known as the Mizumori lab, seeks to understand the
plasticity mechanisms within neural systems that underlie normal and pathological mnemonic functions. The principal investigator of this lab, and my
primary research mentor is Dr. Sheri Mizumori. Upon joining the Mizumori lab, I have been shadowing Dr. Phillip Baker on his postdoctoralresearch
project. He introduced me to laboratory research study and facilitated in the progressive improvement of my comprehension in basic neuroscience
research.
The initial study that I began working on with Dr. Baker was about lateral habenula's (LHb) involvement in behavior switching when presented with a
cue. The LHb is a structure identified for its role in signaling negative outcomes or cues (Bomberg–Martin et al, 2011; Proulex et al, 2014). It projects
to dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and norepinephrine systems that are acknowledged to be important when switches in behavior are required (Robbins
and Arnsten, 2009; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). My responsibilities in this study mainly included handling and training rats, recording of rat behaviors
through a series of sensors and robotic doors around the T–maze controlled by z–basic, and evaluating data from training and testing rats in a tonal
task. I also had an opportunity to contribute to the paper in accordance with my responsibilities. Furthermore, I had a chance to partake in the histology

Neuroscience Of Touch
Bethaney Tinto
Mr. Brennan
GC 442
January 25, 2016
Neuroscience of Touch Can you name all the organs in a human body? There are the obvious ones, the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, brain, etc.
However, did you know there is an organ that covers your whole body? This organ is known as skin. Not only does skin help protect you from
harmful antibodies, but skin is also a sensatory element. Unlike sight, hearing, taste, and smell, are skin is not isolated in one area. Our skin also helps
us to feel, with touch. There is so much more to touch than what meets the eye. Now, let's dig a little deeper into our skin. "In humans touch represents
a powerful form of non–verbal communication. Our sense of touch plays a fundamental role in daily life, from learning about objects to
communicating with other people" (Sappi). Dr. David Eagleman is a neuroscientist; a scientist who study's the way the brain functions. Eagleman's
main focus is for the sensatory elements, including touch. He states, "More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory experience, and much
of that sensory receptivity focuses on touch" (Sappi). Our skin is so sensitive, "your finger can detect a bump 3 microns wide, three 100ths the width
of a human hair" (Sappi). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For us it's just a part of who we are. Including Dr. Eagleman, there is another who did a study on touch as well. His name is Dr. David Linden. He
wrote the book "Touch: The Science of Hand, Heart and Mind" (Linden). Linden believes there are "two pathways in our brain for processing touch"
(Gregoire). The "first is a sensatory pathway, which gives us the facts about touch –– like vibration, pressure, location and fine texture" (Gregoire). The
second focuses on how we process the information we have discovered, mostly involving social and emotional

For My Topic I Chose To Talk About Affective Behaviors
For my topic I chose to talk about affective behaviors of humans and animals. I chose this topic because I thought it would be interesting to see why
humans and animals act the way they do. During this paper we will look at multiple cases and other research about affective neuroscience in humans
and animals. The outcome of this paper is for you as well as I to gain some insight on why we involuntary act the way we do.
As stated before my topic of choice is affective behaviors of humans and animals. But what exactly does that mean? According to business dictionary
affective behavior is "Behavior that is primarily aimed at producing a desired result, like attempting to understand the needs of another party and
attempting to satisfy those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term reward can be broken up into three separate components: wanting, liking, and learning. "Liking is defined as the actual pleasure component
or hedonic impact of a reward. Wanting is defined as motivation for reward, which includes both (1) incentive salience 'wanting' processes that are
not necessarily conscious and (2) conscious desires for incentives or cognitive goals. Lastly learning is defined as associations, representations, and
predictions about future rewards based on past experiences" (Kringelbach and Berridge 2008). I like the way this paper breaks up the term reward
because it causes you to actually think about which parts of the brain correspond with each defined term. This paper goes on to talk about how with
each component of reward lies a conscious and unconscious process. Something I found that stuck out was how the paper addresses the challenges the
brain possesses with respect to rewards. The paper states "The primary challenge is to identify which brain systems mediate pleasure versus other
components of reward and to map components correctly onto their own neural substrates (Fig. 1).
This challenge is difficult because a rewarding stimulus or event will elicit many or all of these reward components simultaneously and so activate
many brain systems at the same time" (Kringelbach and Berridge 2008). I see why this can be frustrating. The brain is quite intriguing but it is also
confusing.
"Mental

