Colloid Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation

Colloid Hypertonic Saline
Colloid and Hypertonic Saline Due to the high morbidity associated with high–volume resuscitations, an interest exists in using various colloid
solutions to both decrease edema and volume requirements and blunt the myocardial depression phenomena observed with large burns. An important
consideration for adding colloid in the first 24 hours is the loss of capillary integrity during early burn shock. This process occurs early and is present
for 8–24 hours depending on which authority is referenced. A strategy for testing whether the capillary leak has begun to resolve involves substituting
an equal volume of albumin solution for RL solution. An increase in urine output suggests that at least some of the leak has resolved and that the further
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, after the first 8 hours, the fluid is changed to RL solution to complete the resuscitation. Hypertonic saline management must be titrated closely to
both urine output and serum sodium checks and probably should not be used routinely outside of tertiary burn centers. The safety and benefits of
hypertonic saline resuscitation extend to both the pediatric and geriatric populations, but using solutions at the lower end of tonicity is probably safer.
The greatest benefit may ultimately be for those patients with the most limited cardiopulmonary reserves, those with inhalation injury, and those with
larger burns approaching 40% or
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Role Of Self Assembly And The Construction Of A...
A nanoparticle is the most basic component in the construction of a nanostructure. In general, the size of a nanoparticle spans the range between 1 and
100 nm. The properties of many conventional materials change when formed from nanoparticles. This is typically because nanoparticles have a greater
surface area per weight than larger particles which causes them to be more reactive than other molecules. Self–assembly refers to the process by which
nanoparticles or other distinct components spontaneously organize due to direct specific interactions and/or indirectly, through their environment.
Self–assembly is typically linked with thermodynamic equilibrium, the organization of the structures characterized the minimum of the system's free
energy. An important aspect of self–assembly is that the building blocks organize into macroscopic structures. This can happen through direct
interactions (Interparticle forces) or through indirect interactions like using a template or external field as a guide. The grouping of matter in
nanomaterials can be broken down into two techniques. Top–down miniaturization techniques or bottom–up methods which are typically based on
self–assembly or directed assembly. The most widely used materials in bottom–up assembly are colloid micro– and nanoparticles. A lot of time and
effort has recently been spent on the fabrication of functional materials from organized particles. These advanced assemblies can find applications in
areas such as photonics,

Essay on Mechanically Ventilated Patients, An Annotated...
Review of literature
Monnet et al(1) published a review article on assessment of volume responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients using heart and lung interactions.
He explained that mechanical ventilation produces cyclic changes left ventricular stroke volume due to inspiration and expiration induced changes in
LV preload. It denotes preload dependency of left ventricle indirectly right ventricle. He also describes various limitations of respiration variations in
SV for predicting fluid responsiveness.
Guidet et al(2) conducted a study in sepsis patients to find haemodynamic efficacy and safety between 6%HES 130/0.4 vs 0.9% NaCl. He found that
volume requirement was less with HES than NaCl in inial phase of fluid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He found that there was less colloid consumption, less hypotension episodes and lower lactate level at end of surgery in vigileo group. He concluded
that haemodynamic stability was better when SVV was used a guide for fluid optimization.
Fiessel M et al(5) related fluid responsiveness and respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter in mechanically ventilated patients with septic
shock. He induced volume change by loading patients with 8ml/kg of colloid solution. Changes in IVC diameter and cardiac output were measured
using echography before and after volume loading. 15% increase in Cardiac output post volume loading were called as responders. 16 out of 39 pt
responded to fluids and he has given 12% delta IVC cut off for detection those volume responders.
Stawicki SP et al(6) studied the correlation between inferior vena cava collapsibility index(IVC–CI) and central venous pressure(CVP). They used
intensivist–performed bedside ultrasonography(INBU) for assessing IVC–CI. They divided the patients into three groups based on IVC–CI
(<0.20,0.20–0.60 and >0.60). They concluded that IVC–CI correlate well with CVP in low(<0.20) and high(>0.60) collapsibility ranges.
Nagdev et al(7) conducted a study to find that greater than or equal to 50% increase in caval index is associated with CVP < 8 mmHg. The study was
done among adult patients undergoing central

Coagulation And Ballast Focculation System In The Kraft...
Literature review defines that Coagulation, ballast Flocculation system has potential application in treating wastewater from recycle based Kraft paper
mill. Objectives were set to study the wastewater characteristics of Kraft paper industry. To carry out experiments on bench scale with Jar test.To
perform coagulation and ballast flocculation for removal efficiency of suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen demand. To determine optimal dose
for coagulant, ballast flocculation for removal efficiency of suspended solid, color, chemical oxygen demand. To verify the effect of reuse micro sand
on removal efficiency of suspended solid, color, chemical oxygen demand.
Coagulation –flocculation and Ballast flocculation theory:–
In wastewater treatment, coagulation and flocculation are employed to separate suspended solids from water. Although the terms coagulation and
flocculation are often used the single term "flocculation" is used to describe both; they are, in fact, two distinct processes. Finely dispersed solids
(colloids) suspended in wastewaters are stabilized by negative electric charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each other.
Since this prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called flocks, they do not settle. For removal of colloidal particles
from suspension, chemical coagulation and flocculation are required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of physical and
chemical procedures. Chemicals are mixed

Experimental Methods For Measure The Contact Angle Of...
Experimental Methods to Measure the Contact Angle of Particles at Fluid Interfaces
Name: Caiyi Mai
Student Number: 250821954
Department: Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
Abstract
Wettability of the particles plays an important role and is reflected by the three–phase contact angle, Оё. However, the contact angle is frequently
neglected in the studies. This mini review focused on the experimental methods that use to measure the contact angle of particles at fluid interface. The
methods includes Gel trapping technique, Freeze Fracture Shadow Casting (FreSCa), ellipsometry, the excluded area method, Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) coupled to a colloidal probe, drop shape techniques, and Contact angle evaluation from the collapse pressure of surface
pressure–area isotherms.
Keywords: contact angle, fluid interface, nanoparticle, microparticle Introduction Particles at fluid interfaces are very common both in nature and
technological process such as food science, biomaterials and biomedicine. Constraint of particles at fluid interfaces has lead to a critical study. This
research pays attention on fundamental problems of soft matter in order to develop new processes and products. The energies related to the attachment
of particles to fluid interfaces rely on four factors: roughness, chemical nature, wettability and size of the particles[1]. Wettability of the particles plays
an important role and is reflected by the three–phase contact angle, Оё.

