2. 05/20/14
PROFESSIONALISMPROFESSIONALISM
PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALISMPROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALISM
Definitions, Relationships, ChallengesDefinitions, Relationships, Challenges
PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONSPROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS
What they do?What they do?
Professional vs Trade BodiesProfessional vs Trade Bodies
3. 05/20/14
DEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONDEFINITIONS: PROFESSION
Traditional definition:Traditional definition:
““an employment requiring some degree of learning....a calling,an employment requiring some degree of learning....a calling,
habitual employment....the collective body of persons engaged in ahabitual employment....the collective body of persons engaged in a
profession”profession”
More modern definition:More modern definition:
““a skilled occupation,a skilled occupation, within an organized frameworkwithin an organized framework,,
having an accepted body of knowledge, needing structured traininghaving an accepted body of knowledge, needing structured training,
requiring maintenance of skills, guided by a code of conduct”requiring maintenance of skills, guided by a code of conduct”
The collective body is usually established by law,The collective body is usually established by law,
controls entry to thecontrols entry to the profession, and is self-profession, and is self-
governinggoverning
4. 05/20/14
DEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONALISMDEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONALISM
Professionalism is seen to involve:Professionalism is seen to involve:
currency of knowledgecurrency of knowledge
disinterested provision of expertisedisinterested provision of expertise
concern for the public goodconcern for the public good
adherence to standardsadherence to standards
integrity and impartialityintegrity and impartiality
awareness of responsibilities (legal,awareness of responsibilities (legal,
technical, and ethical)technical, and ethical) in dealing within dealing with
clientsclients
5. 05/20/14
ISACA Code of Professional EthicsISACA Code of Professional Ethics
http://www.isaca.org/Certification/Code-of-Professhttp://www.isaca.org/Certification/Code-of-Profess
6. 05/20/14
NATURE OF THE PROFESSIONALNATURE OF THE PROFESSIONAL
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENTRELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENT
VIEWS THE CLIENT AS UNIQUEVIEWS THE CLIENT AS UNIQUE
LISTENS TO THE STORY OF THELISTENS TO THE STORY OF THE
INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL
CLAIMS NO MONOPOLY OF KNOWLEDGECLAIMS NO MONOPOLY OF KNOWLEDGE
DOES NOT PURPORT TO DO WHATDOES NOT PURPORT TO DO WHAT
HE/SHE CANNOT DOHE/SHE CANNOT DO
CLIENT GOOD OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHERCLIENT GOOD OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHER
CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS
ABOVE ALL, IS TRUSTWORTHYABOVE ALL, IS TRUSTWORTHY
7. 05/20/14
Factors Affecting theFactors Affecting the
RelationshipRelationship
Professional Client
COMMUNITY
NORMS
WELL -BEING
OF OTHER CLIENTS
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
PROFESSIONAL BODY CODES/
DISIPLINARY FRAMEWORK
8. 05/20/14
Factors Affecting theFactors Affecting the
RelationshipRelationship
Professional Client
COMMUNITY
NORMS
WELL -BEING
OF OTHER CLIENTS
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
PROFESSIONAL BODY CODES/
DISIPLINARY FRAMEWORK
SW House ?
SW House ?
9. 05/20/14
GENERAL CHALLENGES TO THEGENERAL CHALLENGES TO THE
CONCEPTCONCEPT
““Professions are a conspiracy against the laity” G.B. ShawProfessions are a conspiracy against the laity” G.B. Shaw
Critics of professions argue that:Critics of professions argue that:
they are simply “houses of trade”, pretending to operate for the publicthey are simply “houses of trade”, pretending to operate for the public
good, and exercising monopolygood, and exercising monopoly
they have no inherent legitimacy, simply being the dominant ideology ofthey have no inherent legitimacy, simply being the dominant ideology of
the momentthe moment
growing complexity of knowledge undermines their claim to expertisegrowing complexity of knowledge undermines their claim to expertise
the relationship with the client is increasingly contractualthe relationship with the client is increasingly contractual
the relationship with the client has an imbalance of powerthe relationship with the client has an imbalance of power
professionals cannot be trusted (they have their own agendas)professionals cannot be trusted (they have their own agendas)
10. 05/20/14
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO THESPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO THE
CONCEPT REGARDING COMPUTINGCONCEPT REGARDING COMPUTING
Body of knowledge is not constant, nor “accepted”Body of knowledge is not constant, nor “accepted”
There is lack of widespread commitment from practitionersThere is lack of widespread commitment from practitioners
considered to be working at professional level (estimated thatconsidered to be working at professional level (estimated that
about 20%are members of a professional body)about 20%are members of a professional body)
Many professionals, although developing computer-based systems,Many professionals, although developing computer-based systems,
remain in their original professional bodyremain in their original professional body
Increasing availability of end-user development toolsIncreasing availability of end-user development tools
Increased amount of contracting out on a purely commercial basisIncreased amount of contracting out on a purely commercial basis
Accelerating rate of changeAccelerating rate of change
Industry is young compared to those of the establishedIndustry is young compared to those of the established
professional bodiesprofessional bodies
11. 05/20/14
WHAT DOES A PROFESSIONALWHAT DOES A PROFESSIONAL
INSTITUTION / BODY DO?INSTITUTION / BODY DO?