The Physiological Effects Upon the Brain and Body During...
Humans are spiritual beings even when wisdom and evidence points in another direction humans believe in a higher power. However, as researchers
look for answers and they find new questions. Opening a Pandora's box spirituality and religiosity create questions that open up vast amounts of
discussion on cognitive ability and spirituality. Finally, neurobiologists and neuropsychologist are researching and looking at spirituality and meditation
to determine answers to questions about brain activities during spiritual processes. Through the use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI,s), these
researchers are looking at the physiological effects upon the brain and body during processes of spirituality. Nevertheless , researchers are trying to ...
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Psychology as a science depends on observational inquiry which falls under the categories of qualitative methodology. Nevertheless, quantitative
methods are also used in conjunction with qualitative methods. This methodology called mixed method inquiry works well for the science of
psychology. Neuropsychology is "the scientific study of human behavior as it relates to normal and abnormal functioning of the central nervous
system"(http://www.div40.org/pub/archival_def).
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal column. Each and every thought, emotion, feelings and senses are controlled in the brain.
This examination concerns spiritual and religious aspects that are associated with neurobiology and neuropsychology. Looking for biological changes
in person of belief as compared to those that do not have a spiritual aspect concerning healing. The brain being powerful and not fully understood
keeps amazing researchers and science. As science examines the reasons for these spiritual based healings, psychological practices such as forgiveness
therapy and brain activity during spiritual activities. These phenomena have caused interesting positive results concerning science and religious ideas
and more research is needed to demonstrate these results. However, According to Newberg and Lee (2005), "With the rapidly expanding field of

The Brain And Its Impact On Behavior And Cognitive Function
I have always had a passion and interest in working with the unknown. When I was in high school, I always made sure I was taking science classes
that interested me, and would help me decide on what I wanted to major in college. I chose neuroscience as my major because it is a subject that
continues to fascinate me. Neuroscience is the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure, and what it does. I want to focus on the brain
and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions. I want to go into clinical neuroscience (looking at the disorders of the nervous system) or
cognitive neuroscience, which studies the higher cognitive functions and underlying neural bases. With a neuroscience major, I would like to
pursue a career in clinical research, do research for the National Institute of Health, work for the CDC and specialize in neurological disease, and/or
run a clinical research project in another country. I want to pursue a career in one of these areas because I want to dedicate my knowledge, skills,
and time to helping people and the world of science. I want my work to make a positive impact on society and be beneficial for the forthcoming
generations. I want to help people and discover new things that will help those in need. I am motivated every day to continue working hard by realizing
there are still more things to be discovered and that it could be done by me.
When I took the learning styles test presented to us in our first assignment, my results were not

Privacy And Neuroscience
Summary The article Privacy, Neuroscience, and Neuro–Surveillance by Adam D. Moore covers the advances of neuroscience with regards to brain
scans and how it can lead to the infringement of privacy rights. Moore argues that there should be a limiting factor when dealing with brain scans.
There has to be justified reasons and legal proceedings (similar to entering a private domain) when given the chance to look closely into one's
consciousness (Moore, 2016). Further, Moore defends this very argument by stating that privacy correlates with human well–being, along with the
circumstances that privacy served as protection against oppressive totalitarian regimes (Moore, 2016). He also understands that those with the
counter–arguments say that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moore highlights examples like showing someone a poem you have written, you allowed them to see it, but they do not have the moral claims over it
(Moore, 2016). Again, he argues the importance of privacy and shows this as a comparison of someone being granted access to your private thoughts
in a brain scan. Although Moore is a proponent of one's privacy, he also understands that one can consent to a brain–scan depending on a situation. For
instance, your employer may mandate a brain–scan in order for you to secure a job (Moore, 2016). You are more likely to consent to it, especially if
you need the job offered (Moore, 2016). On top of that, if the current job market shows high unemployment and the job is needed, then one must
agree to certain kinds of surveillance, known as "thin consent" (Moore, 2016). Though the power of one's consent should protect individual private
rights, Moore states that certain cases may call for the protection of "public interest" to prevent criminality (Moore, 2016). In this case, consent will be
nullified in favor of the greater good (Moore, 2016). Lastly, Moore calls for the justification of neuro–surveillance through the issuance of warrants
(Moore, 2016). Additionally, he calls for the restriction of these documents through a third party and those whose information are being accessed should

Advances In Neuroscience
In researching the topic of Advances in Neuroscience, I learned many things. In learning about the brain and trying to figure out how it works on a
minute structural level, many advances have been made. Scientists are eager to answer the question "how does the brain really work". In answering
this question many basic questions have been answered but that has led to even more questions. As scientists develop easier and better ways to look at
the brain and interpret the data that they find, they also struggle to figure out how to collect and store all of the data that they will need to interpret just
one single brain.
In looking at the brain more closely, scientists have found that they can categorize, or interpret certain feedback from your