Serum Concentration Essay
Serum Na+ concentration was greater than 145 mmol/L, accompanied by increased plasma osmotic concentration, which could be diagnosed as high
sodium. Hypernatronemia is often accompanied by the increase of plasma osmotic concentration, and the whole body with sodium content can be
increased, normal or decreased, ECF capacity can be normal, reduce or increase.
Potassium metabolism disorder
The normal value of serum potassium is 3.5mmol/L ~ 5.5 mmol/L. Serum potassium concentration was lower than 3.5mmol/L, which can be diagnosed
as kaliopenia, while lower than 2.5mmol/L was severe kaliopenia. Diagnosis should be combined with medical history, symptoms and signs. In clinical
work, the serum potassium concentration was 3 mmol/L, which is the dividing line between patients undergoing elective surgery or not.
Serum potassium concentration was greater than 5.5mmol/L, which is hyperpotassemia. Diagnosis should be combined with medical history,
electrocardiogram and serological tests.
Calcium metabolism disorders
Normal serum calcium concentration was 2.25–2.75 mmol/L, a fairly constant. The serum calcium concentration lower than 2 mmol/L have diagnostic
value, which can be diagnosed as hypocalcemia combined with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The clinical manifestations include bleached, tired, disappearance of tendon reflex and decrease of blood pressure, etc. Respiratory depression, lethargy
and coma, and even cardiac arrest can occure in advanced stage. It should be treated with intravenous infusion 10–20 ml of 10% calcium phosphate or
calcium chloride solution in order to fight against the inhibition of magnesium on the heart and muscle. And it should actively correct the acidosis and
water shortage at the same time. If the effect is not so good, it need to be treated by

Non-Newtonian Fluid Suspension Of A Colloidal Solution
In a suspension, it is easy to see the particles. These particles can be touched.
It is impossible to see the particles in a true solution, even with a microscope. The particles can not be felt.
It is possible to see the particles in a colloidal solution with a microscope, but they are not as big as the particles in a suspension.
If a colloidal solution is touched it will appear solid, but pressing a finger in slowly it will cause the material to flow like fluid. This is known as a
non–Newtonian fluid.
When a solid and liquid combine together the solid will disappear, or dissolve.
The hypothesis is, if the particles in the mixture are more tightly packed, then it will take less time for the mixture to separate, because particles in a
suspension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Continue dropping the water until you get to 200 drops, stopping every 10 drops to stir with a fork.
Repeat steps 3–7, two times for a total of 3 trials.
Repeat steps 3–8, using the sugar and then sand.
The objective of the experiment was to determine whether the independent variables and water are either a colloidal solution, true solution, or a
suspension. The independent variables that were used in this experiment are cornstarch, sand, and sugar. Observations made for when the
cornstarch and water mixed is the particles dissolved, the particles could not separate from the water, and when mixed it turned into a solid and
back into a liquid. Observations made for when the sand and water were mixed is, the particles did not dissolve, the particles could not separate
from the water, and when mixed it never turned into a solid and back into a liquid. Observations made for when the sugar and water were mixed is
that the particles dissolved, the particles could not separate from the water, and when mixed it never turned into a solid and back into a liquid. This
demonstrates that the cornstarch and water is a colloidal solution, sand and water is a suspension, and sugar and water is a true

Taking a Look at Electrophoretic Deposition
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a combination of electrophoresis and deposition techniques. It is a process where charged powder material is
dispersed in a solvent before it is attracted by a direct current (DC) electric field and deposited onto a conductive substrate of opposite charge
surface (Besra & Liu, 2007). There are two types of electrophoretic depositions; cathodic electrophoretic deposition and anodic electrophoretic
deposition. The former occurs when positively charged particles are deposited at the cathode and vice versa. A schematic diagram of both processes
is shown in Figure 1. According to Tassel & Randall (2006), four main characteristics of EPD include: i.) well dispersed particles move independently
in a solvent suspension ii.) electrochemical equilibrium with the solvent creates a surface charge on the particles iii.) particles move
electrophoretically in the bulk of suspension iv.) a rigid deposition of the particles is produced on the deposition electrode. EPD is used to fabricate
ceramic coatings that are wear–resistant and non–oxidant, functional films and develop novel composites especially bio–ceramics to form durable
structures for orthopaedic applications via fabrication (Boccaccini et al., 2010). EPD also helps to stabilize nanosized particles in colloidal dispersions
onto the surface of an electrode by electrostatic mechanisms (Cao, 2004). Advantages of EPD technique are short formation time, easy to set up, less
restriction on the

The Treatment Of Water Treatment Essay
Water treatment is a process essential to our infrastructure and the reusability of water, and electrostatics is at the heart of the interaction necessary for
the operation to proceed. The general treatment process is comprised of about 6 steps: pre–treatment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection. Each one serves a specific purpose to the overall clarification of the raw water, but coagulation and flocculation are the
most broad in the removal of contaminants in the water. These steps will be the focus of this paper. Water treatment is used worldwide in order to
create potable (i.e. drinkable) water from the raw water brought into a treatment plant. Common sources for the raw water include nearby bodies of
water and even wastewater from homes or businesses which need to be treated to be reused. Increases in the portability and efficiency of the
processes involved could hopefully be readily implemented in more impoverished areas of the world where potable water is a much more scarce
resource. The pre–treatment step is broken down into two main features: oxidation and chlorination. Oxidation mainly serves to remove the inorganic
contaminants from the water. For example, heavier metals such as Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Lead (Pb). Oxidation involves the transfer of
electrons between an oxidizing agent (commonly MnO4– in water treatment) and the atom or molecule desired (the inorganic metals). The oxidizing
agent can accept electrons

Essay On Polyphenolics
As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics as the antioxidant for green synthesis of
nanoparticles, which assigned to the ПЂ в†’ ПЂ* transitions [40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the
Au3+ reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of Au–NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field.
The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength range reported for Au–NP colloidal solutions [41].
3.2. XRD
The wide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3. BET–BJH
The porosity and volumetric characteristics of the materials were evaluated by volumetric analyses. In both materials (Fig. 4), the "Type IV" N2
adsorption–desorption isotherms with "H1–type" hysteresis corresponded to condensation and evaporation steps, and were characteristic of periodic
mesoporous materials. The textural properties of SBA–15, NH2–SBA–15 and Fe3O4–SBA–15–Cya–Cit–Au–NPs have been summarized in Table 1. It
is noteworthy that the surface area, pore volume, and pore size decreased following the modification, confirming that the surface modification occurred
on the inner surface of the silica wall [23]. A considerable decrease in the BET surface area upon grafting of cyanuric–citric acid and Au
nanocrystallites at the surface of the functionalized SBA–15 material (B) clearly suggests that the cyanuric– citric acid and Au nanoparticles have been
anchored on the inner surface of the mesopores.
3.4. IR
For identification of Fe3O4, SBA–15 and SBA–15–CA–Fe3O4/Au functional groups were studied FT–IR analysis (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5a, Fe–O
bond at 580 cm–1 and 634 cm–1 and –OH bond at 3398 cm–1 indicate the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In addition, in Fig. 5b, at around 800
cm–1, 950 cm–1 and 1090 cm–1 were related to the Si–O symmetric stretching, Si–OH and Si–O–Si asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration
respectively, which confirms