Advances and disseminates knowledgeAdvances and disseminates knowledge
Sets standards for education and trainingSets standards for education and training
Monitors professional conductMonitors professional conduct
Recognizes achievementRecognizes achievement
Represents the profession on issues ofRepresents the profession on issues of
importanceimportance
Offers members opportunities to meet andOffers members opportunities to meet and
share experiencesshare experiences
Provides services for membersProvides services for members
12. 05/20/14
Professional BodiesProfessional Bodies
International: IEEE, ISACA, PMI, AMA,International: IEEE, ISACA, PMI, AMA,
Pakistan: ICA, ICMA, IBP, PMDC, CPS, PEC, CSPPakistan: ICA, ICMA, IBP, PMDC, CPS, PEC, CSP
Pakistan Medical and Dental CouncilPakistan Medical and Dental Council
Pakistan Nursing CouncilPakistan Nursing Council
Pakistan Pharmacists SocietyPakistan Pharmacists Society
Management Association of Pakistan MAPManagement Association of Pakistan MAP
http://www.mappk.org/http://www.mappk.org/
13. 05/20/14
Professional BodiesProfessional Bodies
Professional Development Schemes, ExaminationsProfessional Development Schemes, Examinations
British Computer SocietyBritish Computer Society
www.bcs.org.ukwww.bcs.org.uk
Computer Society of PakistanComputer Society of Pakistan
http://csp.org.pk/CSPSITE/http://csp.org.pk/CSPSITE/
Australian Computer SocietyAustralian Computer Society
http://www.acs.org.au/http://www.acs.org.au/
14. 05/20/14
WHAT IS THE BRITISH COMPUTERWHAT IS THE BRITISH COMPUTER
SOCIETY (BCS)?SOCIETY (BCS)?
Chartered Institute for Information Systems EngineeringChartered Institute for Information Systems Engineering
Awards AMBCS or MBCSAwards AMBCS or MBCS
33,000+ members from all occupational areas, with a UK network33,000+ members from all occupational areas, with a UK network
of branches and special interest groups (50+)of branches and special interest groups (50+)
National representation on government committeesNational representation on government committees
International network - IFIP, CEPISInternational network - IFIP, CEPIS
A committee structure which sets and maintains technical andA committee structure which sets and maintains technical and
professional standards, influences education and training, andprofessional standards, influences education and training, and
helps members keep abreast of current developmentshelps members keep abreast of current developments
Also Fellow, Graduate and Companion membership gradesAlso Fellow, Graduate and Companion membership grades
15. 05/20/14
THE BCS AND PROFESSIONALTHE BCS AND PROFESSIONAL
FORMATIONFORMATION
The BCS is the professional body for Information Systems ENGINEERSThe BCS is the professional body for Information Systems ENGINEERS
It is one of the nominated bodies of the Engineering CouncilIt is one of the nominated bodies of the Engineering Council
The Engineering Council maintains the registers in the UK of CharteredThe Engineering Council maintains the registers in the UK of Chartered
Engineers (CEng) and Incorporated Engineers (IEng)Engineers (CEng) and Incorporated Engineers (IEng)
The route to CEng is known as Professional Formation and consists of:The route to CEng is known as Professional Formation and consists of:
• Completion of the BCS examination or an accredited first degree (will be an MEngCompletion of the BCS examination or an accredited first degree (will be an MEng
or a BA/BSc with further study)or a BA/BSc with further study)
• Professional TrainingProfessional Training
• Responsible ExperienceResponsible Experience
The BCS accredits degrees and offers a Professional DevelopmentThe BCS accredits degrees and offers a Professional Development
Scheme (PDS) to cover the latter two stagesScheme (PDS) to cover the latter two stages
16. 05/20/14
BCS EXAMINATIONSBCS EXAMINATIONS
Three elementsThree elements
• Part IPart I
• Part IIPart II
• Professional ProjectProfessional Project
Part I is at HND level, emphasizes breadth (2 general papers + 2Part I is at HND level, emphasizes breadth (2 general papers + 2
options out of 7)options out of 7)
Part II is at Honors Degree level, emphasizes depth (2 papers onPart II is at Honors Degree level, emphasizes depth (2 papers on
main option and 1 paper on a subsidiary option)main option and 1 paper on a subsidiary option)
The Professional Project is concerned with demonstrating aThe Professional Project is concerned with demonstrating a
practical engineering approach to technical problem solving inpractical engineering approach to technical problem solving in
Information Systems EngineeringInformation Systems Engineering
The accreditation of degrees involves assuring the BCS that theThe accreditation of degrees involves assuring the BCS that the
requirements of breadth, depth and practical problem solving arerequirements of breadth, depth and practical problem solving are
coveredcovered
17. 05/20/14
BCS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTBCS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SCHEME (PDS)SCHEME (PDS)
Has been running for 8 yearsHas been running for 8 years
Used by 100+ larger organizationsUsed by 100+ larger organizations
Provides a structured way of recording achievementsProvides a structured way of recording achievements
(especially professional updating) through(especially professional updating) through
documentation owned by participantdocumentation owned by participant
Related to external performance standards developed asRelated to external performance standards developed as
the Industry Structure Model (now Europe- widethe Industry Structure Model (now Europe- wide
through the EISS - European Informatics Skillsthrough the EISS - European Informatics Skills
Structure)Structure)
Involves validation and inspection by trained andInvolves validation and inspection by trained and
qualified personsqualified persons
18. 05/20/14
BCS INDUSTRY STRUCTUREBCS INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MODELMODEL
ISM3
ISM3
What is it?