Theories And Ethical Perspectives Of Child Development
Child development has been scrutinised through various theoretical frameworks attempting to construct the idea of a 'perfect' child; which has become
a central part of practice (Woodhead, 2006). The purpose of this essay is to explore child development, whilst demonstrating a critical understanding of
dominant psychological theories and how these can perpetuate certain political and ethical perspectives. Bringing alternative theories to the dialogue is
an acknowledgement that no one theory can be said to have pre–eminence. The case study (See Appendix) is used as a vehicle to explore the
application of a range of theories; and ethical dilemmas practitioners working with children may encounter. Additionally, this case study aims to
demonstrate how practitioner's expectations of children are constructed; by accepting certain theories as 'facts' in accordance with: historical, political
and cultural nature. Furthermore; I intend to make reference to my own childhood experiences; and how this may affect the lens in which I view child
development, for my future practice.
Studies of child development seem multidisciplinary; particularly considering the philosophical, neuroscientific, and psychological ideologies. As
observed by Sorin 2005; traditionally through Locke's ideologies, society tended to portray children as 'blank slates', and education was a way of
filling in the slate with 'knowledge'. However, Levitt 2007:7 identifies shifts in paradigms, identifying neuroscience

The Future Of Neuroscience : From Sci Fi
The future of neuroscience: from sci–fi to reality
Billions of football fans around the world were amazed in the summer of 2014, when 29 years old Brazilian Juliano Pinto [1], who was paralyzed from
waist down, was able to kick a football to ceremonially open the World Cup. Pinto made the kick while wearing a robotic exoskeleton controlled by his
brain. The high–tech demonstration was orchestrated by Duke University neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, as part of the Walk Again Project [2], to
develop and implement a brain–machine interface to allow severely paralyzed patients to regain mobility. The sight of such futuristic technology
straight out of the Iron Man movie becoming a reality is simply exhilarating.
The human brain has often been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are now entering the golden age ofneuroscience.
Current efforts
So how are we beginning to understand the way the brain works? The same way we begin to understand a city: by making maps. The invention of the
MRI machine and other high tech scans and tests, such as functional MRI, two–photon imaging and multi–electrode recording has allowed scientists to
observe and record the activities in specific areas of the brain, and even probe the nature of thoughts itself. It is now possible to see how neurons
respond when an animal is learning something and forming new circuits. Targeted genetic manipulations of receptors that scientists believe are
important in learning and memory are also providing a great deal of information. In an interview [5], Rick Huganir, Chair of the Solomon H. Snyder
Department of Neuroscience, explained: "Learning creates new circuits in the brain by sculpting connections between neurons–making new
connections, strengthening some connections, weakening or removing others." His team found that strength of connections could be manipulated by
the addition or removal of receptors from a synapse. When the mechanism for adding receptors is knocked out, memory retention in mice was found to
be impaired. They become forgetful; they can't retain memories for very long.
Allen Institute for Brain Science, a Seattle–based independent, nonprofit medical research organization dedicated to

The Seductive Allure Of Neuroscience Explanations
The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations
Deena Skolnick Weisberg, Frank C. Keil, Joshua Goodstein, Elizabeth Rawson, and Jeremy R. Gray
Question
We are always curious to understand the world we live in, and what happens around us and we often believe explanations of psychological phenomena
that contains neuroscientific information without any doubt. The neuroscience information includes experiments, databases, and genetic resources. It is
apparent that people seem to be more interested in explanations of psychological phenomena when it is enclosed with neuroscientific information. The
study conducts experiments on whether people accepted explanations about psychological phenomena with neuroscientific information more satisfying
than explanation without any neuroscientific information. The goal of this experiment was to see if neuroscience explanations have any effects on
people's rating of how satisfying they found good and bad explanations in general and those with or without neuroscientific information. The board
question is why is cognitive neuroscience information so interesting to the public? Are people capable of judging good explanations from bad
explanations of psychological phenomena? The specific question is that, is people 's fascination with cognitive neuroscience associated with
explanations that involve neuropsychological component? Does the addition of neuroscience information to phenomena affect people 's judgment of
good and bad explanations?