Mixtures Lab Report
A mixture can be defined as a combination made by mixing two or more substances together. In science, there are two main categories in which a
mixture can be classified: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures in which substances are so evenly distributed that
one is not able to differentiate the substances from one another. Heterogeneous mixtures, however, are mixtures in which the substances are able to be
distinguished from one another since they may be unevenly distributed. Within these two categories, a mixture is able to be further classified into three
special types of mixtures called solutions, suspensions, and colloids. A solution is a homogeneousliquid mixture in which the solute is uniformly
distributed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The larger components being the rocks, the smaller components being the sand, sugar, and iron filings. The goal of this experiment was to test multiple
separation methods on said mixture in an attempt to separate each component of the mixture from the others. In order to achieve this goal, multiple
separation methods had to be chosen, the first of which was sifting. Sifting was chosen seeing as it enabled the larger components of the mixture to
easily be separated from the smaller components. This is due to the fact that when put in the sifter, the rocks were too large to fall through the mesh in
the sifter, while the sand, sugar, and iron filings were small enough to fall through the mesh. Therefore showing that that sifting was chosen because it
enabled the rocks to be separated from the smaller components of the mixture. Magnetic attraction was chosen seeing as it allowed the magnetic iron
filings to be separated from the nonmagnetic components of the mixture with the use of a magnet. Seeing as the filings were the only magnetic
component of the mixture, they were the only component which would be attracted to a magnet. Therefore, the method of magnetic attraction was
chosen seeing as it allowed the iron filings to be attracted out of the mixture and to a magnet, effectively separating the filings from the remaining two
components of the mixture. The method of filtration was chosen because it allowed the sugar, in the liquid state of matter, to be filtered away from the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pickering Emulsion
Pickering Emulsions: Particles with a difference
Pickering Emulsion is an emulsion stabilised by solid particles located on the interface between two phases. This type of emulsion was named after
S.U. Pickering, who described the phenomenon in 1907, although the effect was first recognized by Walter Ramsden in 1903Pickeringemulsion
utilizes solid particles alone as stabilizers, which accumulate at the interface between two immiscible liquids (typically denoted as oil and water
phase) and stabilize droplets against coalescence. Solid particles are used as stabilisers due to various advantages: (i)solid particles reduce the
possibility of coalescence, bringing about higher stability to emulsions; (ii) many solid particles can endow as–prepared materials useful characteristics
such as conductivity, responsiveness, porosity, and so on; (iii) some food–grade solid particles have lower toxicity, thus leading to higher safety for in
vivo usage.
The basic principle of the process involves formation of shell around the oil drop or water drop.
If the contact angle of the particle with water is <90В° (i.e. it is hydrophilic) the emulsion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If one of the liquids wets solid particles more than the other one, the better wetting liquid becomes the continuous phase and the other becomes the
dispersed phase. O/W emulsions will come into being if the three–phase contact angle Оё (angle at the three–phase boundary of solid particles,
continuous phase and dispersed phase) is less than 90В° (e.g., silica, clay), and W/O emulsions should form if Оё > 90В° (e.g., carbon black).
However, only when Оё is relatively close to 90В° can the particle effectively act as a Pickering stabilizer. The particles tend to remain dispersed in
either phase if they are too hydrophilic (low Оё) or too hydrophobic (high

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Liposomes?
INTRODUCTION:
Among several newer and promising new drug–delivery systems, liposomes represent an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site
of action. They were first observed in late 1960. Their major purpose is to increase the therapeutic index of any drug and minimizing its side effects.
Some of the anti–neoplastic agent are not able to reach at the therapeutic concentration at their site of action and some conventional drugs have a lot of
side effect. One way to overcome this problem is by releasing the drug at specified site for a certain time period, which in turn maintains the therapeutic
concentration of the drug.
At present, various novel drug delivery systems (site specific, tissue specific, cell specific etc.) are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sterilization of liposome is not possible.
DRUGSPROPERTIES OF INTEREST
Amphoteric drugs like Amphotericin B, porphyrins, minoxidil, some peptides, and anthracyclines,
Hydrophilic drugs, drugs used as anticancer agents, doxorubicin or acyclovir Increase solubility property of lipophilic and amphiphilic drugs
Antimonials, amphotericin B, porphyrins, immuno–modulators Passively target the cells of the immune system, especially the mononuclear phagocytic
system
Doxorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, cortisones, biological proteins or peptides like vasopressin Sustained or modified release system for systemic or
local site of action
Doxorubicin and amphotericin BSite–avoidance mechanism
Anti–inflammatory drugs, anti–cancer, anti–infection Targeting to particular site or disease organ (site specific)
Antibiotics, chelators, plasmids, and genesImproved transfer of hydrophilic and charged molecular drug
Corticosteroids, anesthetics, and insulin Improved penetration of drug to into tissues
I.BASED ON STRUCTURAL PARAMETER:––
Types

Notes On The Food Of Food
HYDROCOLLOIDS IN FOOD
UTHRA PREMNATH
COMPARISON BETWWEN GELATIN AND OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS All hydrocolloids are polysaccharides except gelatin, a protein. When
compared with gelatine, carrageen forms a brittle, elastic gel. Pectin gels cannot produce elastic properties at all. Alginates gives clear, elastic gels, but
the melting point is too high. Except gelatine all other hydrocolloids form products with reduced flavour profile. Starches create unpleasant texture.
Gelatine is much cost effective. Other hydrocolloids need big production process (Gelatine manufacturers of Europe, 2016)
PROPERTIESGELATINOTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS
EdibleFood ingredient and additive
Also got E numbersFood Additive
Got E numbers
Thermo reversible gelMelts at body temperature so intense flavour and mouth feelNo
GMOGMO freeObtained from Genetically modified plants
Solubility in waterNoYes
Solubility in saltYesNo
ViscosityLowModerate, Some possess High
Gelation conditionsBelow setting temperaturePresence of k+, Na+ or Ca2+ ions
Gel textureSoft, strong and gummyCohesive, brittle
IncompatibilityKetones, water soluble alcohols, below iso– PHWater soluble alcohols, ketones, cationic macro molecules.
FunctionalityMulti– functionalCombination needed for multi functions
Absorption in bodyEasily digestiblePrevents the uptake of trace elements
Cost effectiveComparatively cheapSome are more expensive
Table 1 Gelatin vs other hydrocolloids
GELATIN
Gelatine is a naturally obtained

Primary Brain Tumors
Primary brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the brain is the control center for vital functions of
the body, including speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, vision, hearing and more.
Primary brain tumors are classified by the type of cell or tissue the tumor affects, and the location and grade of the tumor. Tumor cells may travel short
distances within the brain, but generally won't travel outside of the brain itself.
When cancer develops elsewhere in the body and spreads (metastasizes) to the brain, it's called a secondary brain tumor, or metastatic brain cancer.
Metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors. Some cancers that commonly spread to the brain