First published in 1996. The industry
structure model is recognized worldwide
as the definitive set of performance
standard for information system
practitioners
19. 05/20/14
BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OFBCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF
PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 1PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 1
““Accredited courses are expected to foster professionalism. ExamplesAccredited courses are expected to foster professionalism. Examples
... might be manifested in:... might be manifested in:
professional standards of analysis, design and documentationprofessional standards of analysis, design and documentation
attention to testing, reliability and quality assuranceattention to testing, reliability and quality assurance
awareness of the legal obligations of the computer professionalawareness of the legal obligations of the computer professional
acceptance of responsibility for work which affects the public well-acceptance of responsibility for work which affects the public well-
beingbeing
understanding of the social and ethical implications of Informationunderstanding of the social and ethical implications of Information
Systems Engineering, and of appropriate professional codes ofSystems Engineering, and of appropriate professional codes of
conduct.conduct.
The course should give students an awareness of external factorsThe course should give students an awareness of external factors
which may affect the work of the computer professional.”which may affect the work of the computer professional.”
20. 05/20/14
BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGEBCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE
OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES -OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 22
Professional BodiesProfessional Bodies
History and evolution of professions, role of engineeringHistory and evolution of professions, role of engineering
institutions, typical structure, organization and functions of ainstitutions, typical structure, organization and functions of a
professional body, constitutional powers and legal status, statutoryprofessional body, constitutional powers and legal status, statutory
and regulatory functions, professional standards, disciplinaryand regulatory functions, professional standards, disciplinary
powers.powers.
The role of the ProfessionalThe role of the Professional
Duties to client and employer, duties to the public, private practiceDuties to client and employer, duties to the public, private practice
vs. employment, professional responsibilities to fellowvs. employment, professional responsibilities to fellow
professionals, especially to guide, support and develop junior staffprofessionals, especially to guide, support and develop junior staff
within the areas of competence, participation in activities of thewithin the areas of competence, participation in activities of the
professional body, involvement in continuingprofessional body, involvement in continuing
education/professional development.education/professional development.
21. 05/20/14
BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OFBCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF
PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 3PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 3
Professional CompetenceProfessional Competence
Methodologies for systems design, including useMethodologies for systems design, including use
of software tools, appreciation of risk analysis andof software tools, appreciation of risk analysis and
techniques for security, prevention of systemstechniques for security, prevention of systems
failures and disaster recovery, prevention andfailures and disaster recovery, prevention and
detection of computer misuse, quality assurancedetection of computer misuse, quality assurance
measures, documentation standards, projectmeasures, documentation standards, project
management, human relationships and changemanagement, human relationships and change
management.”management.”
22. 05/20/14
BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OFBCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF
RELEVANT LEGISLATIONRELEVANT LEGISLATION
““To include reference to (in some cases detailedTo include reference to (in some cases detailed
discussion of) among others:discussion of) among others:
Companies Act, Public Liability, Employee Liability,Companies Act, Public Liability, Employee Liability,
Trade Secrets and the Registered Design Act,Trade Secrets and the Registered Design Act,
Consumer Protection, Finance Acts, Data TransmissionConsumer Protection, Finance Acts, Data Transmission
and Security legislationand Security legislation
Copyright and Patent LawCopyright and Patent Law
Data Protection Acts 1984 and 1998Data Protection Acts 1984 and 1998
Computer Misuse Act 1990Computer Misuse Act 1990
Health and Safety and Industrial Relations andHealth and Safety and Industrial Relations and
Employment legislation”Employment legislation”
23. 05/20/14
Do some research on these sitesDo some research on these sites
http://www.ppra.org.pk/http://www.ppra.org.pk/
Procurement lawsProcurement laws
www.secp.gov.pk/corporatelaws/pdf/1997.pdfwww.secp.gov.pk/corporatelaws/pdf/1997.pdf
CDC Act 1997CDC Act 1997
www.www.pakistanlawpakistanlaw.com/copysoft.htm.com/copysoft.htm
Copyright ActCopyright Act
//www.labourunity.org/labourlaws.htm//www.labourunity.org/labourlaws.htm
Labour lawsLabour laws