Reflection On Dreaming And Consciousness
The Robert Berezin M.D. author of the article "Reflections On Dreaming and Consciousness" discusses what we are dreaming when we are sleeping
and how they operate when we are sleeping. In the article, he claims that during sleep our muscle goes to rest and all the waste products of muscle
activity eliminated. The author supports most dreams are emotional conflicts and in my dreams are emotional conflicts, when I dream about the pain,
the dreams help me to settle down my emotion because I took an action against pain in my dream. The author describes that people address conflict
through the dreams such as pain, hopes, sexual interest. I strongly agree with him because whenever I face conflicts, the dreams help me to settle
down my emotion because I took an action against conflicts in my dream and this make me feel better. The authors mention that we do not fully
remember our dreams. I think the reasons people do not remember their dreams because I believe a dream is a fantasy world, dreams are not turning
out as an actual real–life event. Whatever we do throughout the day and whatever consequences we face throughout the day converted into a story
and we saw that image in our dreams, in fact, the dreams do not solve problems in our life, when we dream about addressing the problem we wish we
could solve the problem this way. So, the dreams are kind of useless in our life, therefore, most people forget about their dreams and they only
remember tiny portions.
My textbook says about the dreams is our dream simply reflect life events that are important to the people. In the textbook, famous scientist Freud
classified dreams as a two categorized such as manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is our important events convert into a storyline
and we see the visual image, on the other hand, latent content is a hidden meaning of the dream. The psychologists also discover lucid dreams and
this dream are slightly different than a regular dream because a person is conscious when they are dreaming also the dreamer control the content of the
dreams. My notes support the author claim about people dreams on sexual interest because my notes say approximately 95% of peoples' dreams about
the sexual interest and

Music, The Food Of Neuroscience
In the article, "Music, the food of neuroscience?" Robert Zattore, a cognitive neuroscientist, suggested that we should consider music, art, and culture
in a biological perspective (312). There is a well–known quote by Friedrich Nietzsche that speaks out to many people and states, "Without music, life
would be a mistake". This article by Zattore makes a reader consider if music has a bigger meaning in our lives than we think. The author argues that
we can learn about neuroscience through music as these musical products of human cognition may give us valuable scientific insights. Furthermore, the
author supported this claim by explaining how we know little about neuroscience of music research, the relationship between speech and music, and ...
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According to Zattore's article, the research behind people with amusia has shown that music depends on neural processes and therefore that music can
indeed lend itself to scientific study (313). There is no doubt that a decent section of this article was devoted to explaining how little we know and
how complicated it is to make discoveries in this topic of musical neuroscience.
In addition to justifying how determining which aspects of music apply to neuroscience, Zattore suggests that music has a correlation with speech.
Some researchers believe that music and speech share several similarities. Speech processing takes place in the left half of the brain so scientists wonder
if this asymmetry is mirrored in the right–hemisphere for music (313). On the other hand, the author states that there have been cases where individuals
have lost their speech functions due to auditory damage but show high–level musical function, like the example Zattore gives of the Russian composer
Vissarion Shebalin (313). Furthermore, the author explains how certain studies have shown promising results when comparing how speech relates to
music. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate that some functions like syntax may require similar neural resources for both speech and music (313).
Zattore is careful to

From actions to empathy and morality
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 77 (2011) 76–85
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jebo
From actions to empathy and morality – A neural perspective
Istvan Molnar–Szakacs a,b,c,в€
— a b c Tennenbaum Center for the Biology of Creativity, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 15 July 2009
Received in revised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–mail address: imolnar@ucla.edu.
0167–2681/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.019 I. Molnar
–Szakacs / Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization 77 (2011) 76–85
77
The aim of the current paper is to review and summarize recent research on the human MNS, asserting that this system may provide the neural scaffold
for empathy and, as a result, may have served as a biological substrate for the evolution of our sophisticated sociality and the morality that governs it.
Section 1 serves as the general introduction, Section 1.1 discusses neuroimaging evidence in support of the human MNS; Section 1.2 highlights the

role of the MNS in understanding the intentions of others; Section 2 discusses a form of empathy termed 'emotional empathy', that is the feeling of
other's feelings, putatively through a resonance mechanism implemented by the human MNS; Section 2.1 discusses the relationship between
'emotional empathy' and 'cognitive empathy' – a form of mentalizing that relies on higher–level cognitive processes; Section
3 discusses developmental evidence on social evaluation and empathy for pain; Section 4 aims to link action perception to morality, using emotional
empathy and social evaluation as stepping stones, and Section 5 concludes.
1.1. The human mirror neuron system
Soon after the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey brain using single–unit electrode recordings (di