How Water Has Many Properties And Functions
Water has many properties and functions. One of them is its ability to be a solvent. A known face is that water is called the "universal solvent"
because it can dissolve many substances. This property can be very useful in everyday life, like inside our bodies to the medicines we take. For the
activity, the students will test different solids and liquids being added to water and will see if the substances dissolve or not. This hands–on activity
will include everyone to participate and to observe some a property of water. The students will fill out an observation worksheet in order to write
down and learn from what they see in each trial. For this activity, students will be able to learn how water is a solvent by dissolving different
substances, such as liquids and solids, into water. For this activity on solids and liquids will only be used, but gases can be dissolved in water, too.
Some of the substances being used are: food color dyed water, oil, salt, sugar, flour, and coffee. In order to do this activity, the class will be split up
into groups of four and will work together on this hands–on activity. It should take about fifteen minutes, but it could be shortened or lengthened.
During the activity, the students will be filling out a worksheet that will show what substance(s) worked and did not work. There will also be
follow–up questions to answer about the background information. By the end of the activity, the students will be educated on how and why water is the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nao Silver Water
NANO SILVER WATER
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing nano–sized particles that measure in nanometers (1nm = 1 billionth of a meter).
One nanomaterial that is having an early impact in healthcare product is nano–silver. Nano silver water is almost pure atomic sized particle and
de–ionized water with silver in suspension. Approximately 80% of the silver is in the form of metallic silver nano–particles and the remaining silver is
in ionic form. The size of silver particles in nano– silver are less than 2 nm in diameter. Because of the small size of the particles, the total surface area
of the silver exposed in solution is maximized, resulting in the highest possible effect per unit of silver. As a result, the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is odorless and has no reaction with other medications.
It is hydrophilic in nature and also doesn't expire.
It has extremely small size which maximizes the exposed surface area of silver particles.
Disadvantages of Nano Silver Water
The manufacturing process of nanomaterials leads to release of certain waste products, which can float in air or even penetrate animal and plant cells.
Nano silver water may get darken at high temperature.
Nanoparticles have large surfaces, which makes them susceptible to get absorbed by macromolecules in an animal's body.
It may also lead to weakening of body's defense mechanism by overloading on phagocytes as they are small in size and get readily absorb in human
body.
Manufacture of Nano Silver Water
1.Arc discharge method: The DC arc–discharge system (Fig) consists of five main parts: i) two silver electrodes which is 1 mm in diameter, ii) a
servo control system maintaining a constant distance between the electrodes, iii) a power supply system that controls the DC arc–discharge parameters,
iv) a glass container with an electrode holder and deionized water for collection of silver colloids, v) a stirring system with magnetic stirrer and stirring

Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater...
The treatment of surface wastewater is aimed at bringing contaminated water back to its previous state for domestic use or otherwise. Some of the
sources of wastewater include industrial effluents from manufactures, agricultural effluents, agro–industrial as well as domestic wastewater from sinks,
bathtubs, toilets, and so on. Particles in the water from the various sources include bacteria, organic matters, and sand which cause the water to be
turbid or discoloured in appearance and have an unpleasant odour.
As a result, the removal of the dissolved or suspended components from all these sources is critical in wastewater treatment. This vital process includes
coagulation and flocculation (both processes work in tandem). In these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coagulation
Coagulation involves the addition of an electrolyte agent that is positively charged. This is added to contaminated water to destabilize the colloidal
suspension by combining with them to neutralize their charges. Consequently, this prevents them from repelling each other. These neutral charged
particles are called pinflocs or microflocs and are now able to undergo flocculation for settling.
The most commonly used coagulants may be salts of aluminium based or iron based. Aluminium based coagulants consist of sodium aluminate,
poly–aluminium chloride (PAC) and aluminium sulphate (alum). Iron coagulants are mainly ferric chloride, ferric chloride sulphate, ferrous sulfate
and ferric sulphate; also magnesium carbonate and hydrated sodium carbonate (lime) are used.
When these metal coagulants are added to water they rapidly undergo hydrolysis producing hydrolyzed complexes that are multi–charged (example:
bivalent 3+ charge). This gives the aluminium and iron coagulants superior adsorption properties (causing the molecules to stick together). The
dissociation of two coagulants; Alum (aluminium sulphate and Ferrous sulphate) when in water can be seen below.
Alum
Ferrous Sulphate
From the reactions above, the hydroxide ions (OH–) that will be generated from the compounds will cause a change in pH of the water to becoming
more basic. This then causes the Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)2 or Fe(OH)3 to form an insoluble precipitate along with

Colloids For Research Paper
Solutions, colloids, and suspensions are all types of mixtures. Suspensions and colloids are classified as heterogeneous mixtures and solutions are
classified as the homogeneous mixture. Solutions are single atoms that never settle and are transparent which also means clear. Colloids are aggregates
of atoms, molecules, or ions, they can settle and they are transparent with a Tyndall effect. Suspensions are clumps of particles such as sand and their
movement is by gravity with the translucent effect. An example of a solution is sugar dissolving in water because the solute the sugar is being dissolved
in the solvent which is the water it is basically two substances evenly mixed together. Some examples of Colloids is plasma proteins, albumins, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of a nonelectrolyte is C6H12O6 – glucose because it can not dissociate into ions whenever it is in an aqueous solution.
Solubility is the quantity of a particular substance solid, liquid, or gas solute that can dissolve in a particular solvent, yielding a saturated
solution(biology online). The solubility of solids increases with the temperature. The increasing of the temperature allows the solvent molecules to
easily detach the solute molecules that are held by intermolecular attractions. The solubility of gases is a little more complicated because as the
temperature increase the kinetic energy also increases which causes more motion of the molecules to move more freely. There're two ways for
material to be dissolved the first way is dipole to dipole which is molecular and the second way is dipole to ion which is ionic.
When an ionic compound like NaCl dissolves in water, we end up with a positive Na and negative Cl in a

Food Emulsions: an Important Mix
Food Emulsions: An Important Mix
Food emulsions are everywhere in today's food industry. From the milk poured with a bowl of cereal in the morning to the margarine used to flavor
rolls at dinner, food emulsions are something that an individual will encounter on a daily basis. By formal definition, a food emulsion is defined as, "a
colloidal dispersion of two liquids, usually oil and water, that are immiscible." (Murano 2003). To better understand what this definition is stating, a
colloidal dispersion must also be defined. A colloidal dispersion is a dispersion of food colloids, a dispersed phase, into a continuous phase such as
water or oil. Keep in mind, however, that a colloidal dispersion is not a solution, and the two liquids are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emulsifiers are used to hold emulsions together, whether they are of the O/W, W/O, W/O/W, or O/W/O variety. Some examples of emulsifiers are
Lecithins, monoglycerides, and diglycerides. A few more specific emulsifiers are Calcium Stearoyl Di Laciate (CSL), PolyGlycerol Ester (PGE),
Sorbitan Ester (SOE), PG Ester (PGME), Sugar Ester (SE), Monoglyceride (MG), Acetylated Monoglyceride (AMG), and Lactylated Monoglyceride
(LMG). All of these emulsifiers are amphiphilic molecules with an oil–friendly (hydrophobic) head and water–friendly (hydrophilic) tail. An example
of the use of an emulsifier is the addition of lecithin to egg yolks when used as an ingredient in mayonnaise. Without the lecithin, the oil in the
mayonnaise would rise to the top and create separation of the ingredients, causing an unstable emulsion. This demonstrates the necessity of the
emulsifier lecithin used in mayonnaise. A vast array of applications for food emulsions have been demonstrated, and because of this there is no one
company that has a monopoly on this specific industry of food science and production. That being said, Unilever Inc. generates significant revenues
from products using this technique. Unilever is one of the leaders in world food production with their 11 largest brands combining to reap more than a
billion dollars annually in revenues. Some of Unilever's most popular consumer products are