Richard F. Thompson And The Study Of Memory Essay
Richard F. Thompson and the Study of Memory
Richard F. Thompson was a memory scientist who conducted research on where and how memory is stored and transformed in the brain. He
conducted research on the cerebellum, which is a lower brain structure that deals with physical movement, to see how reactions are created and
reestablished every time a certain thing happens, which is basically a reflex (Hockenbury, Nolan, & Hockenbury, 2016). His research was to study
how a basic function reflex occurs, and how the memory knows to react when something occurs again in the same manner. Thompson succeeded in
his research, by conducting an experiment with rabbits and their blinking reflexes (Hockenbury, et al., 2016). He designed a way where rabbits would
react to a tone in where they would blink to it (Hockenbury, et al., 2016). He then took an extra step away from the brain, and the rabbits would still
react in the same way to the tone, which lead him to discover that the main memory function is stored in the cerebellum (Hockenbury, et al., 2016).
Richard F. Thompson was a very respectable and highly knowledgeable neuroscientist. His work lead to great successes and great feats were
demolished with his findings. Thompson, as described in the article Remembering Richard F. Thompson by Joseph E. Steinmetz (2015), was the first
neuroscientist in his field of study to have identified and configured the neural circuits that are responsible for classical conditioning in the brain

Cognitive Neuroscience
For the last three decades, there has been significate improvement, interest, and understating on how the brain decodes and processes daily information.
This increase from the field of neuroscience and education, has helped us "expand our understanding of the neural chemistry, physiology, and growth
processes that support behavior, cognition, language, emotion, sociality, and their development" (Hruby, Goswami, Frederiksen, & Perfetti, 2011). The
recent advances in cognitive neuroscience has caught the attention of educators. "Naturally, people interested in learning and education might want to
know how results from relevant cognitive neuroscience research could be applied in the classroom" (Ansari, Coch, & Smedt, 2011).
We are entering a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the bottom back of the brain is where the occipital lobes are located; they are covered by the visual cortex. This area of the brain is "involved in
object recognition and is an area of interest in research on decoding, because it has been suggested to house a word form area. This area is a part
of the visual cortex specialized for recognizing print (Hruby, Goswami, Frederiksen, & Perfetti, 2011). As we move upward, we encounter the
parietal lobes. These lobes are responsible for receiving "tactile information such as temperature, pain, and pressure, and integrate this information
with sights and sounds" (Wolf & Nevills, 2008). The temporal lobes, are covered by the auditory cortex. This area is responsible for taking in and
interpreting auditory stimuli (Wolf & Nevills, 2008). Within the temporal lobes lies the area where speech and memory are produced. These two
areas are Wernicke's area and the Hippocampus. Wernicke's area is the semantic processing center and is a key component of conscious
comprehension of the spoken words (Wolf & Nevills, 2008). The hippocampus is where short–term memory is converted to long–term memory.
According to Zull (2002), the hippocampus does not store memory itself, instead it finds a way back to various parts of the cortex in a form that is
susceptible to recall, or reassembly, any time later. The last lobes are the frontal lobes. The cortex covering these lobes is known as the association
cortex (Wolf & Nevills,

Motivation Application Essay Sample
I am writing to apply for the PhD program, Neuroscience, at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine (UMMSM). I am a graduate of
Montclair State University, NJ, with a double major in biology and psychology. I have completed my high school in a war–torn country, Afghanistan.
In 2006, after high school, alongside, it was not safe for women, I did not have adequate for options to continue my higher education in sciences.
Therefore, it was feasible to start working for international organizations in database related position, so started as a database operator and resigned
from as database developer, as I received a fully funded scholarship to continue my education in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan at AmericanUniversity of Central
Asia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a sophomore student, I was introduced to biological sciences' research method in which I was involved in a two consecutive semesters research
project program, Science Education Alliance–Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science. The research project was combined
with general biology I and classes' lab work. At the first semester, my lab partner and I isolated a unique bacteriophage DNA and at the second
semester, we annotated its sequenced genome. This was research published on E–life journal and I was contented be to an information contributor for
this publication.
After this research experience my interest in research was amplified, hence, I joined in another research project at the Sentence Comprehension Lab,
Psychology Department, Montclair State University, directed by Dr. David Townsend. The research enquired verbs' telicity (boundedness) interactions
in conjunction with adverb phrase types. I conducted language and eye–tracking experiments for five semesters in this lab. I was responsible for
running experiments daily, and record data for analysis and analyzing of the data for my project using SPSS and various proprietary data analysis
software. During my last semester, I was given the opportunity to present the research significant findings with Dr. Townsend at the 29th Annual
CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 2016. The conference gave me a broader

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