The Rate Of Aggregation, Differential, Sedimentation, And...
4.NEED FOR STABILISATION Although the small size of nanocrystals leads to several advantages, but at the same time, it can lead to stability
concerns as well. Theoretically, if we increase the drug surface area, it leads to an increase in Gibbs free energy. The system tries to reverse this
increase by agglomeration/aggregation, ultimately leading to increased particle size and reduced stability. Principally, the literature describes three
mechanisms for aggregation–prekinetic aggregation, differential sedimentation and orthokinetic aggregation. In any dispersion, the particles are in
continuous Brownian motion, and they may collide and stick together as a result of the attractive forces between them. Such a mechanism for
aggregation is known as prekinetic aggregation. The rate of aggregation in such cases would be determined by the frequency of collisions as well as the
chances of cohesion during collision. Differential sedimentation assumes importance when particles of varying sizes and densities settle in a
suspension. Faster settling particles collide with the slower moving ones, thereby resulting in aggregation. Lastly, the orthokinetic aggregation
mechanism describes the aggregation brought about by increased particle collisions, arising out of particle transportation as a result of fluid motion.
Orthokinetic aggregation depends upon initial particle size and velocity gradient, but is independent of temperature. Apart from aggregation, another
stability issue

Hydrostatic Pressure Affects The Body's Concentration Of Di
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by blood pushing against the walls of the capillaries whereas colloid osmotic pressure pulls fluid into
capillaries and prevents it from leaving. Therefore, the difference is hydrostatic pressure increases filtration by pushing fluid out of the capillaries
while colloid osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the capillaries
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than its receiving. Intravenous fluids replace fluids lost through sweating, vomiting, diarrhea and
constant urination. Dehydration has potential to affect the body's concentration of electrolytes, causing an imbalance. Sodium is an electrolyte that is
vital to the body's fluid balance. Normal saline contains sodium chloride, so it replaces lost fluid and prevents some types of electrolyte imbalances
Mrs Chan has suffered a penetrating wound to her left leg and is urinary incontinence, resulting in possible blood loss and fluid loss from urination. An
isotonic solution is when two solutions have equal concentrations of solutes and water, which are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Normal
saline is an isotonic solution and is a liquid with the same concentration of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osmosis is when water begins to passively move from one side of the membrane to the other in order to achieve equal solute concentration on both sides
(Health Appointments, 2017). The three fluid compartments are known as the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) which has two
components, plasma which is the fluid component of the blood and interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds all cells, not in the blood. As conditions change
in different parts of the body, water will constantly move in and out of the body's fluid compartments. Moving from plasma to interstitial fluid and from
interstitial fluid to intercellular fluid compartments water is moved by

Causes Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Patients with age–related macular degeneration may not notice any symptoms at first. The first noticeable sign is a gradual, or sudden, change in the
quality of vision depending on which type of AMD is occurring. Straight lines will start to appear distorted (Kozarsky, 2017). Early dry AMD is
diagnosed by the presence of drusen. This gradually can cause a dramatic loss of the center of vision. In the intermediate stage of AMD, the beginnings
of vision loss are apparent, but there still may not be any other noticeable symptoms. At this time, optometrists will test for larger drusen and pigment
changes in the retina ("Research into the Genetics of Macular Degeneration," 2017). Other symptoms of age–related macular degeneration might
include an

Food Material Characteristic: Foaming Properties of a...
FOOD MATERIAL CHACTERISTIC PAPER
Flavor
Hydrophobic part of protein interact with lipid. The interaction can be strong and it is difficult for lipid to be removed from protein. When lipid has
a flavor or if it reacts to produce flavor, the protein might be considered to contributed to the flavor of the prooduct. Most of the flavor compound are
volatile and lipid soluble. Protein degradation also contribute to the flavor of the product. It is usually has a negative effect for the product and result in
a bitter taste. Further degradation may lead to the formation of unpleasant odors. The interaction between protein and amino acid with fatty acid will
produce pleasant odors compound.
Water binding
Water binding refers to the ability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When carrageenan is used as stabilizer, the chocolate milk must be cooled down below 25В°C before filling.
Although carrageenan may interact with other casein fractions in milk, the binding is much weaker than that with casein, and does not result in gel
formation. The presence of the other fractions, such as occurs in whole casein, in fact decreases the sharpness of the sol – gel transition.
K–casein and carrageenan is primarily the gel–forming. It exhibits a sol–gel transition with temperature. They are effective for the suspension of cocoa
in chocolate milk. Gelation is required that the formation of gel may be a function of the carrageenan component of the carrageenan–casein complex.
Factors:
–Temperature
–Protein Concentration
–Salt Concentration
–Calcium Concentration
–pH
Colloidal Stability
The proteins in milk are a colloidal dispersion. The casein proteins in milk are combined with some of the minerals in milk and form micelles.
Micelles are groups of molecules; the micelles in milk form a colloidal dispersion.
The serum proteins, also called whey, are in colloidal dispersion in the water content of milk and are coagulated by heat, but acids and salt do not
coagulate them

Emulsifier
Protein function in chocolate milk is also as emulsifier. First we should know the exact meaning of emulsion. Emulsion is a condition where liquid
dispersed in liquid. This mixing liquid

Hybrid Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles As Contrast Agents...
Hybrid Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for CT Imaging
Name: Xinyi Li
Number: 250825492 Supervisor: Prof Elizabeth Gillies
1.Introduction
X–ray computed tomography (x–ray CT) is a technology that uses computer–processed x–rays to produce tomographic images of specific areas of the
scanned object, allowing the user to see inside without cutting. Medical imaging is the most common application of x–ray CT. Its cross–sectional
images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines. Medical contrast medium (or contrast agent) is a substance used
to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Iodine and barium are the most common ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sodium hydroxide solution then added to apply a protocol and the solution was heated at 140 В°C for 1 h and at 180 В°C for 4 h. The alkaline
hydrolysis of Gdcl3 should be carried out in substoichiometric conditions, too.
3.1.2 Enlargement of Core
Gadolinium chloride salt will be placed in 150 mL of DEG at 60 В°C under vigorous stirring overnight. A solution containing nanoparticles then
added to play the role of nucleation sites. Sodium hydroxide solution is added and the solution is heated at 140 В°C for 1 h and at 180 В°C for 4 h.
The increase of the core size will be obtained by iterative steps.
3.1.3 Encapsulation
In this step , gadolinium oxide nanoparticles will be embedded in a silane shell.
First we will apply a modified "polyol" protocol by coupling reaction between PEG and one unit of carboxy.4
Afterward, a solution containing silane dissolved in 291 ОјL of DMSO will be prepared as a shell precursor and stirred overnight. Silane shell growth
was induced by hydrolysis–condensation of convenient precursors in presence of nanoparticles5 and controlled by a sequential addition of shell
precursors and aqueous triethylamine solution to a sol of Gd2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in DEG.
3.1.4 Purification
Dialysis against ethanol will be applied to purify naked and silane–coated nanoparticles.
3.2 Analytical Section

Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Shaneza Toro, SN
Scott and White College of Nursing
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor
Fluid Concept Project Part 2 Fluids and electrolytes are vital to human life. The concept of grasping how they play a great role within the human body
is complex and delicate; however, it is also essential in determining what fluid does what and how exactly it effects the cells of the human body. As
Trakalo (2015) states, "water serves as a medium for metabolic reactions within cells; transports nutrients, waste products, and other substances; acts as
a lubricant; an insulator and shock absorber; and regulates body temperature" (p.336). In this essay, the discussion will entail the major fluid
compartments of the body, the percentage of fluids contained in each compartment, active and passive transport, osmosis and diffusion, filtration,
hydrostatic and oncotic/osmotic pressure, a description of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic fluids, the effects of fluid administration and the
classification of all major IV fluids and blood product tonicity.
Major Fluid Compartments and percentage of body fluids
First, it is essential to understand major fluid compartments in the body. There are two major fluid compartments called: Intracellular fluid and
Extracellular fluid. Both Intracellular and Extracellular fluids are very vital to cell functioning. They contain solutes, which dissolve in liquid easily
such as: Oxygen, electrolytes and glucose and

Fluid Resuscitation Protocols And Interventions Have...
Fluid Resuscitation in Burn Patients
Fluid resuscitation protocols and interventions have established guidelines for nursing care of burn patients in hospital settings. Although these
protocols aid the nurse in making treatment decisions, the nurse must first understand the fluid pathophysiology of burns, the different fluid
alternatives, the amount of fluid volume infusions allowed and their effects within the patient's body, as well as, any complications related to fluid
resuscitation for burn patients. In addition, fluid resuscitation should be carefully and diligently monitored to ensure the main goal of therapy which is
to attain adequate tissue perfusion while minimizing patient's complications.
Understanding the fluid pathophysiology of burns
Local and systemic inflammatory response occurs within the body due to fluid shifts from intravascular compartments into the interstitium caused by
changes in capillary permeability. The body's specific response to burns directly correlates with the total body surface (TBSA) percentage affected.
Patients with 25% TBSA burns experience an increase in generalized capillary permeability, at 30% TBSA burns patients are affected by a disruption
on the cellular ion gradient lasting several days and requiring a longer hospitalization stay, and patients with 50% TBSA burns end up losing half of
their fluid resuscitation volume due to increased leaks into the non–thermally injured tissue (Diver). Several studies coincide that the

The Importance Of Water To Living Organisms Essay
The Importance Of Water To Living Organisms Water is normally the most abundant component of any living organism. As most human cells are
approximately 80% water and 60% of the human body is made up of it, it is extremely important in many different ways to both the survival and the
well being of living organisms. Evolutionists believe that life probably originated in water and even today thousands of organisms make their home in
it. Water also provides the medium in which all biochemical reactions take place. The importance of water to living organisms originates from its many
properties including its solvent properties, its high specific heat capacity, its high latent heat of vaporization,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that most small biological molecules dissolve in water is very important because all the chemical reactions that take place in cells do so in
aqueous solution. Plants cam only obtain mineral salts in solution and human digestion will only dissolve soluble foods, meaning large starch
molecules must be broken down into soluble sugars. Also many organisms living in water spend most of their time underwater, yet they require
oxygen to respire, and as water is such a good solvent the required oxygen gas is dissolved in water. Water's solvent properties also allow it to act as
a transport medium for polar solutes for example the movement of minerals to lakes and seas and removal of metabolic wastes such as urea and
ammonia in urine. Water's thermal properties relate to its heat capacity. Water has a high specific heat capacity compared with other liquids. This
means that a large increase in energy results in a comparatively small rise in the temperature of the water. This is because much of the heat absorbed is
used to break the hydrogen bonds that hold the molecules together. Water is good at maintaining its temperature at a steady level, irrespective of
fluctuations in the temperature of the surrounding environment. This is important because the range of temperatures in which

Evaluating Metastatic Involvement Of Lymph Nodes For...
Assessing metastatic involvement of the lymph nodes in breast cancer patients is important in planning surgical and adjuvant therapies. A trend toward
breast–conserving therapies with the goal of improving quality of life for breast cancer patients has driven the need to accurately assess lymph nodal
staging. The concept of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a valuable tool in evaluating metastatic spread of primary breast tumors (Maaskant–Braat
et al.,2012; Noushi et al., 2013). Tokin et al. (2012) describe how the process of tumor spread via the lymphatics occurs to the first draining lymph node
, then to subsequent nodes within the same basin and beyond. Breast lymphoscintigraphy has emerged as a useful means of identifying the SLN,
although many patient factors, choice of radiopharmaceutical, injection technique, and imaging protocol may affect the successful outcome. The ideal
exam protocol would combine speed, accuracy, and sensitivity to identifying the SLN with the least amount of burden to the patient and resources
involved (Povoski et al., 2006; Sadeghi et al., 2009; Tokin et al., 2012).
Methods
The keywords breast lymphoscintigraphy, breast sentinel lymph node, sentinel lymph node identification, SPECT/CT breast lymphoscintigraphy,
injection method lymphoscintigraphy, image protocol breast lymphoscintigraphy, repeat breast lymphoscintigraphy, axillary sentinel lymph node,
non–axillary sentinel lymph node, NanocallВ®, LymphoseekВ®, and tilmanocept were

What Kinds of Applications Are Described Here? What...
Ninety percent of all postpartum hemorrhages are caused by uterine atony–that is, failure of the uterine muscles to contract normally after the baby and
placenta are delivered. The blood vessels supplying the placenta during pregnancy are severed when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus.
The bleeding that results from these severed vessels normally stops when the uterus contracts, compressing the vessels. However, if the uterus doesn't
contract enough, the bleeding can continue. Significant blood loss can result from a floppy, uncontracted uterus.
Factors that may prevent the muscles of the uterus from contracting include the following: * prolonged labor; * the use of oxytocin (Pitocin) during
labor; * general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is, there is a desensitization or down regulation of oxytocin receptors. This in turn suggests that in long augmented labors, additional oxytocin may
not be beneficial. Therefore, early in these cases, one should consider switching to alternative uterotonic agents in the presence of excessive bleeding.
The most common side effects of large bolus doses of oxytocin include nausea, vomiting and hypotension. The decrease in BP is transient, is
accompanied by a reflex tachycardia and, in turn, an increase in cardiac output. Because of the transient nature of the hypotension, it is well tolerated in
the healthy obstetrical population. However, caution is advised in patients with pre–existing cardiac disease in whom an increase in heart rate or cardiac
output might be detrimental or in patients suffering from hypovolemic shock.
2. Ergonovine Maleate
Ergot is usually the second line drug for the treatment of uterine atony. It increases uterine tone through direct alpa–adrenergic stimulation. It is
frequently administered intramuscularly in a dose of 0.25 mg but can be given by a slow intravenous injection of 0.125 mg. Too rapid administration
can result in severe nausea, vomiting and retching as well as severe hypertension. The onset of action is 3–5 minutes. In contrast to oxytocin which is
sometimes administered with the anterior shoulder, Ergot should not be administered before the placenta is delivered as this has been shown to cause an

Sepsis a Case Study
The aim of the essay is to analyse the care of a septic patient. While discussing the relevant physiological changes and the rationale for the treatment the
patient received, concentrating on fluid intervention. I recognise there are other elements to the Surviving Sepsis Bundles, however due to word
limitation; the focus will be on fluid intervention. The essay will be written as a Case Study format.
To maintain patient confidentiality any identifying features have been removed in keeping with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of
Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mr X.
Mr X was an 80–year–old male admitted to ITU, from the Medical Assessment Unit, with increasing respiratory failure.
His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table 2Nutbeam et al 2009 mediators, causing increasing capillary permeability and widespread fluid shift into the interstitial space, which was no
longer functioning to maintain vascular volume (known as third spacing) in addition, causing further vasodilation to occur.
This caused Mr X to become increasingly hypotensive and tachycardic.
Table 2 shows some of the chemical mediators involved in Mr X's inflammatory process, causing it to become more severe and uncontrolled, resulting
in a further decline in his clinical presentation.
His clinical observations were now: Blood Pressure: 80/50mmHg
MAP: 55mmHg
Heart Rate: 130 beats per minute
The patient was now diagnosed as being in septic shock. His skin was mottled with an increasing capillary refill time. Schmidt and Mandel (2008)
suggest this is a sign of hypoperfusion as the skin is vasoconstricting due to the redirection of blood flow to the core organs.
I informed the doctor and expressed my concerns regarding the patient's hypotension.
A 250ml fluid bolus of colloid was given as an attempt to improve Mr X's blood pressure and MAP.
The early intravenous fluid administration for resuscitation of the critically ill hypovolemic patient is the corner stone of shock therapy (Kruemer
& Ensor 2012). The Surviving Sepsis recommends early optimization in the first six hours, followed with fluid challenges in the case of persistent
hypo

The Solubility As A Measure
Science Fair Essay
–chemist understands solubility as a measure
–a chemist would say that solubility is the max solute that can be dissolved in the solvent until it reaches equilibrium
–when the solution reaches equilibrium, there can be no more solute added to the solvent: it won 't dissolve anymore, it will just rest at the bottom as
residue
–the chemical formula of salt is NaCI
–1 ATM is standard air pressure for earth
–the unit for solubility of water it for ex: 357.00 g/L
–when the solubility is put in the solvent, the solution reaches equilibrium
–every chemical substance has a fixed solubility
–if something doesn 't dissolve, it 's solubility is 0
–measures of solubility cannot be applied to immiscible substances
–some substances can be mixed and create a homogeneous phase in any proportion: miscible
–the opposite is an immiscible substance
–in dissolving, molecules of the solvent enter the solute and are surrounded many other molecules
–for the solute 's molecules to be surrounded, the molecular bonds between the molecules of the solute have to be broken and the molecular bonds of
the solvent have to be disrupted
–energy given off in the process
–then, when the solute dissolves into the solvent, new molecular bonds are created
–but for the solute and solvent to dissolve, the molecular bonds have to be broken and the energy output has to be immense
–right when the solute is placed in the solvent, the concentrated solute, breaks into pieces
–then the molecules of the

Color of Gold Practical Report Essay
Nanotechnology| Colour of Gold| Practical Investigation Report| |
Introduction
Gold is a precious metal which has been used for years and when we think of gold we think of shining bars in a bank vault, coins or beautiful
jewellery. When we think of gold it's usually a shining yellow gold however can come in many colours. The colour of gold can range from red through
the visible spectrum to purple and violet.
Aim
The whole point of this experiment was to create gold that wasn't the colour gold. The aim was to find out how a variable amount of sodium citrate
would change the colour of a gold solution. Meaning the hypothesis was: if more sodium citrate is added the nano particle size will increase and the
colour of the gold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* The magnetic stirrer can cause glass breakages if spun too fast.
Method
To create the colloid 1. Turn the hotplate on and heat to 300В°C. 2. Using the pipette measure 20ml of the gold solution (HAuCl4) 3. Empty the gold
solution into a 100ml conical flask. 4. Shine a laser through the solution to observe whether light is scattered. Scattered light won't pass through in a
straight line, and can't be seen from the other side. 5. Shine the laser beam through the sodium citrate and observe scattering. 6. Place the flask
containing the gold solution onto the hot plate. 7. Add the magnetic stirrer, and turn up to one third of possible speed. 8. Occasionally turning the
spinner off to check, bring the gold to the boil. 9. Add a volume of 5% sodium citrate to the gold solution. 10. Keep the magnetic spinner stirring the
mixture as the colour develops and changes. Turn the hotplate off so the mixture can simmer for about 10 minutes. Make sure the solution doesn't boil.
11. When the colour change has finished remove the flask from the hotplate using the wooden peg to prevent burnt fingers and put onto a heat proof
mat, and continue stirring with a stirring rod while the mixture cools.
Measuring the Colloid 1. 400Ојl
400Ојl
Dilute the colloid in a 2ml of the gold solution to 10ml of distilled water, and

Essay on Who Stole My Cheese? Self-Analysis
Change, like time, is always happening. There is no way to stop it, not even for a second. Whither or not you realize it, you are always changing in
every possible way. However, we commonly simplify change to only the large differences in our normal routines each day or week, whither they are
expected or unexpected. These large problems can sometimes become problems for people, which is not surprising. They should be problems,
whither they are good problems to have, or bad. It is our job to adapt to these changes, and to adapt quickly. All of thetime it takes you to adapt, is time
lost, time you will never regain. This principle is easily explained by Spencer Johnson, M.D. in his book Who Moved My Cheese?. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a cheese did disappear, the mice had no problem adapting to it. They simply went out in search of new cheese the minute they didn't have
any. They didn't waste even a second complaining. They knew it was do or die. If they did not find new cheese, then they would wither and die.
Hem and Haw thought it was unfair and did nothing of value. They complained that it was unfair that someone had taken their cheese from them.
And after sitting around for days, they began to grow weak without food. Finally, Haw realizes that they cheese is not coming back and that they will
perish without a new food source. Haw then ventures out to find a new source of cheese. However, he had grown so weak he questioned whither he
had waited too long to venture out when he had not found any cheese for several days. Haw persisted and eventually found new cheese and learned his
lesson. Hem however, remained where he was, and perished.
When I compare myself to these four characters, I find that I am a mix of all of them, even the mice. I find that they are some situations where I am
so determined to do something that I will not stop until I reach my goal no matter what gets thrown in my way. Yet there are the times when
something totally unexpected is thrown at me, and I simply shut down. I am always able to, however, pull myself. Sometimes it will take me longer
than others, but I will never perish like Hem did for refusing change.

Physiologic Fluid Compartments Paper
Physiologic Fluid Compartments
Sierra D. Warren
AB1
Health Care Delivery III
UMHB Nursing Department
Abstract
This concept paper will discuss the different aspects of fluid and electrolytes as they relate to the body. First, the anatomy of the compartments where
fluids and electrolytes are within the body will be discussed along with percentages contained in each compartment and how they are transported into
and out of these compartments. Then, the pressures within these compartments and compositions of different types of fluids that may be within them
will be discussed. Finally, the effects that different fluids may have on the body when they are administered and the classifications by tonicity of these
different types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonicity is used to determine which of the three types each fluid would fall under and is essentially the change that occurs to the cell size because of
the amount of water pushed into or pulled out of the cell by each type of fluid. Isotonic fluids, such as 0.9% saline, whole blood, packed RBC's, and
lactated ringers, neither swell or shrink a cell because their osmolality or pressure equals ICF. Hypotonic solutions, such as 0.25% saline, D5/0.25%
saline, and 0.45% saline, cause the cells to swell because the osmolality is lower in the hypotonic solution than ICF meaning there is a less dense
concentration of particle within the solution so the water molecules move to the particles within the cell. Hypertonic solutions, such as D5/0.9% saline,
D5/0.45% saline, D5/lactated ringers and 3% saline, cause the cell to shrink because they have a higher osmolality than ICF which means they pull the
water out of the cell due to the dense particle concentration of the solution. D5W solutions are unique in that they are isotonic when they are outside
the body but become hypotonic when they are introduced into the body. Within these compositions there are two more solutions types known as
crystalloid and colloid. Crystalloid solutions "typically have a balanced electrolyte composition and expand total extracellular fluid volume (Shields,
2015), some examples are 0.9% saline and lactated ringers. Colloid solutions exert osmotic pressure which pulls water into the ECF to help expand
volume, some examples of this are albumin and

Reaction Paper On Gels
1. Introduction
1.1.Gels
1.1.1. Definition
The word ''gel'' is derived from ''gelatin'' and can be traced back to the Latin gelu for ''frost'' and gelare, meaning ''freeze'' or ''congeal". (1)
According to the U. S. Pharmacopeia (USP), gels are defined as "semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic
particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid". (2)
Gels are also defined as two–component semi–rigid systems in which the liquid continuous phase is immobilized by a cross linked three dimensional
network consisting of particles or solvated macromolecules in the disperse phase. (2,3) This disperse phase can be constituted by inorganic particles or
organic macromolecules, primarily polymers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process is referred to as swelling. This phenomenon occurs as the solvent penetrates the matrix. Gel–gel interactions are replaced by gel solvent
interactions. The degree of swelling depends on the number of linkages between individual molecules of gelling agent and on the strength of these
linkages7, 8. B) Syneresis Many gels often contract spontaneously on standing and exude some fluid medium. This effect is known as syneresis. The
degree to which syneresis occurs, increases as the concentration of gelling agent decreases. The occurrence of syneresis indicates that the original gel
was thermodynamically unstable. The mechanism of contraction has been related to the relaxation of elastic stress developed during the setting of
the gels. As these stresses are relieved, the interstitial space available for the solvent is reduced, forcing the liquid out. C) Ageing Colloidal systems
usually exhibit slow spontaneous aggregation. This process is referred to as ageing. In gels, ageing results in gradual formation of a denser network of
the gelling agent. D) Structure The rigidity of a gel arises from the presence of a network formed by the interlinking of particles of the gelling agents.
The nature of the particle and the stress, straightening them out and lessening the resistance to

Thyroid Gland: Endocrine System
The thyroid gland is a part of the endocrine system. This gland is responsible for the production and regulation of thyroid hormones (TH), which
plays vital roles in most if not all the bodily mechanisms. This essay would firstly describe and explain the normal physiology of the thyroid gland and
its hormones. Then, it would move on to explain the pathophysiology of a thyroid diseased condition called hypothyroidism. Finally, it will then portray
the treatment using levothyroxine (levo isomer of thyroxine) and the response the drug has in the body.
The thyroid gland sits on the larynx with each of its two lobes equally placed around the larynx. The gland mainly produces two hormones, thyroxine
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are mainly two types of hypothyroidism in adults, primary hypothyroidism and secondary (central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism,
the thyroid tissue gets affected and losses functionality leading to diminished production of TH. Some causes of primary hypothyroidism are endemic
iodine deficiency, autoimmune Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), loss of thyroid function due treatment of hyperthyroidism, medications and
radiation therapies around head and neck. On the other hand central hypothyroidism is caused by pituitary malfunction and hypothalamic malfunction.
Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in newborns where they lack the presence of thyroid gland or has genetic disorder in TH synthesis. If not identified
and treated this can severely effect child's

Chemistry : Coulplation And The Aspects Of Coagulation
When alum is added to water it undergoes the reaction below. The alum reacts with bicarbonate to form aluminum hydroxide, a precipitate. The
coagulation reactions are as follows:
Al2(SO4 )3 + 3Ca(HCO3 )2п‚® 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2 Precipitate salt gas
Al2(SO4) 3 + 3Na2CO3+ 3H2O п‚® 2AI(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 3CO2
Al2(SO4 )3 + 6NaOH В® 2AI(OH)3 + 3Na2 SO4
Al2(SO4 )3 + 6H2O В® 2AI(OH)3п‚ + 3H2SO4
(A. Koohestanian et al., 2008)
A.Effect of pH –
The pH is a key parameter in the coagulation process. The optimum value of pH depends on the properties of the wastewater treated, type of the
coagulant used and its concentration. (Farajnezhad et.al) The pH affects not only the surface charge of coagulants, but also the stabilization of the
suspension; it is the most important variable in the coagulation process for water treatment. A suitable pH will help to neutralize the negative charge of
colloidal particles and to form linkages between colloid particles, thus effectively helping with floc formation and reaching the expected settlement.(
Nasir et.al)
In this experiments were performed to assess COD, TSS and Colour removal as well as coagulation–flocculation at various pH values. The optimum
pH obtained was 6 at a constant alum dose of 200mg/L. At a pH of 6 the optimum percent removal for TSS, COD and Colour reduction were 64.5%,
58%, and 41.5 % respectively. In general, decreasing the pH from

Colloid Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Colloid Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation

Similar to Colloid Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation (8)

More from Donna Castro

More from Donna Castro (14)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Colloid Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation